고등학생의 환경보전에 관한 의식과 행동

양순례 ( Soon Rye Yang ),류점숙 ( Jom Sook Ryoo ),신효식 ( Hyo Shick Shin ) 한국가정과학회 2003 한국가정과학회지 Vol.6 No.2

This study is designed to analyse the difference between consciousness and behaviors for environmental preservation dependant on independent variables and to identify factors that affect the behaviors of environmental preservation. For this study, a questionnaire that included measurements of environmental preservation consciousness and behaviors was produced as a studying tool. Targets were 520 boy and girl students in the second grade of two high schools in Gwangju and three high schools in small districts of Chonnam Province and 482 questionnaires were distributed for the analysis. The data collected was analysed using SAS Program Package to obtain frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and correlation and T-Test, One-way ANOVA, Duncan `s Multiple Range Test. Multiple Regression were performed. The results of the analyses are as follows 1. Overall, environmental preservation consciousness is higher than preservation behaviors. Interest in air pollution is the highest in both environmental preservation consciousness and behaviors and it is low in recycling. 2. The environmental preservation consciousness has a significant difference dependant on sex, regions, order of birth, educational background of parents and income level, the performing degree of environmental education, consciousness about kinds of ? environmental preservation, and whether the learning of theory and practice of environmental education is performed, 3. The environmental preservation behaviors has a significant difference dependant on regions, educational background of mother, mother`s job, income level, acquiring of information, performing degree of environmental education and consciousness of kinds of environmental education. 4. Variables that affect environmental preservation behavior are environmental preservation consciousness, acquiring information, performing degree of environmental education and awareness of environmental preservation. Their power of explanation is 15%.

대학도서관에서의 디지털보존 실태분석 연구

서은경 한국정보관리학회 2016 정보관리학회지 Vol.33 No.1

디지털보존은 디지털콘텐츠를 관리하고 있는 대학도서관에서는 또 하나의 중요한 업무로 인지되고 있다. 본 연구는 대학도서관에서 이루어지고 있는 디지털보존에 대한 실태를 파악하기 위하여 전국 4년제 대학의 대학도서관 중 디지털콘텐츠를 구축하고 있는 102개 도서관을 대상으로 디지털보존 요건에 대한 담당자의 인식과 디지털보존 실무 현황 및 그 수준을 분석하였다. 연구결과, 대다수의 디지털보존 담당자들은 진본성 보장을 가장 중요하게 여겼고, 정책 및 업무절차가 적합하게 수립되어야 하며 담당자는 우선적으로 디지털보존에 대한 전문지식을 갖추어야 한다고 하였다. 또 기관의지의 부재와 예산확보의 어려움이 디지털보존의 가장 큰 장애 요인이었으며 디지털보존 계획 및 정책수립에 대한 교육이 가장 필요하다고 하였다. 또한 디지털보존에 대한 인식 및 실태가 대학규모와 콘텐츠구축 규모에 따라 차이가 있을 것이라 보고 규모별로 서로 비교한 결과, 규모와 상관없이 인식과 실무는 거의 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 대학의 규모와 콘텐츠 구축의 규모가 크면 클수록 디지털보존 수준에 대한 평가는 높았지만, 전체적으로 현재의 국내 대학도서관의 디지털보존 수준은 미흡하다고 보았다. 따라서 앞으로의 대학도서관은 디지털보존을 위한 정책 및 업무절차를 미래지향적으로 수립하고 디지털보존을 위한 기술적 역량을 확장시켜야 할 것이다. Digital preservation becomes, nowadays, one of the important business process in the academic libraries. This study is to investigate the librarians’ perception on digital preservation requirements and to analyze the business practices of the digital preservation and digital preservation level in the 102 academic libraries. In results, it is found that the digital preservation specialists in academic libraries have almost same perception on basic policies and direction. Also, the study finds that the important function of digital preservation is to secure authenticity and integrity; policy and expertise are the most important key components for digital preservation; the most frequently reported barriers to preservation are the lack of willingness and funding problems; most librarians want to learn and train how to establish preservation planning and policy. In general, most librarian think that the level of digital preservation in the academic libraries is insufficiency. Therefore the academic libraries should establish the relevant digital preservation policy and business workflows and to develop capacity of digital preservation.

