국어 ‘연결어미 + 하다’ 구성의 통사ㆍ의미적 특성 연구

목지선 국어문학회 2019 국어문학 Vol.71 No.-

This study examined whether the phonological information of visually presented words. One of characteristics of connective endings functioning as final endings is that they are actively used in ‘connective ending+hada’ structure. This study focused on the endings that are used as connective ending, final ending and ‘connective ending+hada’ and examined their characteristics when used in ‘connective ending+hada’ structure. Having ‘hada’, which lost the lexical meaning, after the connective ending signifies that this connective ending does not form a relational meaning between preceding and following clauses. Therefore, ‘hada’ in case has a grammatical function. In addition, even in the identical form, its meaning and function varies based on the ending that precedes ‘hada’. ‘hada’ is closely related to the meaning of preceding ending, and functions differently depending on the preceding ending, and such difference is related to the syntactic characteristics as well. 동일형태의 어미가 연결어미로도 쓰이고, ‘하다’와 결합해 ‘어미+ 하다’ 구성을 이룰 뿐 아니라 종결어미로도 쓰인다는 것은 연결어미의 종결어미화 연구에서 ‘연결어미 + 하다’의 특징을 살피는 것이 매우 중요함을 의미한다. 이 글에서는 이들 구성으로 두루 쓰이는 연결어미를 대상으로 ‘어미 + 하다’의 특성을 고찰했다. ‘-고/-든지 하다’는 표면적으로 나타난 명제의 나열을 중지하는 동시에 나열될 수 있는 명제가 더 있음을 함의하므로 의미적ㆍ경제적인 면을 모두 충족시킨다. 그리고 명령ㆍ청유 등에서 청ㆍ화자의 부담을 덜어 부드럽게 원하는 바를 제시ㆍ수용할 수 있게 하며 단정적 표현의 회피라는 화용적 기능으로 확대된다. 또 ‘-게/-도록 하다’는 ‘하다’로 그 목적의 실현이나 달성을 나타내는데 이는 ‘하다’의 능동성, 행위성이 화자의 의도나 목적을 이행ㆍ완료한다는 의미로 추상화되어 주체의 바람과 의도가 더 강화된 것이다. 그리고 타인에게 자신의 바람과 기대를 투영하는 의미로 발전하면서 사동이 되었다고 보았다. 그리고 ‘-으려고/-으면 하다’는 연결어미에서 더 주관적ㆍ양태적인 의미로 확대되어 의도나 계획, 바람이나 희망을 나타낸다. 이때 ‘하다’는 ‘생각하다, 계획하다’나 ‘좋겠다, 행복하겠다’와 대치되나 생략이 가능하므로 대동사가 아니며 문법적ㆍ의미적 기능을 한다고 보기도 힘들다.

A Study on the Use of Connective Endings Functioning as Final Endings of Advanced Korean Learners in Spoken Discourse

정진현 국제인문사회연구학회 2021 Studies on Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSC) Vol.3 No.1

A Study on the Use of Connective Endings Functioning as Final Endings of Advanced Korean Learners in Spoken Discourse Jinhyeon Jung* Abstract: The following study aims to take a look at the usage of actual dialogues of Korean language learners using ‘Connective Endings Functioning as Final Endings.’ The term ‘connective endings functioning as final endings’ plays imperative role in making the dialogues more understandable and communicatable. However, it’s hard for typical Korean learner to facilitate a variety methods of connective endings by avoiding the general connective endings. By analyzing the connective endings which have been used by high level of Korean learner, we have come to the conclusion that their connective endings were rather limited, resulting in unnatural way of conversation. The following study has significance to such that we have tried to find out the effectiveness of connective endings which actually lacked in study from a number of Korean learners. Key Words: Connective Ending, Connective Endings Functioning as Final Endings, Final Ending, Korean as a Sencond Language, Korean Language Learner □ Received: June 12, 2021, Revised: June 29, 2021, Accepted: June 30, 2021 * Lecturer, Pusan National Univ. (Email: jeongjinhyeon@pusan.ac.kr) A Study on the Use of Connective Endings Functioning as Final Endings of Advanced Korean Learners in Spoken Discourse Jinhyeon Jung* Abstract: The following study aims to take a look at the usage of actual dialogues of Korean language learners using ‘Connective Endings Functioning as Final Endings.’ The term ‘connective endings functioning as final endings’ plays imperative role in making the dialogues more understandable and communicatable. However, it’s hard for typical Korean learner to facilitate a variety methods of connective endings by avoiding the general connective endings. By analyzing the connective endings which have been used by high level of Korean learner, we have come to the conclusion that their connective endings were rather limited, resulting in unnatural way of conversation. The following study has significance to such that we have tried to find out the effectiveness of connective endings which actually lacked in study from a number of Korean learners. Key Words: Connective Ending, Connective Endings Functioning as Final Endings, Final Ending, Korean as a Sencond Language, Korean Language Learner □ Received: June 12, 2021, Revised: June 29, 2021, Accepted: June 30, 2021 * Lecturer, Pusan National Univ. (Email: jeongjinhyeon@pusan.ac.kr)

