正・负向形容词的主观性域值描写及应用

??(Yu Yuan),?容洙(Han Yongsu) 동아인문학회 2021 동아인문학 Vol.55 No.-

Positive and negative adjectives are a subcategory of adjectives. Through the collection and analysis of real corpus, when positive and negative adjectives are combined with related grammatical structures, they are not only combined with positive or negative adjectives as in the existing theories. So it is very necessary to conduct a more in-depth study on positive and negative adjectives and update related concepts. The thesis raises questions by analyzing the existing grammatical structure and the combination of positive and negative adjectives through the collection and analysis of the corpus in the corpus. Then, based on Shi Yuzhi, Huang Guoying (1993), Shi Yuzhi (2017) on the classification of positive and negative adjectives, combined with the subjectivity theory of cognitive linguistics, The three types of positive and negative adjectives are described in more detail and imagery. Through this detailed and concrete description, looking back at the current combination of grammatical structure and positive and negative adjectives, we can see: First, the previous classification of positive and negative adjectives was based on the semantic features of [+quantity]. Such a classification rule is not scientific. Second, the division of positive and negative adjectives is based on people"s subjective understanding. This subjective understanding is also the reason for the contradiction between the positive and negative adjectives and the existing grammatical structure combined with related theories. Third, when the unique characteristics of the word itself in the process of change coincide with the content of the grammar, it will break through the original requirement of the grammar for positive and negative directions.

남명 시에 나타난 부정 대상의 유형과 성격

전재강(Jeon Jae-gang) 우리말글학회 2008 우리말 글 Vol.44 No.-

I tried to observe the types and characteristics of the negative object in Nammyeong's all poetry. I sorted all his negative expressions to three groups according to which objects are negated, those are verb, noun, adjective. First, the verbs are negated most. Nammyeong used four characters for negating, those are bul(不), mi(未), mak(莫), mu(無). He presented three kinds of themes, which are things-being, things-not being, specific things by using negative expression, bul (不) and mi(未) relating with verbs. But presented two kinds of themes, which are things-being, things-not being by using negative expression, mak(莫) and mu(無) relating with verbs. Secondly, the nouns are negated lesser than the verbs. He presented two kinds of themes, which are things-being, things-not being by using negative expression, mu(無) relating with nouns. Specially, the things-being and things-not being are deeply concerned with the Confucianism and politics, history more than private life. Third, the adjectives are negated least among three of them. He presented two kinds of themes, which are things-being, things-not being by using several kinds of negative expression, bul(不), mak (莫), bi(非) relating with adjectives. And the things-being and things-not being are deeply concerned with the Confucianism and politics, history more than private life just like the groups of the nouns. By studying negative expressions I found several facts that Nammyeong had being lived in shorts as a private person and Confucian classical scholar and that he pursued ideal private, social, politic world in his mind very eagerly.

20세기 전기 구어 자료에서의 "안" 부정법

정연주 ( Yeon Ju Jeong ),정경재 ( Kyeong Jae Chung ),홍종선 ( Jong Seon Hong ) 민족어문학회 2015 어문논집 Vol.- No.75

이 논문은 20세기 전기의 구어 자료를 대상으로 하여 당시의 ‘안’ 계열 부정문이 보이는 형태적·분포적·기능적 특성을 살핀 것이다. 형태적 특성으로는 구형인 ‘아니’형이 동시기의 문어 자료에 비해 뚜렷하게 적은 비율로 실현되고 있다는 것, 또 ‘아니’형이 단형 부정보다 장형 부정에서 덜 쓰이고 있으며 장형 부정문에서 ‘아니’형이 쓰인 예 중 의문 어미가 이어지는 경우는 보이지 않는다는 것, 또장형 부정의 ‘아니’는 동사보다 형용사에서 덜 쓰이고 있다는 것을 지적하였다. 분포적 특성으로는 동사에 비해 형용사에서 단형 부정이 극도로 잘 쓰이지 않는다는 것, 또 부정부사의 어근 분리 현상이 동시기 문어 자료에 비해 아주 드물게 보인다는 것을 지적하였다. 기능적 측면에서는 부정적 전제 확인 기능이 장형 부정 형식으로 실현된 비율이 오늘날보다 높게 나타나고 있다는 것을 지적하였다. This thesis analyze the morphological, distributional and functional characteristics of the ``an`` type negative sentences in the first part of the twentieth century, based on the spoken language data. The data shows that morphologically, the old form ``ani`` was noticeably less frequently realized, compared its usage in the written language data of the era. Moreover, ``ani`` is less frequently used in the long-form negation than in the short-form negation. When ``ani`` is used in sentences with the long-form negation, it is not followed by interrogative endings and ``ani`` in sentences with the long-form negation are less frequently used in adjectival verbs than in action verbs. In terms of distribution, this study concludes that short-form negations are rarely used in adjectival verbs in comparison to action verbs and that root-separation of the negative adverb is seldom found in spoken language, when compared to written data. This study further shows that the confirmative function of the negative presupposition is realized more frequently through the long-form negation.