환경보호를 위한 국민신탁법과 자연환경국민신탁의 특징과 문제점에 관한 소고

이근영(Lee, Keun Young),임학상(Lim, Hak Sang) 충북대학교 법학연구소 2017 法學硏究 Vol.28 No.2

National Trust Act that includes the aspects of cultural heritages was enacted and announced in March 24, 2006 in line with the needs of legislation to support a series of national trust movements that have been waged spontaneously and intensive efforts of Ministry of Environment and environmental organizations. This conveys a problem that the national trust movements in Korea have been dualized to the movement by 2 National Trust Corporations which are the special corporations in accordance with National Trust Act and the one by pure private movements. Accordingly, the opinions insisting revision have raised. This paper focuses on reviewing the character and problems of National Trust Act and National Nature Trust to protect environment and suggesting a revision as a preliminary discussion to amend the act. Especially, this paper suggested the amendment of National Trust Act, Article 2, Paragraph 2 to “National Trust is defined as a legal relation that does preserving or managing activities in private sector to improve life quality of future generation in addition to current generation by acquiring cultural heritages and national environmental heritages that are valuable to preserve from the people, company and group in a form of donation, giving and trust to preserve/manage, or buying them with donated/given/trusted/consigned property and contributions to preserve/ manage or by preserving/managing them in a form that is not acquisition. The Trust Act defines the trust as fiduciary relationship. Likewise, National Trust specifies “…… preserving and managing activities” but it will be desirable to define it as “National Trust Activity” and National Trust as “legal relation that conducts …… preserving/managing activities”. Also, it is suggested to amend “donated/given/consigned” to “donated/given/trusted/consigned property” to include trust. In light of legal nature of National Trust Corporation, there are theories like Anstaltsperson and public corporation which is the special corporation. However, given that National Nature Trust considers autonomous character as an association, it will be hard to see it as Anstaltsperson which does not hold a general assembly but does have users. National Trust Corporation is a special corporation that a special act assigns corporate entity as a public corporation, not a Anstaltsperson. In addition, with the aspects of having a strong character of autonomous association, it should be a special corporation in accordance with National Trust Act. In regards to Preservation Agreements, there is a theory that it is unofficial administrative action or public law contract but all theories are based on the fact that the legal nature of National Trust Corporation is Anstaltsperson. Preservation Agreements specifies its definition as “Contract on preservation and management signed by National Nature Trust, land owner, occupant and its agent for the natural environmental heritage that needs preservation and preservation” (Preservation Agreement Regulation, Article 2): it clarifies that Preservation Agreement is a “Contract”. And, as existing theory insists, National Trust Corporation signs this preservation agreement at an equal position with the land owner. Considering this, Preservation Agreement should be interpreted as judicial contract. Of course, there is a supporting regulation (Ref. Article 16) that could partially fund the cost directly used for preserving/managing the property of the preservation agreement within the budgetary scope of the nation and local government for the corporation and group which signed the preservation agreement with National Trust Corporation but it could not be the cause of regarding preservation agreements as unofficial administrative actions. Rather, it is just to stipulate political support by the government for pro bono activities.

Surgery for Laryngopharyngeal SCC in the Era of Organ Preservation

Jean Louis Lefebvre 대한이비인후과학회 2009 Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology Vol.2 No.4

Over the past decades, randomized clinical trials have assessed and validated the concept of larynx preservation. This new concept has obviously modified the treatment algorithm for laryngopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However surgery for larynx and hypopharynx cancer remains indicated in many cases. Initial partial surgery is indicated for early diseases. This surgery may be performed endoscopically or openly. The results are excellent in terms of local control and function. Transoral robotic surgery is under evaluation. Initial radical surgery is indicated for advanced diseases in case of very infiltrative tumor, in case of cartilage destruction or when tolerance and/or compliance to chemotherapy-based approached is questionable. Larynx preservation is to be discussed between these two situations. In randomized trials evaluating the different larynx preservation strategies, a substantial number of larynxes could be preserved without compromising disease control or survival. The best approach in terms of quality of function preservation, overall acute and late toxicity, disease control and survival is still a matter of clinical research. It must be stressed that salvage surgery is a definite part of these larynx preservation protocols in order to maintain the ultimate disease control. This discussion underscored the need of a multidisciplinary decision making and the need of a coordinated clinical research. Over the past decades, randomized clinical trials have assessed and validated the concept of larynx preservation. This new concept has obviously modified the treatment algorithm for laryngopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However surgery for larynx and hypopharynx cancer remains indicated in many cases. Initial partial surgery is indicated for early diseases. This surgery may be performed endoscopically or openly. The results are excellent in terms of local control and function. Transoral robotic surgery is under evaluation. Initial radical surgery is indicated for advanced diseases in case of very infiltrative tumor, in case of cartilage destruction or when tolerance and/or compliance to chemotherapy-based approached is questionable. Larynx preservation is to be discussed between these two situations. In randomized trials evaluating the different larynx preservation strategies, a substantial number of larynxes could be preserved without compromising disease control or survival. The best approach in terms of quality of function preservation, overall acute and late toxicity, disease control and survival is still a matter of clinical research. It must be stressed that salvage surgery is a definite part of these larynx preservation protocols in order to maintain the ultimate disease control. This discussion underscored the need of a multidisciplinary decision making and the need of a coordinated clinical research.

