국내 카드뮴 취급 사업장의 카드뮴 폭로 실태 평가

강성규,홍정표,김기웅,장재연,정호근,정규철 大韓産業醫學會 1994 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.6 No.2

Twenty-four factories registered at the Ministry of Labor as factories using or producing cadmium in 1991 were investigated to know the present state of occupational exposure to cadmium in 1992. Nine factories among 24 stopped using or changed to other substances and 1 factory didn't produce any more, but delivered it to other factories through imports. Therefore, only 14 factories were producing or using cadmium. But, alloying materials were supplied to about 20 and more factories, however, they couldn't be investigated because of limited information. Three factories had less than 50 workers were 3,6 had 50-300 and 5 had more than 300. About 167 workers were exposed to cadmium. According to the classification by process, there were 4 alloy processes, 2 refinary, 2 elctroplating, 2 dry cell making, 1 industrial battery making, 1 duplicator drum making, 1 recycling of battery and 1 copper refinary. 8 factories used metal cadmium, 3 cadmium oxide, 2 cadmium sulfide, and 1 cadmium hyroxide. One factory was importing cadmium stearates only and supplying them to the PVC making factories. The amount of metal cadmium producing in 2 refinary factories was about 50-65 ton per month. The other cadmium compounds were imported. According to exposure level of cadmium air of the 10 factories examined, each factory could be divided into high, moderate and low exposure groups. 1 battery recycling factory and 3 alloy factories were in the high exposure group and their mean air concentrations were 0.06679, 0.05481, 0.02492, and 0.003㎎/㎥, respectively. Refinary and industrial battery making factories were in the middle exposure group and their mean air concentrations were 0.00773 and 0.00613 ㎎/㎥, respectively. Finally, low exposure group were copper smelting, dry cell case making, duplicator drum making and electroplating factory and their mean air concentrations were 0.00096, 0.00071, 0.00057 and 0.00054 ㎎/㎥ respectively.

세포 내 신호전달과정을 통한 카드뮴의 Apoptosis 유도

김남송,오경재,조광호,현미선,김유창,성태호,염정호,권근상 大韓産業醫學會 2002 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Objectives : Apoptosis is a process of active cell death, distinct from necrosis and characterized by specific morphological and biochemical features. Apoptosis induced by metals and metal-related deleterious conditions has only recently been studied. Although the toxic effects of heavy metals are well described, little is known about the mechanism of apoptosis via cadmium toxicity. Thereforce, this study is designed to define the induction mechanism of apoptosis by which cadmium exerts its cytotoxic effect on human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells. The cytotoxic effects of cadmium on HL-60 cells are studied in regards to apoptotic signal transduction pathways. Methods : The mode of cadmuim-induced apoptosis was investigated in HL-60 cells. HL-60 cells were treated with various concentrations of cadmium and antioxidants after which the viability of the cells were measured by MTT assay. The morphological features of cadmium- induced apoptosis were evaluated by fluoromicroscopy and the DNA fragmentation was analyzed using 1.5% agarose gel electrophorosis. Kinase activity was assayed by autoradiography and activity of NF-κB and nuclear proteins were measured by EMSA. Results : Cadmium (125 μM) induces the characteristic morphological features of apoptosis, which are characterized by a shrinkage of the cytoplasm and a condensation of chromatin. In addition, cadmium induced the ladder pattern of DNA fragmentation. Antioxidants(Sodium nitroprusside, glutathione and N-acethylcysteine), which were not toxic to the cells, did not suppress apoptosis induced by cadmium. Cadmium enhances the expression of several classes of genes at elevated cytotoxic concentrations. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) was predominantly in the fragmented form when doses of 125 μM were used. Since PARP is cleaved by CPP32 (caspase-3), we next determined if cadmium was capable of effecting changes in CPP32 activity. The results of these experiments showed that cadmium increased caspase-3 activity in a time dependent manner, corresponding to the time of appearance of fragmented PARP. Cadmium also increased the phosphotransferase activities of c-JUN N-terminal kinase(JNK). Furthermore, cadmium increased the activation of transcriptional factors including the activation of protein-1 (AP-1) and NF-κB. Conclusions : These results suggest that cadmium induces the apoptotic death of HL-60 cells via the activation of a DEVD-specific caspase, JNK and transcriptional factors such as AP-1 and NF-κB.