관련성 이론에 근거한 긍정문의 반의어 부정문으로의 한영 번역 양상

이현주 국립부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2024 인문사회과학연구 Vol.25 No.1

이 논문은 한국어 긍정문이 관련성 이론의 영향을 받아 영어 부정소 ‘no', 'not', 'never'을 포함한 영어 부정문으로 번역되는 양상을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이러한 양상을 살펴보기 위해 한국어 소설 해질 무렵 , 어디선가 나를 찾는 전화벨이 울리고 , 홀 , 82년생 김지영 과 영어 번역본 At Dusk , I'll Be Right There , The Hole , Kim Jiyoung, Born 1982 를 한영 병렬 번역 자료로 삼아 분석하였다. 발췌한 데이터에서 한국어 긍정문이 영어 부정문으로 번역되는 예를 관련성 이론에 근거해 살펴보았다. 먼저 문맥을 통해 원천 텍스트의 긍정문이 강조의 의미가 있을 때 긍정으로 번역하는 대신 의미를 강조하는 기능이 있는 부정의 기능을 빌려와 반의어 부정문으로 번역된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 의미상 긍정문의 강조를 부각시키기 위해 부정의 강조 기능을 가져와 사용한 것이다. 둘째, 명시화의 실현을 위해 문맥에 맞도록 구체적인 어휘를 사용해 반의어 부정문으로 번역된 경우가 있었다. 이는 원천 텍스트에 등장하는 ‘입을 다물었다’라는 외면적으로 같은 표현이 문맥상 의미하는 바를 명시적으로 분명히 나타내기 위해 구체적인 어휘를 선택하면서 부정문으로 번역된 것이다. 셋째, 문맥상 화자의 기대와 반대되는 의미를 내포한 긍정문의 반의어 부정문으로의 번역이 있었다. 이는 관련성 이론에 근거해 선·후행 문맥으로 알 수 있는 화자의 기대감이 긍정형으로 번역했을 때 정확하게 반영되지 않는다면 부정문으로 번역하는 것이 자연스러운 데에 기인한다. 마지막으로 등급어 형용사의 반의어와 부정소의 결합으로 번역함으로써 부정문으로 표현되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 등급어 형용사의 의미상 불분명한 특성을 반영하여 원천 텍스트를 긍정어로 번역하는 대신에 문맥의 의미를 고려하여 근접하게 이어질 수 있는 등급어 형용사의 반의어를 사용하여 부정문로 번역되었음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 관련성 이론에 근거해 선·후행 문맥이 원천 텍스트의 긍정문을 반의어 부정문으로 번역하는 데에 영향을 끼쳤음을 확인할 수 있었다. The purpose of this study is to examine examples of Korean affirmative sentences being translated into English negative sentences using antonyms based on the relevance theory. The relevance theory has been applied to examine cases where affirmative statements were translated into negative statements. First, in instances where the source text indicated emphasis through context, rather than translating the affirmative statement as positive, it was translated into a negative statement to highlight the emphasis function of negation. This was done to utilize the function of negation to emphasize the positive aspect. Second, concrete vocabulary was used to achieve lexical specification, resulting in the translation of affirmative statements into negative ones. This translation was grounded in the relevance theory, where specific vocabulary from the context of affirmative statements was used to reflect this in the translation process. Third, expressions that contradicted the speaker's expectations were translated into negative statements. If the speaker's expectations, as discerned from the preceding context, were not properly reflected by translating into an affirmative statement, it was more natural to translate it into a negative statement. Thus, relying on the relevance theory, it was possible to confirm the translation into a negative statement by deducing from information derived from the context of both the preceding and subsequent sentences. Lastly, the combination of antonymous gradable adjectives and negation particles led to the expression of negative statements. This was observed to reflect the ambiguity of gradable adjectives in the source text. Instead of translating the source text into affirmative language, the translation utilized antonymous gradable adjectives in a way that closely followed the contextual progression, leading to the use of negation to express the idea. Therefore, based on the relevance theory, it was possible to confirm that the preceding context influenced the translation of affirmative statements in the source text into negative ones.