단백질 가수분해물을 이용한 인간 피부 섬유아세포의 저온 보존액 개발

변순휘(Soon-hwi Byoun),최태부(Tae-boo Choe) 한국생물공학회 2009 KSBB Journal Vol.24 No.3

치료용 단백질을 생산하는 생물의약품 산업이나 세포치료제 및 이식용 세포를 다루는 재생의학 분야 등의 세포 기반 산업에서 안정적인 세포의 보존은 필수적인 요소이다. 본 연구에서는 인간 피부 섬유아세포의 4℃ 저온보존 에서 우수한 성능을 나타내는 개선된 저온보존액을 개발 하고, 저온에 의한 세포 손상을 보호함으로써 보다 안정적인 세포 저온보존 기술을 제공하고자 하였다. 세포의 저온보존에서 우수한 효능을 나타내는 핵심 성분을 탐색한 결과, yeast hydrolysate 등의 단백질 가수분해 물을 첨가한 보존액에서 월등히 뛰어난 보존효과가 나타남을 확인하였다. 단백질 가수분해물은 미생물, 식물, 동물 유래 단백질 가수분해물에서 모두 우수한 효과를 나타냈으며, 특히 단백질 가수분해물 성분 중 분자량 10kDa 이하의 펩타이드를 첨가한 저온보존에서 우수한 보존효과가 나타났다. 저온에 의한 세포손상에 대해 단백질 가수분해물은 세포내 ATP level의 감소를 막아주고 ROS 생성을 억제하는 것으로 나타났으며, 항산화제 및 삼투압 조절물질을 단백질 가수분해물과 함께 첨가하였을 때 더욱 우수한 세포 보존효과를 보였다. 최종적으로 본 연구에서 개발한 KUL261 저온보존액 (DMEM/F12 1:1 medium, yeastolate 1%, α-tocopherol 100μM, dextran 2.5%)은 기존의 저온 보존액에 비해 세포 생존율 및 성장률에서 월등히 우수한 성능을 나타내었다. 결론적으로, 핵심 유효성분으로 단백질 가수분해물을 포함하는 개선된 저온보존액은 기존의 보존액보다 월등히 우수한 보존효과를 제공하며, 세포치료제 및 재생의학 분야의 발전과 글로벌 상업화에 기여할 수 있을 것이다. Stable cell preservation is an essential factor in the regenerative medicine for cell therapies and transplantation of biologic materials. In this study, we studied to provide more stable hypothermic preservation by protection of cell damage during the preservation at 4℃. The result of searching for key components that have excellent efficacy in hypothermic preservation of cells, we have identified the fact that the hypothermic preservation adding protein hydrolysates such as yeast hydrolysate is far superior to others. All protein hydrolysates that are derived from animal, plant and microbe sources have superior efficacy, especially the peptides which have molecular weights under 10 kDa have the best efficacy among the components of protein hydrolysate. The protein hydrolysates prevented the decrease of ATP level in the cells caused by hypothermic environment and they inhibited the generation of ROS. Adding antioxidants and control agents of osmotic pressure were showed to have more superior efficacy in hypothermic preservation. Finally, KUL261 solution (DMEM/F12 1:1 medium, yeastolate 1%, α-tocopherol 100 μM, dextran 2.5%), the preservation solution developed in this study, showed the best efficacy in both cell viability and cell growth more than other conventional preservation solutions. In conclusion, the improved hypothermic preservation solution that contains the protein hydrolysates as a key component provide the best preservation efficacy. It provides better efficacy than other preservation solutions and will contribute to both the development of regenerative medicine and global commercialization in this therapeutic field.