식이내 단백질의 수준과 종류가 흰쥐의 Cadmium중독에 미치는 영향

김미경,서명숙 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1996 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.7 No.-

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary protein level and source on cadmiumintoxicification in rats. Forty-eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 171±3g were blocked into 8 groups of 6 animals according to body weight, and were raised for 30 days. Eight experimental diets different with cadmium(0ppm, 400ppm) and protein(15%, 40%) levels and protein source[casien, I,S,P(isolated soy protein)]were given to animals for 30days. Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, liver weight, kidney weight and femur weight were lower in cadmium added group, and higher in high protein groups(40% protein) than medium protein groups(15% protein ). But, dietary protein source had no influence on them. Cadmium concentration of liver was higher in rats fed casein than I.S.P groups, and cadmium concentration in intestine was higher in high protein groups. In femur both high protein and I. S.P.diets increased cadmium concentrations. MT concentrations in liver, kidney and intestine were higher in cadmium added group, and kidney intestine MT concentration were higher in high protein group. Absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in rat fed I.S.P. than animal fed casein among medium protein groups and cadmium concentration in blood and liver of I.S.P. groups were lower than casein groups. But absorption and retention rates of cadmium were similar in high casein and I.S.P. groups. Renal damage by cadmium administration was not seen in all groups. Absorption rates of zinc and copper competing with cadmium in absorption process were lower in high protein groups than medium protein groups and lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In conclusion, weight gain, F.E.R, and MT concentraion of high protein groups were higher than those of medium protein groups and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in high protein groups. From these results, it was shown that cadmium toxicity was alleviated by high dietary protein. Meanwhile, the effect of dietary source on the cadmium toxicity was different with protein level. In medium protein groups absorption and retention rates of cadmium were much lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In high protein groups, cadmium toxicity was not infiuenced by protein source and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were not different between casein and I.S.P. groups.

카드뮴 급성폭로에 의한 Metallothionein 생성과 독성작용

민경준,박정덕,홍연표,장임원,Min, Kyung-Joon,Park, Jung-Duck,Hong, Yeon-Pyo,Chang, Im-Won 대한예방의학회 1993 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.26 No.2

Thirty five male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with cadmium chloride solution ranging from 0.2 to 3.2mg $CdCl_2/kg$ by intravenous single injection. At 48 hours after administration of cadmium, total cadmium, MT bound cadmium and histopathologic finding in liver, kidney, lung, heart, testis, metallothionein in liver, kidney and total cadmium in bleed were examined. Tissue cadmium concentration was highest in liver, followed by in kidney, heart, lung and testis. Cadmium bound to rnetallothionein (MT-Cd) and ratio of MT-Cd to total cadmium were increased in liver and kidney dependently of cadmium exposure dose, but not significantly changed in other organs. On histopathologic finding, the most susceptible organ was heart in considering cadmium exposed dose, but testis in considering cadmium concentration. Blood cadmium concentration was increased with dose-dependent pattern, and significantly correlated with tissue cadmium concentration, so that we may estimate tissue cadmium concentration by measurement of blood cadmium concentration. Metallothionein in liver and kidney was increased with dose-dependent pattern, higher in liver than in kidney, and was significantly correlated with tissue cadmium concentration. However, metallothionein induction efficiency of tissue cadmium(${\mu}g\;MT/{\mu}g\;Cd$) was eater in liver than in kidney, and reverse to tissue concentration or exposed dose of cadmium.

