북한이탈주민의 가족이주 특성과 유형

진미정 ( Chin Meejung ),김상하 ( Kim Sangha ) 대한가정학회 2018 Family and Environment Research Vol.56 No.3

Objectives: This study explores the characteristics of family migration for North Korean defectors and classifies family migration by examining who initiated the migration and who followed. Method: We analyzed the family migration using detailed stories from fifty-five North Korean defectors who were interviewed between 2005 and 2011. Results: We found that 43 out of 55 cases were family migration and the remaining 12 cases were single person migration. We also found several characteristics typical of migration. First, family migration followed the process of step migration, which indicated a serial migration in numbers. Second, migration relied heavily on informal social networks. Finally, the process of earlier migration by North Koreans was incidental and unexpected; however, unexpectedness has diminished in recent migration. Looking at who initiated the migration, the most common type was ‘mother-initiated’ cases (14 cases) followed by ‘child-initiated’ cases (10 cases). The third most common type was ‘mother-child accompanied’ cases (7 cases). The migration process was various; however the most common type was when a married woman initiated the family migration process. This is most likely because married women have the responsibility to support families in the informal economy of North Korea. According to the range of family migrated, the most common type was ‘nuclear-family only’ cases (22 cases) followed by ‘maternal extended family migration’ cases (12 cases). Conclusions: The findings of this study provide information on the family dynamics of North Korean defectors.

북한이탈주민의 가족이주에 관한 연구

손명아(Son, Myung-ah),김석호(Kim, Seokho) 한국인구학회 2017 한국인구학 Vol.40 No.1

본 연구는 이주사회학적 관점, 그 중에서도 가족이주의 관점에서 북한이탈주민의 탈북과 남한에서의 적응 및 정착을 분석했다. 북한이탈주민의 가족이주는 어떤 맥락에서 발생하는지, 그 과정과 양상은 어떠한지, 남한 사회 적응 및 정착은 개인 단위로 온 경우와 어떻게 다른지 심층면접을 통해 알아보았다. 특히 가족이주를 발생 지속 확장시키는 기제로서 비공식적 네트워크를 활용한 연쇄이주 현상을 중심으로 분석했다. 이를 통해 탈북의 구조와 행위자의 실천을 관찰함으로써 탈북 현상과 북한이탈주민의 경험에 대한 이해를 넓히고자 했다. 분석 결과를 요약하면, 가족은 탈북 전후부터 남한 정착에 이르는 이주의 전 과정에서 사회적 자본 역할을 한다. 먼저 입국한 이주자와 북한에 있는 가족 사이에 형성된 연결망은 탈북을 결정하고 준비하는데 영향을 미친다. 가족은 교신과 송금을 통해서 초국적 가족유대를 형성하고, 가족 연결망을 활용한 북한이탈주민 가족의 연쇄이주는 지속적으로 확장되는 특징을 갖는다. 이와 더불어 국제이주와 달리 북한 사회의 감시와 통제라는 특수한 조건으로 인하여 가족의 연쇄이주는 이주자의 자율적 행위성을 제한하는 측면도 존재한다. This study examines the family migration of North Korean defectors from the perspective of the sociology of immigration. Data for the analysis was collected from interviews with 10 North Korean defectors. We deal with the context of migration decision making, the migration process and aspects of settlement and assimilation in South Korea. Especially, we focus on chain migration as a mechanism for the occurrence, maintenance and expansion of family migration. By analyzing the process of escaping North Korea and their practices, this study contributes to broaden the perspectives of North Korean defectors’ experiences. Family plays a role as social capital throughout the migration process, from the time before and after escaping from North Korea to settlement in South Korea. A family network between the family member in North Korea and the initiative migrant in South Korea is built. This relationship creates strong family bonds and causes additional migration through continuous connection and remittance. The chain migration of North Korean defector families has durability and expandability by utilizing transnational family networks.

