Inheritance pattern and expression of resistance to phosphine in larval stage of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Ramya R.S.,Srivastava Chitra,Subramanian Sabtharishi,Ranjith M. 한국응용곤충학회 2023 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.26 No.1

Resistance developed by Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), a major pest of stored grain and grain products, to phosphine is a serious concern. Treatment of phosphine is given to all the stages (egg, larva, pupa and adult) of insects simultaneously in the infected commodity. Effective resistance management tactics need a proper un derstanding of expression of resistance in relation to dosage in immature stages including larvae. So, this study was undertaken to understand the genetic basis of phosphine resistance in larval stage of T. castaneum by crossing the resistant and susceptible parents to obtain the F 1 , F 2 and the back-cross progenies. The resistant parent had a resistance ratio of 37.75 when compared to the susceptible parent. The susceptibility levels of the reciprocal F 1 hybrids did not show any significant difference indicating autosomal mode of inheritance of resistance. Level of dominance for the reciprocal F 1 hybrids was estimated (-0.70 and − 0.68) which showed that the resistance is expressed as incompletely recessive in larval stage of T. castaneum. χ 2 analysis showed that the observed and expected mortalities differed significantly (P < 0.05) in most of the concentrations indicating that more than one gene is responsible for phosphine resistance. Two plateaus at ~ 40 % and ~ 90 % mortality levels for the backcross progeny to the resistant parent further confirmed the involvement of two or more genes in imparting resistance to phosphine. Our results will aid in enhancing the knowledge on the development of resistance to phosphine in the field and thus facilitate in designing suitable resistance management tactics.

Resistance Factor Calculations for LRFD of Axially Loaded Driven Piles in Sands

김동욱,정문경,곽기석 대한토목학회 2011 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.15 No.7

This paper presents the development of Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of axially-loaded driven piles in sands. The resistance factors of base and shaft resistances were calculated separately to account for their different uncertainty levels. The ratios of dead-to-live load and ultimate base resistance to limit shaft resistance change the uncertainty levels of total load and total pile capacity, respectively; thus, those ratios should be reflected in the calculation of base and shaft resistance factors. For the development of LRFD for axially-loaded driven piles in sands, the ultimate limit state for an axially-loaded driven pile was established based on the Imperial College Pile (ICP) design method; the uncertainties of loads and resistance were accessed;reliability analyses were performed using the First-order Reliability Method (FORM); and finally, reasonable resistance factors of base and shaft resistances were calculated based on the results of reliability analyses for different target reliability index levels. The load factors used for the calculation of resistance factors are the ones proposed by AASHTO and ASCE/SEI 7-05. From the results of extensible reliability analyses using FORM, the resistance factors for base and shaft resistances were found to be highly dependent on the ratios of the dead-to-live load and the ultimate base resistance to the limit shaft resistance. Resistance factors are proposed for different combinations of these ratios within their possible ranges.

고강도 저항성 운동이 24시간 평균동맥압과 심박수에 미치는 영향

박철호,우상헌 東亞大學校附設스포츠科學硏究所 2002 스포츠科學硏究論文集 Vol.20 No.-

As this study is to examine the effect of resistance exercise, it was made an experiment on resistance-trained group which conducted more than three times a week during 12 weeks and high-intensity resistance exercise of once during 60 minutes in the object of a young man in his 20s with normotensive and irregular exercise habit. After the exercise, MAP and heart rate(HR) during 24-h were changed as the following results. 1. On rest HR of resistance-trained group compared with non-trained group were significantly(p<.05) low, MAP of resistance-trained group compared with non-trained group were low but they were not significantly different. 2. The change of 24-h HR in resistance-trained group both resistance exercise day and control day didn't have the significant difference in all sections. 3. 24-h HR of non-trained group was significantly(p<.05) low between 9AM to 1PM on resistance exercise day compared with control day. 4. On control day, HR of resistance-trained group compared with non-trained group were significantly(p<.05) low between 9AM to 1PM. 5. On resistance exercise day, 24-h HR of resistance-trained group compared with non-trained group were significantly(p<.05) low, 24-h MAP is significantly(p<.05) high between 9AM to 1PM. In conclusion, rest heart rate(RHR) of resistance trained group were significantly(p<.05) low compared with mean, cardiovascular's function of resistance trained group compared with non-trained group were good. In all comparisons, 24-h heart rate(HR) and MAP were similar patterns, it showed they didn't have an influence on the change of 24-h blood pressure(BP) no matter how resistance exercise may be executed.

Antibiotic Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii in Iran: A Systemic Review of the Published Literature

Jale Moradi,Farhad B. Hashemi,Abbas Bahador 질병관리본부 2015 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.6 No.2

Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii is a bacterium responsible for health careassociated infections, and it frequently develops multiple drug resistance (MDR). The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii in Iran has increased, and this may cause significant clinical problems. Therefore, in order to elucidate the development of antibiotic resistance, we performed a systematic review of the literature published on antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii reported in Iran. Methods: Thirty-six publications that met the criteria for inclusion were reviewed from an initial 87 papers. Selected papers published between 2008 and September 2014, were categorized on the basis of the sample collecting year been between 2001 and 2013. Results: Analysis of data revealed that, in general, there was an increase in antimicrobial resistance. During the initial time point of these studies (2001-2007) there was a high rate of resistance to all antibiotics, with the exception of carbapenems, lipopeptides, and aminoglycosides that had a low resistance rate in comparison with the others. Also, the resistance rate was increased in one group of these three antimicrobial groups from 2010 to 2013. In particular, there was an increase in resistance to carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) from 2010-2011 and 2012-2013, whereas no significant change in the resistance rate of the other two antimicrobial groups (lipopeptides and aminoglycosides) during the study time was observed, although we did observe certain trends in amikacin (aminoglycoside group antibiotic) between 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. Conclusion: These findings indicate that antimicrobial resistance of A. baumannii in Iran has increased, which may very well affect the antimicrobial resistance of this organism worldwide. Based on these results, novel prevention and treatment strategies against A. baumannii infections are warranted. Furthermore, these data may assist in revising treatment guidelines and regional policies in care units to slow the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