소량 기록물의 효율적 보존을 위한 보존챔버 설계에 관한 연구

봉춘근,박성진,이정주,신현창 한국기록관리학회 2013 한국기록관리학회지 Vol.13 No.1

The archives preservation chamber is an equipment that is able to store important archives with air-cleaning and isothermal-isohumidity control functions to permanently store archives in a highly safe environment. The chamber can only store small amounts of archives but it is crucial for organizations preserving archives to economically store a variety of archives, be it a medium or a small amount of documents. An arm of this study researches the current preservation status of the local record center to determine the need for such a chamber. In addition, in order to improve the air-cleaning and isothermal-isohumidity functions, the researchers of this study have conducted analyses to design the core parts. The preservation chamber that had been designed includes an archives preservation area, air-cleaning equipment, and environment measurement equipment. A preservation chamber is used to preserve small amounts of important archives safely. Thus, when a local record center is preserving various types of archives in small or medium quantities in a stack room, the preservation chamber can be used to aid their long-term preservation. 기록물 보존챔버란 소량의 중요기록물을 안정성 높은 보존환경에서 영구보존하는 데 적합한 장비이다. 이 장비는 소량의 기록물을 영구보존하기 위한 공공기관이나 민간단체에서 기록물을 경제적이면서 안전하게 장기보존하기에 적합한 장비이다. 본 연구는 지방기록관의 기록물 보존현황 조사를 통해 보존챔버의 필요성을 분석한 후 보존챔버의 핵심부분을 설계함으로 기록물을 안정적이면서 경제적으로 보존할 수 있는 방안을 모색하였다. 기록물 보존챔버는 크게 기록물을 보존하는 보존공간, 보존환경 유지를 위한 공기정화장치부, 보존환경을 모니터링하기 위한 환경측정장치부로 구성된다. 기록물 보존공간은 외부 공기의 출입을 막고 내부공기가 순환함으로 항온항습 유지 및 유해가스 제거가 가능하도록 하였다. 이렇게 설계된 보존챔버는 소량의 기록물을 서고에서 보존할 때보다 더 경제적으로 보존할 수 있는 것으로 산출되었다.

영국, 미국, 일본의 ‘역사적 도시공원’ 보존 전략 사례 연구

길지혜,박희성 한국조경학회 2020 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.48 No.2

This study aims to examine the trends in the preservation of urban public parks with a focus on the international movement to acknowledge and preserve the heritage value of urban parks. First, the background in which the concept of "historic urban park" first appeared internationally, as well as the current situation were investigated. Then, the cases of the United Kingdom (UK), the United States (US), and Japan, all of which are already preserving and managing urban public parks, were analyzed. In the ICOMOS-IFLA Document on Historic Urban Public Parks, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), which is a group of specialists dedicated to the conservation and management of cultural heritage, mentions that it is necessary to maintain the social, intangible, aesthetic, ecological, and civic values of historic urban public parks. In addition, according to ICOMOS, it is necessary to preserve elements of parks, such as space composition, topography, light, and environment. The UK, the USA, and Japan have their