1910년대 평해지역 平海 黃氏 海月公派 문중의 서간도지역 이주경위

조덕천 한국근현대사학회 2015 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.73 No.-

This study aims to identify motives for Haewol Branch of the Pyeonghae-Originating Hwang Family in the Pyeonghae area to migrate to the West Jiandao area in the 1910s. This is a work to identify a case showing Korean traditional noble families’ response to being deprived of their national sovereignty, and microscopically to examine Koreans’ history of migration to the West Jiandao area through the case of Haewol Branch of the Hwang Family. This case is an important research subject in that it was related to the sense of social responsibility that the dominant class had. Thus, this study is intended to contribute to understanding the trend of Korean traditional noble families in the 1910s and also Koreans’ history of migration to the West Jiandao area, their social history and their role for the Korean Independence Movement in that area. To sum up, the moment of being deprived of their national sovereignty, Haewol Branch of the Hwang Family gave up their vested rights they had enjoyed as a traditional noble family. As a result, they refused to be dominated by Japanese Imperialists and put into practice ‘the migration to the West Jiandao area’. Their migration to the West Jiandao area was not only for their livelihood. Their activities in the West Jiandao area clearly showed evidence of other motives for their migration. The first piece of evidence was that the Korean migrants to the West Jiandao area were involved in ‘the Project of Constructing the Independence Movement Base in the West Jiandao Area’ which was promoted by Sinminhoe. The second was that they were actively engaged in establishing and maintaining Sinheung Military Institute. The migration of Haewol Branch of the Hwang Family 112 한국근현대사연구 2015년 여름호 제73집Keywords: traditional noble family, Haewol branch of the Pyeonghae-originaing Hwang family, West Jiandao, migration history, Sinminhoe, Sinheung Military Institute, independence movement to the West Jiandao area in the 1910s was very meaningful in that the dominant class of the time gave up their vested rights and attempted to establish a new society.

Wage Disparities and Internal Migration Patterns

Akira Shimada 한국경제연구학회 2016 Korea and the World Economy Vol.17 No.1

I investigate how the choice of migration pattern is associated with wage disparities. Wage disparities have negative as well as positive effects on human capital formation under parental migration, whereas they have positive effects under family migration. It is possible that parental migration is more likely preferred to family migration with decreases in wage disparities, whereas family migration is more likely preferred to parental migration with increases in wage disparities. My results suggest that not only do wage disparities cause internal migration but also affect the choice of the internal migration pattern and that they may facilitate human capital formation.

Family without Borders? Asian Women in Migration and the Transformation of Family Life

OISHI, Nana 이화여자대학교 아시아여성학센터 2008 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.14 No.4

This paper will examine the impact of international female migration on families in Asia. Growing migration of women has been transforming family life in their countries of origin. Drawn from research in North America and Asia, this article will reveal how legal, geographical, and psychological “borders” have been emerging between migrant women and their families, and transforming their lives. It will also note why the struggles of migrant women and their families will not end, even after they acquire permanent resident status or citizenship in the destination countries. By arguing that even popular policies such as family reunification schemes will not be a panacea for many transnational families, this research will highlight some of the efforts that both sending and receiving states could make to alleviate the plight of these families.

The Paradox of Circular Labor Migration : A Case Study of Keate’s Drift Town, South Africa

Seol Byung-Soo(설병수) 한국아프리카학회 2010 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.32 No.-