아연 전처리가 시간 경과에 따른 카드뮴 유도 고환 독성에미치는 보호 효과

제갈승주 ( Seung Joo Jekal ),이경선 ( Kyung Sun Lee ),정옥봉 ( Ok Bong Chung ),임효빈 ( Hyo Bin Im ) 대한임상검사과학회 2009 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.41 No.3

Cadmium (Cd) is known to exert gonadotoxic and spermiotoxic effects. The present study was performedto investigate the morphological effects and metallothionein (MT) expression by zinc pretreatment in thecourse of time of cadmium-induced testicular injury in rat. Fifty male Spraque-Dawley rats weighing 160~180 g were divided into two groups : saline-pretreated cadmium group and zinc-pretreated cadmium group. Rats of two groups received subcutaneous injection of saline and 100 mg/kg ZnSO4 at 0, 2, 5 and 8 hrs intervals respectively. Cadmium chloride (4.5 mg/kg CdCl2) was administrated intraperitoneally at 2 hrs after zinc injection and rats were killed 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hrs later. Testicular tissue damages, interstitial (Leydig) cells status and MT expression were determined using hematoxylin-eosin stained sections and a computerized image analysis system on sections immunostained with a mouse anti-metallothionein respectively. Zinc pretreatment was significantly reduced testicular damages in five pathological categories after cadmium administation. The number of surviving interstitial cells was significantly higher in thezinc-pretreated group than in the saline-preatreated group at 48 and 72 hrs after cadmium administration. Non-damaged testis showed the positivity of MT staining in spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells and endothelium of blood vessel, but not in the Leydig cells. The positivity of MT staining in saline-pretreated group was significantly reduced at 24 hrs after cadmium administration, whereas zinc-pretreated group showed strong MT positive staining similar to the 0 hr by 42 hrs after cadmium administration. In damaged testis, MT positive staining was also observed in the Leydig cells of both groups. These results suggest that a major preventive effect of zinc against cadmium-induced testicular toxicity may be due to its ability to reduce the cytotoxicity of cadmium in spermatogenic cells and Leydig cells by inhibiting the susceptibility of the testis to cadmium but not MT production by cadmium.

아연 전처리가 시간 경과에 따른 카드뮴 유도 고환 독성에 미치는 보호 효과

제갈승주 ( Seung-joo Jekal ),이경선 ( Kyung-sun Lee ),정옥봉 ( Ok-bong Chung ),임효빈 ( Hyo-bin Im ) 대한임상검사과학회 2010 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.42 No.3

Cadmium (Cd) is known to exert gonadotoxic and spermiotoxic effects. The present study was performed to investigate the morphological effects and metallothionein (MT) expression by zinc pretreatment in thecourse of time of cadmium-induced testicular injury in rat. Fifty male Spraque-Dawley rats weighing 160-180 g were divided into two groups: saline-pretreated cadmium group and zinc-pretreated cadmium group. Rats of two groups received subcutaneous injection of saline and 100 mg/kg ZnSO4 at 0, 2, 5 and 8 hrs intervals respectively. Cadmium chloride (4.5 mg/kg CdCl2) was administrated intraperitoneally at 2 hr after zinc injection and rats were killed 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hrs later. Testicular tissue damages, Interstitial (Leydig) cells status and MT expression were determined using hematoxylin-eosin stained sections and acomputerized image analysis system on sections immunostained with a mouse anti-metallothionein respectively. Zinc pretreatment was significantly reduced testicular damages in five pathological categories after cadmium administation. The number of surviving interstitial cells was significantly higher in the zinc-pretreated group than in the saline-preatreated group at 48 and 72 hrs after cadmium administration. Non-damaged testis showed the positivity of MT staining in spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells and endothelium of blood vessel, but not in the Leydig cells. The potitivity of MT staining in saline-pretreated group was significantly reduced at 24 hrs after cadmium administration, whereas zinc-pretreated group showed strong MT positive staining similar to the 0 hr by 42 hrs after cadmium administration. In damaged testis, MT positive staining was also observed in the Leydig cells of both groups. These results suggest a major preventive effect of zinc against cadmium-induced testiculat toxicity may be due to its ability to reduce the cytotoxicity of cadmium in spermatogenic cells and Leydig cells by inhibiting the susceptibility of the testis to cadmium but not MT production by cadmium