own unique characteristics for the background of preserving urban parks, the preservation system, the selection of parks to be preserved, and the elements to be preserved within the park. The UK has categorized parks into certain types from each period and has tried to preserve the common elements in each type. The US has selected the parks to preserve by determining the meaning of the parks itself considering multiple aspects, embracing not only the physical form of the parks, but also the culture, monumentality, and social values. Recently, Japan began the preservation of historic urban parks as a matter of policy and started to implement a preservation policy by investigating modern parks that are believed to be worth preserving. Specialists in cultural heritage preservation have argued that the method of preservation of historic urban parks must differ from that of other parks or gardens. Nonetheless, observing cases in these three countries showed that, regardless of their administrative and legal systems regarding cultural heritage and urban public parks, their policies were still limited to preserving only the physical elements of parks. The direction and methodology for the preservation of historic urban parks must be developed further and elaborated upon in terms of the evolving concept and definition of heritage. Urban parks are where various historic values are accumulated, connoting historical meanings dealing with the memories of the parks and the urban dwellers. This study found that, worldwide, park management has been carried out in a way that the historic values of parks are respected and preserved. This global trend in preserving the historic values of urban public parks has significant implications for the management of urban public parks in Korea that are being formed and renewed repeatedly. 본 연구는 국제적으로 도시공원의 유산 가치를 인정하고 보존하려는 움직임에 주목하여 국제사회에서 논의되고 있는 도시공원의 보존 동향을 살펴보고자 했다. 국제적으로 ‘역사적 도시공원’ 개념이 등장하게 된 배경과 추진상황을 확인하고, 도시공원의 보존과 관리를 이미 수행하는 영국, 미국, 일본의 사례를 분석하였다. 문화유산의 보전․관리를 중시하는 국제 전문가집단인 ICOMOS에서는 최근 ICOMOS-IFLA 문서를 통해, 역사적 도시공원의 사회적․무형적 가치, 심미적 가치, 생태적 가치, 시민 사회적 가치를 지속하고, 공간 구성, 지형, 빛, 환경과 같은 공원 요소를 보존해야 한다고 하였다. 영국과 미국, 일본은 역사적 도시공원 보존 동향이 나타나게 된 배경, 실제 보존 체계, 보존 대상으로 고려하는 도시공원, 공원 내 보존 요소에 저마다의 특성이 있다. 영국은 시기별로 나타나는 공원의 디자인을 존중하고, 각 시기를 대표하는 공원의 형태 요소를 보존하고자 한다. 미국은 공원의 의미를 물리적 형태뿐 아니라, 문화, 기념성, 사회적 가치 등 다양한 각도에서 파악하여 보존할 공원을 선정하고 관리한다. 일본은 보존 가치가 있는 근대공원을 조사해 선별하고, 공원의 보존 관리를 정책적으로 시행하기 시작했다. 전문가들은 역사적 도시공원의 보존은 기존 정원이나 공원과는 다른 방향으로 이루어져야 한다고 주장한다. 그럼에도 각국 사례를 보면 아직은 문화유산과 도시공원을 다루는 행정과 법제에 따라 물리적 요소를 보존하는데 다소 한정되어 있었다. 변화하는 유산의 개념과 정의의 맥락에서 도시공원의 보존 기준과 방법 또한 발전하고 정교해질 것이다. 도시공원은 역사적으로 여러 가치가 축적된 공간이며, 공원과 도시민의 기억에 많은 역사적 의미를 내재하고 있다. 국제적으로는 이러한 공원의 역사적 가치를 존중하고 보존하는 방향으로 관리가 진행되고 있음을 확인하였다. 도시공원의 가치를 보존하고자 하는 국제 동향은 운영과 관리 문제에 직면한 우리의 도시공원에 시사하는 바가 크다.