제주방언 연결어미의 세대별 변화 연구

김보향 ( Kim Bohyang ) 한국방언학회 2021 방언학 Vol.- No.34

이 연구는 제주방언 연결어미의 세대별 사용 양상에 대한 고찰을 통해 방언의 변화를 살피는 데 목적이 있다. 제주방언의 연결어미는 형태소 ‘-ㄴ’, ‘-ㅇ’이 일부 연결어미와 결합하여 시제의 대립을 보인다는 특징이 있다. 그런데 후행절에 따라 달리 쓰이는 연결어미의 대립은 현재 노년층을 중심으로 일부에서만 확인된다. 각각의 연결어미는 사용 양상에 차이를 보이는데, ‘-멍’, ‘-난’, ‘-엉’, ‘-당’ 등은 젊은 세대에서도 활발하게 쓰이지만, ‘-곡’, ‘-메’, ‘-멍써라’, ‘-어둠서’ 등은 젊은 세대에서는 거의 쓰이지 않는다. 용언과 연결어미의 결합에서는, 젊은 세대일수록 방언형의 연결어미를 사용하더라도 표준어형의 용언과 함께 사용하는 경향이 두드러진다. 이는 연결어미의 표준어화, 문법 형태소의 표준어화가 어휘의 표준어화보다 느리다는 것을 보여주는 예라고 할 수 있다. 또 세분화했던 어미가 단순화하는 방향으로 변화가 진행되고 있음을 연결어미의 사용 양상에 대한 조사를 통해 확인할 수 있었다. The purpose of this study is to identify the changing pattern by generation in dialects by examining the usage patterns of the Jeju dialect connective ending. In the Jeju dialect's connective ending, the morphemes '-ㄴ' and '-ㅇ' combine with certain connective endings to show the opposite of tense. However, the opposition of the connective ending, which is used differently depending on the following clause, is confirmed only in some groups, centering on the elderly. Each connective ending shows a difference in usage. ‘-멍’, ‘-난’, ‘-엉’, ‘-당’ are actively used by the younger generation while ‘-곡’, ‘-메’, ‘-멍써라’, ‘-어둠서’ are rarely used by the younger generation. The younger the generation, the greater the tendency to use dialect-type connective endings together with standard predicates in terms of predicates and connective endings. The younger the generation having a higher ratio of using the dialect connective ending with the standard predicate means that the standardization of the connective ending and the standardization of grammatical morphemes is slower than the standardization of vocabulary. In addition, this study on the usage aspect of the connective ending confirmed that the subdivided ending is changing in the direction of simplification.

현대 한국어 연결어미 연구의 성과와 과제

채숙희 국어학회 2023 국어학 Vol.- No.107

The goal of this research was to review achievements of research on connective endings in Modern Korean and to suggest topics for future research. In order to accomplish this goal, this paper analyzed connective ending research in four areas of morphology, syntax, semantics, and usage. First, research on distinguishing compound endings and making their list is analyzed with regard to morphology of connective endings. Second, research on grammatical status of clauses with connective endings is analyzed with regard to syntax of connective endings. The issue whether the clauses are conjoined or embedded has long been the subject of controversy. Third, research on semantic system and semantic category of connective endings is analyzed with regard to semantics of connective endings. Research on meaning extension of connective endings and research on metalanguage used in describing meanings of connective endings are also analyzed. Aspect and modality of connective endings was another research topic which was need to be analyzed. Finally, research on usage of connective endings by register which is based on large-scale data analysis is analyzed with regard to usage of connective endings.