본 논문의 목적은 키츠 드리프트의 사례를 통해서 남아공의 노동 이주현상이 어떤 의미를 지니고 있으며, 이것이 가족생활과 지역 공동체에 어떤 영향을 미쳐 왔는지를 검토해보는 데 있었다. 이를 위해 필자는 첫째, 키츠 드리프트 타운과 조사 대상자를 개관했다. 둘째, 노동 이주의 사회 · 경제적 의미를 살펴보았다. 셋째, 노동 이주가 가족생활과 지역 공동체에 미치고 있는 부정적 영향을 고찰했다. 생태적 압박이 심한 키츠 드리프트에서는 경제활동 인구의 상당수가 일거리를 찾기 위해 대도시나 보다 큰 타운으로 떠난다. 그들의 노동 이주는 개인의 ‘자발적 선택’이라기보다는 식민지 시대를 거치면서 형성된 사회구조에 의해 ‘강요된 선택’이라는 측면이 강하다. 키츠 드리프트 주민들 중의 대다수는 가족의 생활수준을 향상시키고자 고향을 떠나 타지에서 경제활동을 해 왔다. 그들에게 있어서 노동 이주는 통과의례, 아비투스, 생존 전략, 보험 등의 복합적 의미를 지닌다. 그들은 노동 이주를 통해서 가족 경제와 지역 공동체의 발전에 일정 부분 기여하기도 한다. 그러나 노동 이주의 또 다른 모습에는 부정적 측면이 도사리고 있다. 수많은 사람들이 누대에 걸쳐 노동 이주를 해 왔음에도 불구하고, 그들이 빈곤의 사슬을 끊어내는 것은 요원한 일로 보인다. 어쩌면 노동 이주는 그들의 삶을 옭아매는 ‘하나의 덫’일지도 모른다. 장기간의 노동 이주는 남편이나 부인의 부정을 부채질하고, 자녀 양육 과정에서 적잖은 문제를 야기하며, 부모와 자식 간의 정서적 유대에도 부정적인 영향을 미친다. 공동체 수준에서 볼 때 송금에 대한 의존은 주민들을 타성에 젖도록 하고, 청 · 장년층의 이출은 지역 개발에 필요한 추동력의 상실을 초래한다. 그리고 노동 이주로 인해 개별 가족에서 발생하는 문제는 주민들 간의 불화로 종종 이어지기도 한다. 특히 빈곤과 애정 결핍에 시달리는 아동들의 문제는 지역 공동체 수준에서의 논의와 각성이 절실히 요구된다. 이와 같이 빈곤의 재생산, 부부간의 문제, 부모와 자식 간의 정서적 유대 약화, 공동체 수준의 문제 등은 노동 이주의 어두운 자화상이다. 게다가 순환적 노동 이주 체계에 따른 농촌 지역(주변부)의 피폐화는 도시 지역(중심부)의 ‘지배’와 ‘착취’라는 성격을 강하게 띠고 있다. 그래서 전체적인 맥락에서 볼 때 남아공에서의 노동 이주는 하나의 ‘역설적 현상’으로 보인다. 이러한 현상은 남아공의 사회 · 경제 · 정치적 문제가 어떤 식으로 해결되느냐에 따라서 그 빛깔을 달리할 것으로 보인다. The purpose of this paper was to examine the meanings of labor migration in South Africa and its influences on family life and local community through the case of Keate’s Drift, Province of KwaZulu-Natal. Because of ecological pressure, many of the economically active population in Keate’s Drift depart for urban areas or bigger towns to get a job. Their labor migration strongly has the character as a life process enforced by the social structure which was formed through the colonial epoch. Most residents have been involved in various economic activities in other areas to improve the living standard of their families. For them, labor migration has complex meanings, including rite of passage, habitus, survival strategy and insurance. They partly serve both their household economy and the development of the local community. However, we are able to find negative aspects from another face of labor migration. It seems that it is still far off for them to cut the chain of poverty, although many people have determined and carried out labor migration over generations. Labor migration may be a trap which ties up their lives. Long labor migration stirs up husbands’ or wives’ infidelity, brings about diverse problems in the process of raising children, and has negative effects on the emotional bonds between parents and children. In the community level, the dependence on remittances hinders people in escaping from their inertia, and the outflux of both young and middle-aged people is resulted in the loss of the pivotal manpower necessary for local development. Furthermore, several problems, which come about in each family due to labor migration, are often linked to the disharmony between the dwellers. Especially, the problem of those children who are afflicted with poverty and lack of affection demands urgently the discussion and awakening in the local level. The reproduction of poverty, conjugal problems, the weakening of the emotional bonds between parents and children and the problems in the community level are a dark self-portrait of labor migration. Moreover, the impoverishment of the rural area (the periphery), which results from the labor migration system, strongly has the character of domination and exploitation by the urban area (the center). Hence, in the whole context, labor migration in South Africa can be considered as a paradoxical phenomenon.