식이 단백질과 Cysteine수준이 흰쥐의 Cadmium중독에 미치는 영향

김미경,박주연 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1996 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.7 No.-

This study was perfomed to investigate the effect of dietary protein and cystein levels on cadmium toxicity in rats. Seventy-two male rats of Sprague-Dawely strain weighing 171±3g were blocked into 12 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 30 days. Cadmium chloride was given at levels of 0 or 400ppm, protein at levels of 7, 5 and 40%, and cysteine was added(total dietary cysteine contents:0.45%)to diet or not. The results are summarized as follow. Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, liver and kidney weights, femur weight and length of cadmium added group were lower than those of cadmium free group. But, these were increased with increasing dietary protein level and cysteine addition. fecal cadmium excretion was remarkably increased in high protein(40%) groups. Thus, cadmium retention rates were decreased in high protein groups. Metallothionein concentrations in liver and kidney were increased in cysteine addition, and cadmium administration. Especially, these were remarkably increased in cadmium and cysteine added groups. Urinary calcium excretion was increased with cadmium administration, but urinary protein excretion and creatinine clearance were not changed in these animal. In conclusion, food intake, weight gain and organ weights were decreased with cadmium administration. Cadmium toxicity was alleviated by increasing dietary protein level and cysteine addition. High protein diet decreased cadmium retention by increasing fecal cadmium excretion, while cysteine addition increased metallothionein concentrations in liver and kidney. From these results, it was shown that cadmium toxicity was alliviated by synergistic effect of high protein level and cysteine addition.

혐기적 조건하에서 젖산균의 cadmium 축적

신용서,김성효,김동한,이갑상 한국산업미생물학회 1995 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.23 No.3

구강섭취된 cadmium이 장내에서 체내의 각 조직으로 흡수되기전 장내 정상 균총인 젖산균에 흡착, 축적되어 변과 함께 체외로 배출될 수 있다고 가정하고, 혐기적 조건하에서 젖산균체의 cadmium 내성, 축적능력 및 균체내 분포를 in vitro 상에서 조사하였다. Cadmium이 10 ppm 첨가된 배지에서 젖산균의 생육과 산생성량은 양호하였으나, 50 ppm에서는 거의 생육하지 못하였다. Lactobacillus 속이 Streptococcus 속보다 더 높은 내성을 가진것으로 나타났으며, 그 중 Lactobacillus acidophilus가 가장 높은 cadmium 내성을 가진 것으로 나타났다. cadmium이 첨가된 배지에서 24시간 배양시킨 젖산균에 축적된 cadmium은 9.304∼12.428 ㎎/g wet cell로 6.775 ㎎의 E. coli보다 상당히 높았으며, 젖산균 중 Lactobacillus casei가 가장 높은 축적량을 나타내었다. 젖산균의 cadmium 축적율 역시 28.46∼29.25%로 14.43%의 E. coli보다 유의적으로 높았다. 젖산균체 내의 cadmium의 분포는 세포벽에 42.41%, 원형질막에 28.62%, 세포질에 28.97%로 나타났다. In this study, authors investigated the cadmium tolerance, the accumulation of cadmium and the cellular distribution of accumlated cadmium in lactic acid bacteria under the anaerobic condition. Lactic acid bacteria grew fairly well in modified EG medium containing 10 ppm of cadmium but could hardly grow at 50 ppm of cadmium. Tolerance to cadmium of genus Lactobacillus was greater than that of genus Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus showed the highest cadmium tolerance among the bacteria tested. The capacity of cadmium accumlation (9.304∼12.428 ㎎/g wet cell) of lactic acid bacteria was higher than that (6.775 ㎎/g wet cell) of Escherichiacoli. Lactobacillus casei of them took up the largest amount of cadmium. The cadmium elimination amount (28.46∼29.25%) of lactic acid bacteria from modified EG medium containing cadmium were also higher than that (14.43%) of Escherichia coli. Accumulated cadmium in Lactobacillus acidophilus was distributed by 42.41% at cell wall, 28.97% at cytoplasm, and 28.62% at plasma membrane, respectively.