형용사의 장형 부정 선호 현상의 동기

정연주 한국어의미학회 2017 한국어 의미학 Vol.57 No.-

This paper investigates the reasons why Korean adjectives prefer the long-form negation to the short one. The investigation suggests: 1) Adjectives go well with degree adverbs. When negated, a degree adverb causes semantic ambiguity. There is context where long-form negation should be adopted to include the degree adverb in question under the negation scope. 2) Usually an adjective expresses the speaker’s subjective assess on someone or something, and subjective assess always implies conflicts with others’ evaluation. As the speaker’s intention of negation tends to be less clear and gentle in long-form negation, generally Korean speakers prefer using long-form negation to using short-form negation with adjectives. 3) In many cases an adjective has its counterpart, an antonym on the semantic scale, and it is posited that they are located on the ends of this scale; one on an end and the other on the other end. If one desires to point between the two extremes, s/he should negate both of them. Here the speaker uses long-form negation with the enclitic(bojosa) do. 4) Of adjectives, there are a few with an antonym without scalar, a pair of complementary opposite. When one of the pair negated in short form, the derived meaning is identical to the antonym’s. That’s why the existence of complementary opposites blocks the use of short-form negation in adjectives. On the other hand when it comes to long-form negation, its wider scope and hedging the intention of negation excludes the possibility of blocking.

‘이’의 형용사설에 대한 재고찰

김건희(Kim keon-hee) 한국언어학회 2017 언어 Vol.42 No.1

The purpose of this study is to re-examine the ‘i’ category as adjective focused on the negational form of the ‘derivational noun(N+적)+ida’. In the previous studies, the negational form of ‘ida’ has been regarded as ‘anida’ exclusively, however, the predicative nucleus of ‘ida’ construction is not ‘i’ but the element before ‘i’, therefore the negational form of ‘i’ can be changed according to the preceding element of ‘i’, such as ‘-지 않-’ in the case of ‘derivational noun(N+적)’. ‘derivational noun(N+적)’ is the most marked among the nouns which are located before ‘i’, it has adjectival meaning due to ‘-적’ and shows the long negational form ‘-지 않-’ like adjective. Although the ‘i’ shows the characteristics of adjective like long negational form, the word class of ‘i’ can not be adjective. The reasons are such as followings: First, the preceding element of ‘i’, such as ‘derivational noun(N+적)’ is the morphological and syntactical nucleus, so the ‘i’ is not the lexical category, but the functional category. Second, there are great differences between the general adjectives and ‘i’. Third, ‘derivational noun(N+적)+ida’ corresponds to adjective or verb from the perspective of contrastive linguistics, so the ‘i’ solely cannot be adjective excluding ‘derivational noun(N+적)’. Fourth, if the copula ‘i’ would be adjectives, it disagrees with the characteristics of the korean language as verb-like adjectives which functions as predicate without copula.

염자도의 유형과 주제 연구

서성,강희안 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2022 中國學論叢 Vol.- No.75

Through the corpus search, this paper examined that the adjectives in ‘Hen Bu A’ generally have a positive meaning because they intentionally adopt and use the form of ‘Hen Bu A’ instead of directly using negative adjectives based on the Principle of Politeness. Since the denial of the antonym A refers to ‘neutral area + B’, the speaker can reduce the burden of utterance compared to the situation in which the negative word B is directly directed, and the listener also has room to take the negative evaluation more comfortably. Although the expression does not directly indicate the negative word B, since it contains the speaker's intention based on the Principle of Politeness, the listener infers that what the speaker implies is B. ‘Bu A’ can receive the modification of ‘Hen’ because ‘Bu + positive adjective’ is interpreted as a negative adjective through the Principle of Politeness, so ‘Bu A’ refers not simply to the negative meaning of A, but to an attribute meaning equivalent to B, so it has degree. ‘Hen Bu A’ is an intentional choice that puts the ‘Principle of Politeness’ ahead of the ‘Principle of Cooperation’ and corresponds to a kind of politeness scheme.