20세기 전반 농촌 가족의 거주이동 ― 계층성과 혈연성의 관점에서

孫炳圭 ( Son¸ Byung-giu ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2020 大東文化硏究 Vol.112 No.-

1910년대 식민지 戶籍의 주소 양식은 戶의 순번에서 垈地의 지번으로 변화한다. 일부 호구만 선택적으로 파악하는 것이 아니라 고정된 주소로 모든 주민을 파악하는 방식이다. 나아가 개개인의 ‘出身’을 本籍地라는 지리적 연원에서만이 아니라 가족의 혈연적 연원에서 파악하는 호적 등재방식이 진행되었다. 그러나 주민의 빈번한 거주이동은 소위 ‘동성촌락’이라는 혈연적 지역공동체의 형성을 방해하는 요소였다. 거주이동은 대지를 소유하지 못한 가족들 가운데 높은 비율로 일어났다. 거주의 불안정성이 그 원인일 것이다. 이들은 주로 여러 군소 성씨들이지만, 주민의 다수를 차지하는 성씨의 가족들도 포함된다. 거주의 안정성을 보장할 정도로 同姓이라는 혈연적 연대가 강고하지는 않았다고 할 수 있다. 한편, 넓은 대지를 소유하는 가족 가운데에서도 거주이동이 발생했다. 사회경제적 안정성을 갖추어도 정착하지 않는 부류가 존재한다는 것이다. 이것은 주로 군소 성씨의 가족 가운데 나타난다. 다수파 성씨인 경우는 世居地에 근거를 두고 도시에서 활동하려는 가족인 반면, 이들 군소 성씨의 거주이동은 다수파 성씨들의 배타성이 그 하나의 원인이 아닐까 여겨진다. ‘동성촌락’에는 다수파 성씨 가족들이 부계혈연적인 결집을 강조하며 마을의 주도적 세력으로 등장한다. 하지만 거기에는 주민의 계층성과 혈연성의 역학관계가 다양하게 작용하고 있었다. The colonial-era household register address system in the 1910s was changed from the order of households to the lot number of the building sites. Previously, only a few households and members of households were optionally identified, but they were changed to take a census of all residents living in fixed addresses. Furthermore, in the new household register format, the 'origin' of individuals was changed from the method of recording only geographical origin, called domicile of origin, to the method of additional identification of family blood ties. However, the frequent movement of residents was an obstacle to the formation of a kindred community called 'Same family-name Villages'. Residence migrations occurred in a high rate among families who did not own land. The instability of the residence may be the cause. These were mainly minority family-names, but they also include the members of the same family-name, which accounts for a large number of residents. It can be said that the blood ties of the same family-name was not strong enough to guarantee the stability of the residence. Meanwhile, residence migration occurred even among families with large land. In other words, there existed a class that does not settle down even with socioeconomic stability. This was mainly seen among the families of the minority family-name. In the case of majority family-names, they were family members who wanted to work in the city based on the family residence. On the other hand, it is believed that the migration of minority family-names were caused by exclusivity from the majority family-names in the same area. In Same family-name Villages, the majority family-names came to be the leading force of the village as emphasizing the cohesion of the paternal kindred group. But there were various dynamics between the social class and blood ties of the residents.