부검체에서 머리카락과 각 장기들의 연, 카드뮴, 수은농도 : 머리카락중의 농도와 다른 장기내의 농도의 관련성 Relationship between Scalp Hair and internal Organs

박성화,사공준,곽정식,전만중,김창윤,정종학,이중정,이성국 大韓産業醫學會 1998 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.10 No.4

This study was conducted to measure the lead, cadmium and mercury levels in the scalp hair, cerebellum, cerebrum, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen of the 60 Korean autopsy subjects and assess the relationship among those samples. The mean lead level in the scalp hair was 12.29±12.51㎍/g and no significant difference was detected in lead concentrations between the two sexes. Among the internal organ tissues the cerebrum contained the highest level of lead. This is followed by the cerebellum, spleen and liver respectively. After which the kidney and lung showed a close similarity at relatively low concentrations and the heart contained the lowest concentration. There was also no significant variation found between sexes in a comparison of lead in the internal organ tissues. The concentrations of cadmium in kidney were 127.38±89.36㎍/g and considerably higher than those in the other internal organs. The liver contained the next highest level of cadmium. In both sexes, the consistent difference was noted in the cadmium concentrations of the kidney, heart and spleen. Yet female cadmium level was higher than the male's. The concentrations of mercury in the kidney and liver were 1.26±2.89㎍/g, 0.59±0.54㎍/g and considerably higher than those in the other internal organs. The mean mercury level in the scalp hair was 1.29±0.64㎍/g and no marked difference was noted in both sexes. The lead concentration in the spleen increased with advancing age, though not statistically significance, and most of the internal organ tissues that were examined showed no evidence of increased lead concentration with age. The kidney, cerebrum, spleen and cerebellum showed increased cadmium concentrations with age. Also as well as the internal organ tissues that were examined showed no evidence of increased mercury concentration with age. The lead concentrations in the liver and lung were higher in the urban area than in the rural area, but the lead concentration in the kidney was higher in the rural area. No difference was noted in tissue cadmium and mercury concentrations as to the area of residence either. The physical workers had greater concentrations of lead in cerebellum than did housewives or the unemployed. Yet no difference was noted in the other tissues between the two groups. In the cerebellum, cerebrum, great, and spleen, the physical workers had greater concentrations of cadmium than students or mental workers. Also physical workers had treater concentrations of cadmium in lung than housewives or the unemployed. In contrast to lead and cadmium, both the housewives and the unemployed had higher concentrations of mercury in cerebellum and cerebrum than physical workers, but there was no difference was noted in the other tissues between the two groups. In the lead concentration, there was no statistically significant correlation between the scalp hair and examined internal organ tissues. There was a close relationship between lead levels in cerebellum and cerebrum(r=0.465, p<0.01), as well as a relationship between the cerebellum and the kidney(r=0.300, p<0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the cadmium levels in the scalp hair and in the examined internal organ tissues. Positive correlations were found between the cadmium concentrations in the cerebellum and the cerebrum(r=0.5543, p<0.01), heart(r=0.480, p<0.01), kidney(r=0.376, p<0.01) and spleen(r=0.408, p<0.01). Also positive correlation was found between in the cerebrum and the heart(r=0.377, p<0.01), kidney(r=0.484, p<0.01), liver(r=0.265, p<0.05), lung(r=0.458, p<0.01) and spleen(r=0.483, p<0.01). There was also no statistically significant correlation between the mercury levels in the scalp hair and in the examined internal organ tissues. Positive correlation was found between the mercury concentrations in the cerebellum, and cerebrum(r=0.760, p<0.01), heart(r=0.270, p<0.05), liver(r=0.425, p<0.01), lung(r=0.488, p<0.01) and spleen(r=0.534, p<0.01). and also positive correlation was found between in the cerebrum and heart(r=0.376, p<0.01), liver(r=0.350, p<0.01), lung(r=0.554, p<0.01) and spleen(r=0.489, p<0.01). Various epidemiological studies reported usefulness and reliability of using scalp hair as a monitor of a environmental pollutants. In this study, there was statistically significant correlation of lead, cadmium and mercury levels in most of the tissues that were examined, but there was no statistically significant correlation between the lead, cadmium and mercury levels in the scalp hair and most of examined internal organ tissues. The findings of this study would suggest that it is still uncertain to using scalp hair as a biological monitoring.