접속어미 ‘-면’의 다의성과 통사・의미 확장에 대한 인지언어학적 탐색

김종록 한국문화융합학회 2019 문화와 융합 Vol.41 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the central meaning of the Korean connective ending ‘-myun’ and to analyze its polysemous and syntacto-sematic extension from the perspective of cognitive linguistic perspective. The summary of this paper is as follows. First, this article analyses and criticizes the headword ‘--myun’ in the Standard Korean Great dictionary, Korean dictionary of Yunsei University, and the Korean dictionary of Korea University and searches for alternatives to solve the problems. Second, this article applied Extension, Grammaticalization, Divergence, Decategorialization, and the Semantic persistence of the Grammaticalization theory to analyze the Korean connective ending ‘--myun’, and these theories could be usefully applied to investigate the Korean language. Third, the central meaning of the Korean connective ending ‘--myun’ is ‘-General condition’, and this central meaning has been extended primarily to ‘-Normative condition’, ‘-Reasonable condition’, and the‘Law of natural condition’. Fourth, the central meaning of the Korean connective ending ‘--myun’ extends to ‘-Assumption’, ‘-wish’, and ‘-hope’ in the second, and at the same time, there was a syntactic and semantic change. Fifth, in the third, the Korean connective ending ‘--myun’ may also change from the sentential connective ending to ‘-sentential ending’, ‘-ending of idiomatic structure’ and ‘-derivative ending’. Finally, the central meaning of Korean connective ending ‘--myun’ extends to marginal meanings, and these extensions also take place in other Korean connective endings.

한국어 연결어미 ‘-려고’의 의미 기능 연구

송대헌 인문사회 21 2022 인문사회 21 Vol.13 No.3

한국어 연결어미 ‘-려고’의 의미 기능 연구송 대 헌** 요약: 이 연구는 한국어 연결어미 ‘-려고’가 문말에서 어떻게 표현되며 어떤 의미 기능을 나타내는지 분석하는 것이 목적이다. 연결어미로 사용되는 ‘-려고’는 ‘의도’와 ‘예정’의 의미 기능을 나타내며 문말에서 종결어미로 사용되는 ‘-려고’는 ‘의심’, ‘결심’, ‘염려’, ‘추측’의 의미 기능을 나타낸다. ‘의심’과 ‘추측’의 의미는 완전히 문법화가 진행되어 문말에서 종결어미로 사용되는 것으로 분석하였으며 이때의 ‘-려고’는 후행절의 복원 가능성이 약해 독립적인 기능을 한다. 또한 ‘결심’과 ‘염려’의 의미를 나타내는 ‘-려고’는 문말에 사용되기는 하지만 아직 연결어미로서도 쓰임도 강하다. 그러나 이 의미 기능은 연결어미의 ‘의도’나 ‘예정’의 의미와는 다르기 때문에 문법화가 진행 중인 상태라고 할 수 있다. 한국어 교육에서 사용 빈도가 높은 문법 항목인 연결어미 ‘-려고’의 의미 변화 분석을 통해 한국어 학습자들이 구어의 문말에서 나타나는 다양한 담화 표현을 이해하고 효율적으로 학습할 수 있는 자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 핵심어: 연결어미, ‘-려고’, 문법화, 종결어미, 의미 기능, 복원 가능성 □ 접수일: 2022년 5월 31일, 수정일: 2022년 6월 17일, 게재확정일: 2022년 6월 20일* 이 논문은 2020년 김천대학교 교내학술연구비지원에 의한 것임(gc-20051). ** 김천대학교 기초교양학부 교수(Professor, Gimcheon Univ., Email: songdh7419@naver.com) A Study on the Semantic Functions of a KoreanConnective Ending, ‘-ryeogo’Daeheon Song Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze how the Korean connective ending ‘-ryeogo’ is expressed at the end of a sentence and which semantic functions it represents. ‘-ryeogo’ used as a connective ending indicates the semantic function of ‘intention’ and ‘being planned’, and ‘-ryeogo’ used as a closing ending at the end of a sentence represents the semantic function of ‘doubt’, ‘determination’, ‘worry’, and ‘guess’. According to the results of the analysis, ‘-ryeogo’ with the meanings of ‘doubt’ and ‘guess’ is used as a closing ending at the end of a sentence because it has been fully grammaticalized, and ‘-ryeogo’ in this case performs an independent function due to its low possibility of restoring the following clause. In addition, although ‘-ryeogo’ with the meanings of ‘determination’ and ‘worry’ is used at the end of a sentence, it is still broadly used as a connective ending as well. However, given that this semantic function as a closing ending differs from the connective ending’s meaning of ‘intention’ or ‘being planned’, its grammaticalization may be still in progress. The present study intended to provide data that enable Korean language learners to understand and effectively learn various expressions in discourse, which appear at the end of sentences in spoken Korean language by analyzing changes in the meaning of the connective ending ‘-ryeogo’, a grammatical item that is frequently used in Korean language education. Key Words: Connective Ending, ‘-ryeogo’, Grammaticalization, Sentence-closing Ending, Semantic Function, Possibility of Restoring