공유물에 대한 보존행위의 본질과 범위 및 그 한계

김현선 ( Hyeonseon Kim ) 연세법학회 2023 연세법학 Vol.41 No.-

보존행위(민법 제265조 단서)의 개념에는 공유물의 멸실·훼손을 방지하고 그 현상을 유지하기 위한 사실적·법률적 행위뿐만 아니라, 긴급을 요하는 행위이어야 하며, 더 넓은 의미로 다른 공유자에게도 이익이 되는 행위 등도 포함되어 있다. 종래 판례는 보존행위에 관한 공유자들의 의견이 일치하지 않는 경우, 다른 공유자에게 불이익을 초래할 염려가 있거나 긴급을 요하지 아니한 행위도 이해관계가 충돌된다고 볼 수 있는데도 보존행위에 해당한다고 하여 보존행위의 범위를 지나치게 넓게 보았다. 그러나 현재 판례는 어느 공유자 1인이 보존권을 행사하는 때에 그 행사의 결과가 다른 공유자의 이해관계와 대립되거나 충돌될 때에는 다른 공유자에게 이익이 부합되지 않으므로 그 행사는 보존행위로 될 수 없다고 보아, 보존행위의 범위가 축소되는 경향이 있다. 이처럼 보존행위의 개념이나 범위가 명확하지 않은 현행법 체계하에서는 확대나 축소해석할 근거가 부족하고, 또한 ‘현재 대법원 전원합의체 판결’도 공유물 인도청구와 방해배제청구권의 논거를 달리 정하여 판단하는 등 논리적 모순이 있어, ‘현재 대법원 전원합의체 판결’의 다수의견으로 그 해법을 찾기에도 여전히 불안정한 상태이다. 따라서 어떤 시각에서 보존행위의 본질을 바라보느냐에 따라서 그 범위가 달라지게 되어 거래계의 혼란이 가중되는 등 논란이 계속되고 있어 현재의 이론과 판례로는 그 한계에 이르렀다고 보인다. 특히, ‘종전 대법원 전원합의체 판결’의 법리는 오랜 세월에 걸쳐 확립된 것으로, 공유관계에서 자주 발생하는 소수지분권자의 공유물에 관한 자의적·독점적 점유로 인한 위법 상태를 다른 소수지분권자가 인도 청구 또는 방해배제청구의 방식으로 일관성 있게 해결할 수 있도록 한 점에 관한 성과는 높이 살 만하다. 러한 의미에서 필자는 체계적·논리적 해석을 통해 당해 민법 제265조 단서 조항의 진정한 의미를 합리적으로 파악해야 할 필요가 있다고 판단하여, 보존행위는 행위주체에 따라 독립된 권리로서 공유에서는 공유의 본질 속에서 그 의미를 살펴야 하고, 공유의 본질보다 선행되어 무소불위 권리로 판단되어서는 안된다는 전제하에 보존행위의 본질과 범위 및 그에 대한 한계를 재설정해 보았다. 즉, 보존행위의 판단에 있어서 원칙적으로 ‘사실적 보존행위’만 인정하되 예외적으로 ‘법률적 보존행위’가 보존행위라고 하기 위해서는 보존행위에서 고려하는 이익의 개념을 『침해 받는 이익의 보호가치, 침해의 중한 정도, 위반행위로 얻는 이익의 가액, 이익의 산정 시점 등 모든 상황을 고려하여 다른 공유자들이 수긍할 정도라고 평가되는 행위』로 엄격하게 판단할 필요가 있다. In the concept of preservation act stipulated in the proviso to Article 265 of the Civil Act, it must be an act that requires urgency as well as a factual and legal act to prevent the loss or damage of public property and to maintain the status quo. In a broader sense, this includes acts that benefit other co-owners as well. Previous Supreme Court of Korea precedents have stated that “if co-owners do not agree with each other on the preservation act, there is a risk of causing a disadvantage to other co-owners, or an act that is not urgent is considered a preservation act even though it can be regarded as a conflict of interest.” Such a position of the Supreme Court recognizes the scope of conservation actions too broadly. However, the current precedent states that “when one co-owner exercises the right of preservation, if the result of the exercise conflicts or conflicts with the other co-owners, the other co-owner does not have the interests of the other co-owners, so the exercise cannot be considered an act of preservation.” Therefore, according to Court precedents, the scope of conservation activities tends to be reduced. Controversy continues, such as aggravating confusion in the trading world, as the scope of preservation activities varies depending on how one views the essence of conservation activities. Therefore, it seems that current academic theories and precedents have reached the limit of regulating transactions. In particular, the jurisprudence of the ‘previously enacted ruling of the Supreme Court’ has been established over a long period of time. Therefore, it is worth praising the achievement of consistently solving the illegal situation caused by the arbitrary and monopolistic occupation of common property by minority equity holders, which often occurs in joint-sharing relationships, by other minority equity holders in the form of a request for extradition or a claim for exclusion of obstruction. In that sense, I judged that it is necessary to reasonably understand the true meaning of the proviso of Article 265 of the Civil Act through a systematic and logical interpretation. Therefore, the act of preservation is an independent right depending on the subject of the act, and in the case of joint ownership, its meaning must be looked into in the nature of joint ownership, in addition, the nature and scope of the preservation act and its limits were reset under the premise that it should not be judged as an inalienable right ahead of the nature of propertty sharing. In other words, in principle, only factual acts are recognized in judging preservation acts, but in order to say that legal acts are preservation acts as an exception, it is necessary to strictly judge the concept of profit considered in preservation acts. Therefore, considering all circumstances, such as (i) the protection value of the infringed interest, (ii) the seriousness of the infringement, (iii) the value of the profit from the violation, and (iv) the timing of the calculation of the profit, only an act that is evaluated to have a certain degree of existence should be recognized as an act of conservation.