‘很不A’의 의미와 제약 조건 ― 공손 원리를 중심으로

최신혜 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2022 中國學論叢 Vol.- No.75

Through the corpus search, this paper examined that the adjectives in ‘Hen Bu A’ generally have a positive meaning because they intentionally adopt and use the form of ‘Hen Bu A’ instead of directly using negative adjectives based on the Principle of Politeness. Since the denial of the antonym A refers to ‘neutral area + B’, the speaker can reduce the burden of utterance compared to the situation in which the negative word B is directly directed, and the listener also has room to take the negative evaluation more comfortably. Although the expression does not directly indicate the negative word B, since it contains the speaker's intention based on the Principle of Politeness, the listener infers that what the speaker implies is B. ‘Bu A’ can receive the modification of ‘Hen’ because ‘Bu + positive adjective’ is interpreted as a negative adjective through the Principle of Politeness, so ‘Bu A’ refers not simply to the negative meaning of A, but to an attribute meaning equivalent to B, so it has degree. ‘Hen Bu A’ is an intentional choice that puts the ‘Principle of Politeness’ ahead of the ‘Principle of Cooperation’ and corresponds to a kind of politeness scheme.

When 'No' Does not Mean 'No'

Lee Seong Ha(이성하) 언어과학회 2003 언어과학연구 Vol.27 No.-

Grammaticalization research has been predominantly concerned with analyzing fully grammaticalized items, and studies dealing with the items that are at the incipient stages have been largely underrepresented. Since grammaticalization is a result of meaning negotiation in discourse, rhetorical strategies constitute an important research issue, because these are often central in discourse. This paper deals with rhetorical negations, i.e., those with which the speakers do not literally `negate` a meaning of a linguistic sign, but instead use for strategic effects. Of diverse negation words, four lexical negatives were selected: anita `not:be`, epsta `not:exist`, moluta `not:know`, and malta `not:continue`. Based on real life data, this analysis presents grammaticalization phenomena displayed by these rhetorically used lexical negatives currently in the course of changing into discourse markers, auxiliary verbs and auxiliary adjectives. There are diverse discourse markers resulted from this grammaticalization process, carrying special discourse functions such as attention-attracting, attenuating, etc. Likewise, there are auxiliary verbs that takes a verb as their complements and add diverse modal meanings. There is also an instance of auxiliary adjective, which, however, is in decline in use frequency, gradually being replaced by auxiliary verbs with similar semantics.

<일반논문> 現代漢語中“這?/那?+形容詞”結構的否定表達形式

윤옥 ( Yoon Ok ) 덕성여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2015 인문과학연구 Vol.21 No.-

본문은 현대중국어 “這?/那?+形容詞” 구조의 다섯 가지 부정형식을 고찰하고, “不+這?/那?+形容詞”와 “沒+這?/那?+形容詞” 두 유형으로 나누어 분석하였다. “這?”“那?”는 遠指와 近指의 구분이 있으며 부정부사 “不”와 “沒(有)”는 형용사를 부정할 때 그 의미지향(語義指向)이 다르다. 부정 구조가 출현하는 언어 환경(語境)이 다름으로 하여 “這?/那?+形容詞” 구조의 부정 형식도 달라진다. 아울러 이 구조의 구성방식(句法),의미(語義), 용법(語用) 등도 달라진다. 본문은 “不+這?/那?+形容詞”와 “沒+這?/那?+形容詞” 두 유형의 통사론, 의미론, 화용론적 분석에 초점을 맞추었다. This paper intends to deal with the negative forms of “Zheme(這?) / Name(那?) + adjective” structure. Through the division, we are able to deepen the understanding of these negative forms. We discover “Zheme(這?) /Name(那?) + adjective” of forms differ in their semantic and pragmatic function, and they receive the syntax semantics limiting condition is also different syntactic restrictions,mainly because of the differences about demonstrative pronoun and Negative Word, such as the differences between “Zheme(這?) and Name(那?)”, “Bu(不) and Mei(沒)”.