2-5세 일반아동의 자발화에 나타난 연결 기능 연결어미와 종결 기능 연결어미 사용 특성

장미(Mee Jang),김정미(Jung Mee Kim) 한국언어치료학회 2014 言語治療硏究 Vol.23 No.4

學問目的 글쓰기를 위한 문장 구성 틀 硏究 -終結表現에 따른 連結表現의 共起 樣相의 差異를 중심으로-

홍윤기 한국어문교육연구회 2012 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.40 No.3

In this paper, the correlation between sentence ending and 2 connective endings in 5,562 complex sentences extracted from dissertations was analyzed. 3 communicative functions such as ‘expressing assertion', ‘expressing situation', ‘expressing suggestion' among 12 communicative functions were widely used. The correlation between sentence ending expressing above 3 communicative functions and connective endings was analyzed. The co-occurrence of connective endings was different according to the communicative function of sentence ending. If the first connective ending expresses ‘assumption', sentence ending showing ‘expressing situation' co-occurs 14 semantic categories. On the other hand, sentence ending showing ‘expressing suggestion' co-occurs 2 semantic categories. In addition, if the first connective ending expresses ‘condition', sentence ending showing ‘assertion' co-occurs 12 semantic categories. On the other hand, sentence ending showing ‘suggestion' co-occurs 1 semantic categories only. This paper would provide useful sentence patterns for foreigners preparing academic writing in university. 이 硏究에서는 韓國語敎育 관련 학회의 論文集과 學術發表會 資料集에 실린 學術論文 200편을 대상으로 複合文을 분석하였다. 특별히 세 文章으로 구성된 複合文에 쓰인 終結表現을 살피고, 그것의 意思疏通機能을 파악하였다. 그리고 특정한 의사소통기능을 보이는 종결표현과 두 개의 연결표현 간의 相關性을 파악하였다. 이 연구에서는 學術的 글쓰기에 자주 쓰이는 의사소통기능 중에서 ‘단언하여 표현하기’, ‘상황 표현하기’, ‘제시하여 표현하기’의 의사소통기능을 가진 종결표현과 연결표현들 간의 共起關係를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 종결표현의 의사소통기능에 따라 연결표현의 공기관계가 달리 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 선행하는 連結表現의 의미에 따라 후행하는 連結表現의 實現 樣相에 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 이 硏究에서 분석한 결과는 外國人 學習者들의 글쓰기 교육에서도 적절히 活用될 수 있을 것이다. 精巧한 敎育 內容과 敎授 方案을 마련함으로써 大學이나 大學院에서 學問目的의 글쓰기를 해야 하는 외국인 학습자들에게 유용한 문장 구성 틀로 提供될 것을 기대한다.