연구논문 : 멕시코의 국제노동이주와 농촌지역의 사회문화적 변화

주종택 ( Jong Taick Joo ) 한국문화인류학회 2007 韓國文化人類學 Vol.40 No.2

International labor migration has an important economic function, and it also exerts extensive influence on overall social spheres including sociocultural structure. This influence requires careful examination of how the meanings and the effects of migration have an impact on individuals and families as well as on rural villages and wider social organizations. The sociocultural impact of migration in Mexico is much stronger than in many other nations, because international labor migrants to the U.S. from Mexico periodically visit their communities of origin, given that Mexico and the U.S. share the same border line. The temporary, cyclical or permanent migration of whole or partial families for wages may bring partial or temporary changes to individuals or families themselves; however, it may also cause irreversible and tremendous changes across the whole of the rural society. Traditionally, the rural Mexican communities maintained many sociocultural traditions and experienced relatively slow changes. As international labor migration has become a principal source of employment opportunities, migration also brings an influx of new value systems, ideologies, and customs significantly affecting the existing cultural patterns. As seen in the research area, the growth of international labor migration to the U.S. from rural Mexico will affect various sociocultural systems including civilreligious hierarchy, traditional cultures, sociopolitical structure, social relationships and networks of family and kinship, and the conduct of everyday life in the places of origin. However, the effects of international labor migration on the sociocultural patterns of the countryside will vary depending on the specific systems and are occasionally very complex. On the one hand, migration may transform the existing traditional culture and replace it with new cultural elements. Yet at the same time, the remittances sent by migrants can contribute to preserve, maintain or reinforce the traditional culture, even though it may occur very tenuously. In this situation, villagers who are not able to block the process of migration itself have tried to minimize the cultural impacts brought by the migrants. Considering the deteriorated economic condition in the community, villagers cannot restrain the desire of younger people to migrate to the U.S. Also the functional role of remittances in sustaining the community prevents the villagers from controlling the problems of migration actively. Until now, many villagers agreed that the changes caused by the migrants were acceptable, but the rapid increase of migrants may disrupt the social order profoundly, so the community may aggressively take measures to cope with the problems concerning international labor migration.

초국적 ‘가족하기’(doing family)의 주체로서 결혼이주여성의 실천

문현아 ( Moon Hyun-a ),은기수 ( Eun Ki-soo ),허오영숙 ( Heo Young-sook ) 부산대학교 여성연구소 2024 여성학연구 Vol.34 No.1

결혼이주여성은 한국 내 ‘가족’을 이루는 중요한 일원이지만, 개인으로서 존재하는 맥락은 충분히 조망되지 않고 있다. 기존연구는 개인이 한국으로 이주해서 다문화가족이 되기 이전의 가족과 맺었던 원가족에 대한 관계나 다문화가족이 되면서 원가족과 한국의 가족이 어떻게 연결되고 새롭게 형성되어가는지를 초국적 가족관계 맺기로 접근하지 않았다. 이 연구는 가족, 특히 이주여성들이 과거와 현재를 통해 형성하고 있는 ‘초국적’ 가족이라는 특징에 초점을 맞추어 이주와 가족의 연계망을 보다 입체적으로 접근하려고 한다. 이를 위해 이주여성의 초국적 가족의 실천을 가족에 대한 동사형 개념을 통해 접근해, 변화하는 가족의 특징을 분석한다. 이주여성의 ‘가족하기’는 초국적 이주를 통해 어떤 특징을 지니며, 어떤 가능성으로 이어질 수 있는지 라는 문제의식을 바탕으로 첫째, 이주여성의 가족이 국경을 넘나드는 초국적 특성을 지닌다는 점을 강조한다. 둘째, 초국적 가족의 실천을 제약하는 출입국 정책의 한계와 이를 극복하는 이주여성의 실천을 강조하며 ‘가족하기’의 역동성을 분석한다. 덧붙여 가족에 국한되지 않는 돌봄의 현실을 포착해 이주여성들이 실천하는 가족 너머의 새로운 공동체적 가능성도 모색한다. Marriage migrant women are regarded as integral members of Korean ‘families’. However, existing research insufficiently emphasizes the transnational family relationships of marriage migrants with their families of origin prior to immigrating to Korea, as well as how these relationships are maintained and transformed after becoming a part of a multicultural family. This paper aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the interconnection between immigration and family by focusing on the characteristic of ‘doing family’ that migrant women, especially those who form ‘transnational’ families, are praticing through their past and present experiences. To achieve this, the paper analyzes the changing features of families by approaching the practices of migrant women’s transnational families through the concept of ‘doing family.’ Based on the awareness of how their practices of ‘doing family’ through transnational migration can be characterized and what possibilities they may lead to, this paper first emphasizes that marriage migrant women’s families possess transnational characteristics that transcend borders. Secondly, it highlights the limitations of South Korean migration policies that constrain the practices of transnational families and emphasizes the practices of marriage migrant women in overcoming these limitations, analyzing the dynamism of ‘doing family.’ Lastly it captures the reality of care that extends beyond the family, exploring new communal possibilities beyond the family that marriage migrant women are practicing.