일부 사무직 여성근로자들의 카드뮴에 대한 노출정도

이경재 ( Kyung Jae Lee ),김주자 ( Joo Ja Kim ),황정호 ( Jung Ho Hwang ),김강윤 ( Kang Yoon Kim ) 한국산업위생학회 2008 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.18 No.2

이 연구는 직업적으로 카드뮴 노출이 없는 일반 여성인구집단의 혈중, 요중 카드뮴 농도를 추정하기 위하여 서울 소재 한 대학병원 산업의학과를 내원한 20세 이상의 사무직 여성근로자를 대상으로 혈중 카드뮴 농도와 요중 카드뮴 농도를 분석하여 여성근로자의 카드뮴 농도의 참고치를 조사하고자 하였으며, 카드뮴에 노출되는 생산직 여성근로자의 건강관리와 건강장해를 판단하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 연구대상자의 혈중 카드뮴 농도와 요중 카드뮴 농도는 연령군에 따른 유의한 차이를 보여주었으며, 연령이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보여주고 있었다 (p=0.007; p=0.002). 흡연에 따른 혈중 카드뮴 농도의 평균값을 비교해 보았는데, 혈중 카드뮴 농도는 비흡연 여성에 비하여 흡연 여성에서 높은 것을 알 수 있었으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았지만, 요중 카드뮴 농도는 비흡연 여성에 비하여 흡연경험이 있는 여성에서 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다 (p=0.012). 혈중 카드뮴 농도와 요중 카드뮴 농도를 종속변수로 하여 관련요인과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 혈중 카드뮴 농도의 경우는 연령이 유의한 관련변수임을 알 수 있었고 (p=0.020), 요중 농도의 경우는 연령과 흡연이 영향을 미치는 관련변수로 나타났다 (p<0.001; p=0.057). 이 연구를 통하여 카드뮴 노출이 없는 사무직 여성근로자에서 혈중 카드뮴 농도와 요중 카드뮴 농도는 연령이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 비흡연자에 비해 현재 흡연자에서 보다 혈중 카드뮴 농도와 요중 카드뮴 농도가 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 따라서 직업적인 노출이 없는 사무직 여성근로자에서의 카드뮴 노출 정도를 판단함과 동시에, 향후 직업적으로 노출되는 생산직 여성근로자들에 대한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다고 생각되며 향후 보다 다양한 일반 인구집단을 대상으로 다양한 지역에서 연구가 수행되어 보다 보편적인 정상 참고치가 조사될 필요가 있다고 생각된다. Objectives: To estimate the normal range of blood and urine cadmium levels using data from occupationally non-exposed office workers to cadmium in selected Korean women. Methods: A total of 437 women from healthy office workers were analyzed. To analyze blood and urine cadmium levels, blood and urine samples of study subjects were collected carefully and analyzed. Using a structured questionnaire, characteristics of the study subjects were investigated by well trained interviewers. Results: Mean blood cadmium concentration (CdB) was 0.46 ㎍/ℓ (GM; 0.16), whereas mean urine cadmium concentration (CdU) was 0.94 ㎍/g creatinine (GM; 0.37). A significant increase of cadmium levels in blood and urine was observed by the rise of age (p=0.007; p=0.002, respectively). In the analysis of smoking state, blood and urine cadmium levels were higher in current smokers than in nonsmokers. In the multiple regression analysis, the rise of age and currently smoking were observed as a significant factor associated with cadmium level. Conclusion: These findings suggest that mean cadmium level in blood and urine indicated a relatively low level, although the rise of age and currently smoking were observed as a significant factor related to cadmium level. It can be used for the basic data to prevent harmful effects of cadmium exposure among female workers occupationally exposed to cadmium.