접속어미 ‘-(는)다면’의 문법화와 통사・의미 확장

김종록 한국어문학회 2019 語文學 Vol.0 No.145

The purpose of this paper is to examine the formation process of the Korean connective ending ‘-(neun)damyun’ and its central meaning from the perspective of grammaticalization in cognitive linguistics, and how the central meaning is extended to the path. First, this paper analyzes and criticizes the content of the head-word ‘-(neun)damyun’ in the Standard Korean Great dictionary, the Korean dictionary of Yonsei University, and the Korean dictionary of Korea University and considers alternatives. Second, among the grammaticalization theories, decentralization, differentiation, semantic persistence and unidirectional theory were used in the study of the Korean connective ending ‘-(neun)damyun’ and theories were very useful. Thrid, the original meaning of Korean Connective Ending ‘-(neun)damuyn1’ is ‘subjunctive mood’ and this original meaning has extended to ‘-(neun)damuyn2’, which means ‘opposite comparison’, and ‘-(neun)damyun3’ which represents ‘topic change’. Fourth, the connective ending ‘-(neun)damyun1’ which means ‘subjunctive mood’ secondarily extended to the final ending ‘-(neun)damyun4’ of ‘subjunctive question’. Fifth, the Korean connective ending ‘-(neun)damyun’ thirdly extends to ‘-(nuen)damyun5’, which is an affix to derive connection adverbs and a change in grammar category. Sixth, based on the discussion in this paper, the grammaticalization principle of the Korean integrated connective ending is changed into a single fusional and convergent connective ending. This connective ending becomes a final ending due to more grammaticalization and eventually becomes the affix forming connective adverb. 이 논문에서는 인지언어학의 문법화의 관점에서 국어 접속어미 ‘-(는)다면’의 형성과정과 그 중심의미가 무엇이며, 이 중심의미가 어떤 경로로 확장되어 갔는지를 살펴보았는데, 이를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본고에서는 [표준], [연세], [고려]와 국립국어원의 언어정보 나눔터에 실려있는 표제어 ‘-(는)다면’의 수록 내용을 분석 비평하고 그 대안을 모색하였다. 둘째, 문법화이론 가운데, 탈범주화, 분화, 의미지속성, 단일방향성 이론을 접속어미 ‘-(는)다면’의 연구에 활용하였으며, 이 이론들은 매우 유용하였다. 셋째, ‘-(는)다면1’의 원형의미는 [가정]이며, 이 원형의미가 1차적으로 [대비]의 ‘-(는)다면2’와 [주제 전환]의 ‘-(는)다면3’으로 확장되었다. 넷째, ‘-(는)다면1’의 원형의미는 2차적으로는 접속어미에서 [가정]의 [의문]형 종결어미 ‘-(는)다면4’로 바뀜으로써 문법범주가 달라졌다. 다섯째, 3차적으로는 [가정]의 접속부사를 파생시키는 접사인 ‘-(는)다면5’로 바뀐 것인데, 이는 ‘-(는)다면1’가 최종적으로 문법화한 형태라 할 수 있다. 여섯째, 본고의 논의를 바탕으로 한국어 통합형 접속어미의 문법화 원리를 ‘국어 통합형 접속어미는 준꼴에서 문법화하여 비환원적 융합형의 단일 접속어미로 변하고, 이 접속어미가 더욱 문법화하여 종결어미로 변하며, 최종적으로는 접속부사를 형성하는 접사로 변한다.’로 제시한다.

근대국어 연결어미의 기능 연구 -역학서 자료를 중심으로-

고은숙 ( Eun Sook Ko ) 우리어문학회 2006 우리어문연구 Vol.27 No.-

The aim of this article is reveal the function of the connective endings in Modern Korean. But the major object of this paper is the connective endings that experienced a notable change as compared with the Middle Korean. In order to reveal the feature of the connective endings, this examination makes a comparative study of the translated text in Morden Korean. Because they have various versions vary a little from the original with ages. This study is examined that some connective endings has undergone changes of function because of the connective endings such as `-may (매)`, `-kiyei(기예)`, `-mulo(므로)`, occurred in Modern Korean. Connective endings `-may(매)`, `-kiyei(기예)`, `-mulo(므로)` have functioned as [reason]. And some connective endings that undergone changes of function had almost various functions including [reason] in Middle Korean. Above all things, ending `-ni(니)` has undergone changes of function rather than other some endings. It`s function as [premise] and [contrast] was on the decrease while, function as [reason] was on the increase in Modern Korean. Similarly some endings having various functions had changes of function in Modern Korean. This appearance shows a changed usage of connective endings in Modern Korean. Namely, It have been used actively in Modern Korean that connective endings having a few function rather than connective endings having various functions. So some connective endings having various functions have undergone reduction of function.