국제이주와 남아있는 가족: 네팔 중부 ‘카브레팔란초크 지구’ 사례를 중심으로

신지원(Julia Jiwon Shin),김경학(Kyunghak Kim),박경환(Kyonghwan Park),이기연(Ki-Youn Lee),신난딩(Nanding Shin) 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2020 다문화사회연구 Vol.13 No.1

본 연구는 네팔 중부 산지에 위치한 카브레팔란초크 지구의 농촌마을에서 수행한 질적 연구를 바탕으로 송출국에 남아있는 가정의 경험을 살펴보고 국제노동이주의 양면성을 조명한다. 본 연구는 국제이주가 송출국에 남아있는 가족에게 미치는 긍정 혹은 부정적인 영향을 조망하는 단편적인 분석을 넘어 네팔 사회구조에서 작용하는 이주문화, 카스트 및 젠더관계의 복합적인 요인을 고려하여 이주가정의 경제적・사회적 차원의 변화와 경험을 살펴본다. 본 논문의 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 네팔 농촌지역에서 토지와 경제적 자본은 이주의 결정부터 귀환에 이르는 전 과정에서 국제이주의 실현과 경제적 효과를 결정짓는 매우 중요한 요소이다. 이주가정의 사회경제적 위치는 이주의 유형과 목적국의 선택에 중요한 연관성을 가지며 이는 이주의 경제적 결과에도 영향을 미친다. 둘째, 국제이주는 네팔사회 내 사회적(카스트・가족・젠더) 관계의 변화에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 마지막으로 국제이주는 남아있는 가족의 경제적 부담과 책임감을 가중시키는 결과를 초래하기도 한다. 네팔사회에 만연한 이주문화는 해외송금이 사회적 관계에 미치는 영향력을 증폭시키면서 국제이주에 대한 기대감과 욕구를 정상화한다. 그러나 이주가정이 경험하는 가계부채와 반복적 이주는 이주과정에서 빈번하게 발생하는 민간 고용중개업체의 횡포와 목적국에서 발생하는 구조적 착취의 문제와 밀접하게 연관되어 있다. Based on qualitative research conducted in rural villages of the Kavrepalanchok district in the middle hills of Nepal, this study examines the economic, social and cultural experiences of Nepalis left behind by family who participate in international labor migration. Our findings highlight the ambivalence both the left-behind families and migrants feel towards international labor migration. This study goes beyond a fragmentary analysis of the positive or negative impact of international migration on left-behind families. Rather, it looks at the larger economic and social experiences of left-behind families, considering the culture of migration, caste and gender relations in Nepal. The main contents of this paper are as follows. First, in rural Nepal, land and economic capital are significant factors that determine the realization and economic effects of international migration throughout the entire migratory process. The socioeconomic status of migrant families relates considerably to the type of migration and the choice of destination country, which subsequently affect the economic consequences of migration. Second, international migration significantly impacts changes in social (caste, family, and gender) relations in Nepali society. Lastly, international migration can also result in an increased economic burden and responsibility for left-behind families. The culture of migration, prevalent in Nepali society, normalizes expectations for international migration, while amplifying the influence of overseas remittances on social relations. However, the negative experiences and household debt problems of migrant families are closely related to the infringement of private recruitment agencies and structural exploitation in the migrants’ countries of destination.