개발제한제 도시계획과 보전부담금제도의 법적 쟁점 고찰

최종권(Choi, Jong-Kwon),김현희(Kim, Hyun-Hee) 한국토지공법학회 2018 土地公法硏究 Vol.84 No.-

개발제한구역으로 지정된 구역 내에서는 원칙적으로 개발행위가 제한되며, 개발제한구역의 지정목적에 위배되는 않는 예외적인 경우에만 건축물의 건축 등이 허용된다. 그리고 허용되는 경우에도 낮은 지가를 활용한 무분별한 입지를 방지하고 구역의 정비 및 주민 지원 등의 사업재원을 확보하기 위하여 보전부담금을 부과하도록 하였다. 하지만, 현행법상보전부담금제도는 제도 설계 및 운영에 관한 법적 규율에 불합리한 점이 드러나고 있다. 먼저, 개발제한구역법은 건축물과 공작물에 대한 행위제한 및 예외적 허용에 있어서 동등하게 규율하고 있지만, 보전부담금 부과 대상 및 기준에서는 구체적으로 양자를 구별하고 있다. 하지만 그 구별의 기준이 불명확하여 해석상 이를 명확히 할 필요가 있다. 또한 공작물의 부담금 산정에 있어서 그 바닥면적이 제외되고 있지만, 일정부분의 보전부담금을 부과하는 것이 타당하다. 둘째, 개발제한구역법은 일반적으로 건축물의 건축행위를 제한하고 있지만, 건축행위의 범위에는 신축, 증축, 개축 및 재축행위가 포함된다. 법은 구체적으로는 신축과 증축 및 개축행위를 구분하고 있지만, 기반시설의 개축에 있어서는 섬세한 규정을 두지 않아 규율의 공백이 발생하고 있다. 즉, 보전부담금 산정 기준에 있어서 개축의 경우에는 바닥면적을 제외하여야 함에도 불구하고 그러한 규정이 없어 이중부과의 위험에 처해있다. 특히, 기존시설의 존속보호의 차원에서 노후화된 기반시설을 현대화 및 옥내화 하는 경우에도 보전 부담금을 부과하고 있는 현행법의 규정은 개선이 필요하다. 셋째, 개발제한구역법은 보전부담금의 부과대상을 예외적인 행위허용 대상과 연동시키고 있다. 이는 예외적으로 구역 내 설치가 허용되는 것에 대해 부담금을 부과하는 것이어서 일응 타당해 보이지만, 행위허용의 취지와 보전부담금제도의 취지는 다르기 때문에 보전부담금부과에 있어서는 실질적으로 차이가 발생하고 있다. 따라서 보전부담금제도의 취지를 반영하여 독자적인 부과대상의 체계를 구축할 필요가 있으며, 이를 입법적으로 개선하여야 현실적인 불공평함을 해소할 수 있다. 나아가 실무상 평가기준을 마련할 수 있는 근거규정을 두어 구체적인 등급기준을 정할 필요가 있다. In principle, development activities are restricted within the development restriction zones. And construction of buildings is permitted only in exceptional cases which not against the purpose of designation of the development restriction zones. Even if it is permitted, the charges for preservation is imposed in order to prevent reckless occupation by utilizing low land prices, and secure business resources such as maintenance of the area and support for residents. However, the existing charges for preservation system in current law has been shown its irrationality in legal regulations on design and its operation. First, the Act on Special Measures for Designation and Management of Development Restriction Zones(hereinafter referred to as the “Greenbelt Act”) equally governs buildings and structures in terms of behavioral restrictions and exceptional permits. However, both subjects are specifically distinguished from the charge and standard of charges for preservation. Since the criteria for the distinction is unclear, it is necessary to clarify it in the interpretation. In addition, as the floor area is excluded from the calculation of the charges for preservation of the structures, it is reasonable that a certain portion of the charges for preservation is imposed.Second, the Greenbelt Act generally restricts the building activities, but the scope of the building activities includes the new construction or the extension, alteration, reconstruction, or relocation of an existing building. The Greenbelt Act specifically distinguishes the new construction and the expansion and reconstruction activities. However it does not provide detailed regulation in the reconstruction of infrastructure, so the gap of discipline is generated. In other words, although the floor area should be excluded in the case of reconstruction in the criteria for calculating the charges for preservation, there is no such provision. Therefore, the reconstruction of the infrastructure is in danger of imposing double charges. Especially, the provisions of the current law imposing the charges for preservation in the case of modernization and indoorization of the aged infrastructure in order to protect the existing facilities, need to be improved. Third, the Greenbelt Act interlinks the object of the preservation charge with the exceptional permissible object. This seems to be reasonable, as it exceptionally imposes charges on what is allowed within the zone. However, there is a substantial difference in imposing the charges for preservation, since the purpose of the permission and the charges for preservation are different. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a system of the object to be imposed independently in accordance with the purpose of the charges for preservation, and improve it legally to eliminate the substantial unfairness. In addition, there is a need to establish detailed standard for a basis for providing practical evaluation criteria.

보전처분 중 상계권행사금지가처분의 타당성 요건

허정인 한국민사집행법학회 2024 民事執行法硏究 : 韓國民事執行法學會誌 Vol.20 No.-

가처분은 다툼의 대상에 관한 가처분 외에도 임시로 잠정적인 법률상태를 형성하거나 그 사적 실현을 꾀하는 것을 목적으로 하는 임시지위를 정하기 위한 가처분도 있다. 임시지위를 정하기 위한 가처분 중에 상대방의 상계권 행사를 금지할 것을 내용으로 하는 가처분을 법원에 신청하는 경우 거의 대부분 피보전권리가 상계를 금지하는 임금채권인 경우를 제외하면 상계권행사금지가처분은 기각되어져 왔다. 왜냐하면 피보전권리가 상계금지채권이 아니라 상계를 허용하는 채권이기 때문이었다. 그런데 상계권행사금지가처분의 피보전권리가 실체법상 법률상의 상계금지채권으로서 상계가 금지되는 임금지급청구권 등이 아님에도 상계권행사금지가처분이 인용된 결정이 있으므로 이러한 결정이 나오게 된 근거를 살펴보기로 한다. 그 근거는 가처분의 소송물과 보전청구권의 성질에 있다. 실체법상 보전청구권설에 의하면 재판상 보전기능을 채무자에 대하여 행사하는 것이 실체적 가처분권이라고 한다. 즉 실체적 권리가 피보전권리인 것이다. 반면, 공법적 보전청구권설은 피보전권리와 보전의 필요성 2가지를 소송물로 보고 소송물은 보전청구권 자체라고 보며 보전되어야 할 실체법상의 청구권과는 아무런 관계가 없다는 견해이다. 대상결정에 대하여 피보전권리와 보전의 필요성을 보전소송의 소송물로 인정한다는 것은 가처분의 독자적인 요건을 인정한다는 것이고, 피보전권리와 보전의 필요성 요건을 실체법상 청구권과는 별개의 개념으로 인정하는 것이 타당한 점, 보전소송의 본안화 방지를 고려할 때, 피보전권리와 보전의 필요성을 보전처분의 소송물로 인정하는 것에서 나아가 공법적 보전청구권으로 보는 견해를 취하는 것이 타당하다고 생각한다. 대상결정은 공법적 보전청구권설을 따름으로써 몇 가지 특수성을 가지고 있는데, 가처분이 목적에 의해 제약되고, 가처분의 본안화를 방지하며, 가처분의 재량성을 인정해 준다는 것이다. 마지막으로 보전의 필요성과 증명의 정도의 판단기준이 실체법상 청구권이 아니라 피보전권리와 보전의 필요성에 대한 독자적인 판단으로서 비례의 원칙을 수용하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 이는 보다 더 가처분의 실질에 부합하도록 그 결정기준을 실체법상 보전청구권설에서 공법적 보전청구권설로 변경한 것임으로 의의가 크다고 생각한다. In addition to a provisional injunction regarding the subject of dispute, there is also a provisional injunction determining temporary status for the purpose of temporarily forming a provisional legal state or seeking its private realization. When applying to the court for a provisional injunction to prohibit the other party from exercising the right to set-off, among the provisional injunction to determine temporary status, in almost all cases, the provisional injunction prohibiting the exercise of the right to set-off will be dismissed, except in cases where the right to be indemnified is a wage claim that prohibits set-off. This is because the preserved right in a provisional injunction of wage issue is not a claim that allows set-off, but a natural claim that prohibits set-off. However, there is a decision in which a provisional injunction prohibiting the exercise of the right to set-off has been cited even though the preserved right is not the right to wage payment, which is not prohibited from being set-off by law, so let's look at the basis for this decision. The basis for this lies in the nature of the object of a conservative measure and the preserved right in a provisional injunction. According to the theory of the preserved right in a provisional injunction under substantive law, exercising the judicial preservation function called the substantive right of injunction. In other words, the substantive right is the protected right. On the other hand, the public law preservation claim theory views the two things, the preserved right and the need for preservation, as the object of a conservative measure, and views the object of a conservative measure as the preservation claim itself and has no relationship with the claim under substantive law that must be preserved. The fact that the precedent recognizes the preserved right and the need for preservation as a lawsuit in a provisional injunction means that it recognizes the independent requirements for provisional disposition, and it is appropriate to recognize the preserved right and the need for preservation as a concept to separate from the claim under substantive law. When considering the prevention of litigation becoming a legal issue, I think it is appropriate to go beyond recognizing the preserved right and the need for preservation as the object of a conservative measure for a provisional injunction and take the view of them as public law claims for a provisional injunction. The decision follows the public law preservation claim theory and has several special characteristics : the provisional injunction is limited by purpose, prevents the injunction from becoming a legal action, and recognizes the discretion of the injunction. Lastly, it appears that the principle of proportionality is accepted as an independent judgment on the preserved right and the need for preservation, rather than the nature of the claim under substantive law.