하한지지력이 현장타설말뚝의 저항계수에 미치는 영향

김석중,박재현,김명모 한국지반공학회 2014 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.30 No.11

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is one of the limit state design methods, and has been used worldwide,especially in North America. Also, the study for LRFD has been actively conducted in Korea. However, the data forLRFD in Korea were not sufficient, so resistance factors suggested by AASTTO have been used for the design in Korea. But the resistance factors suggested by AASHTO represent the characteristics of bedrocks defined in the US, therefore,it is necessary to determine the resistance factors for designs in Korea, which can reflect the characteristics of bedrocksin Korea. Also, the calculated probabilities of failure from conventional reliability analyses which commonly uselog-normal distribution are not realistic because of the lower tail that can be extended to zero. Therefore, it is necessaryto calibrate the resistance factors considering the lower-bound resistance. Thus, this study calculates the resistance factorsusing thirteen sets of drilled shaft load test results, and then calibrates the resistance factors considering the lower-boundresistance corresponding to a target reliability index of 3.0. As a result, resistance factors from conventional reliabilityanalyses were determined in the range of 0.13-0.32 for the shaft resistance, and 0.19-0.29 for the base resistance,respectively. Also, the lower bounds of resistance were determined based on the Hoek-Brown failure criteria (2002)and GSI downgrading. Considering the lower-bound resistances, resistance factors increased by 0~8% for the shaft,and 0~13% for the base, respectively.

하한지지력이 현장타설말뚝의 저항계수에 미치는 영향

김석중 ( Seok Jung Kim ),박재현 ( Jae Hyun Park ),김명모 ( Myoung Mo Kim ) 한국현대언어학회 2014 언어연구 Vol.30 No.3

한계상태설계법의 하나인 하중저항계수설계법의 이용이 북미를 중심으로 점차 확산되고 있는 가운데, 국내에서도이에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 하지만, 국내에서는 자료가 충분히 확보되지 못하여 기초구조물의 설계에AASHTO에서 제안한 저항계수를 설계에 이용하고 있다. AASHTO에서 제안하고 있는 저항계수는 북미에 보편적으로존재하는 암반조건을 이용하여 결정된 저항계수로서, 국내지반에 적합한 저항계수를 독자적으로 개발할 필요가 있다. 또한, 기존의 신뢰성 분석 기법에서는 하중저항계수를 결정할 때, 저항의 최소값을 0으로 가정하는 일반적인 대수정규분포를 이용하기 때문에, 이로부터 산정한 파괴확률은 비현실적이라고 알려져 있다. 따라서, 이를 개선하기 위하여 저항계수를 산정할 때 저항의 하한값이 0이 아닌, 현실적으로 의미가 있는 하한지지력을 이용하는 방법이 최근에 고안되었다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 국내에서 수행된 현장타설말뚝 13본에 대한 재하시험자료를 면밀히 분석하여 저항계수를 산정한 다음, 현실성 있는 하한지지력을 산정하여 저항계수 값을 보정하였다. 그 결과, 목표신뢰도지수가 3.0일때, 기존의 신뢰성 분석 기법으로부터 산정된 주면저항계수와 선단저항계수는 각각 0.13-0.32, 0.19-0.29 이었으며, 하한지지력을 보정하여 구한 주면저항계수와 선단저항계수는 Carter & Kulhawy 공식의 경우 각각 8%와 13% 증가하였다. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is one of the limit state design methods, and has been used worldwide, especially in North America. Also, the study for LRFD has been actively conducted in Korea. However, the data for LRFD in Korea were not sufficient, so resistance factors suggested by AASTTO have been used for the design in Korea. But the resistance factors suggested by AASHTO represent the characteristics of bedrocks defined in the US, therefore, it is necessary to determine the resistance factors for designs in Korea, which can reflect the characteristics of bedrocks in Korea. Also, the calculated probabilities of failure from conventional reliability analyses which commonly uselog-normal distribution are not realistic because of the lower tail that can be extended to zero. Therefore, it is necessary to calibrate the resistance factors considering the lower-bound resistance. Thus, this study calculates the resistance factors using thirteen sets of drilled shaft load test results, and then calibrates the resistance factors considering the lower-bound resistance corresponding to a target reliability index of 3.0. As a result, resistance factors from conventional reliability analyses were determined in the range of 0.13-0.32 for the shaft resistance, and 0.19-0.29 for the base resistance, respectively. Also, the lower bounds of resistance were determined based on the Hoek-Brown failure criteria (2002) and GSI downgrading. Considering the lower-bound resistances, resistance factors increased by 0~8% for the shaft, and 0~13% for the base, respectively.

특집 : 북한 주민의 ``일상의 저항``: 저항 유형과 체제와의 상호작용

조정아 ( Jeong Ah Cho ) 동국대학교 북한학연구소(구 동국대학교 안보연구소) 2011 북한학연구 Vol.7 No.1

이 글에서는 북한 주민들의 일상적 행위양식의 특성을 ``일상의 저항``이라는 관점에서 살펴보고, 주민들의 저항과 이에 영향을 미치는 제도적·구조적 조건과의 상호작용에 관해 탐구하였다. 최근 북한 사회에서는 일상적 불평불만 표출, 생존전략으로서의 일탈 및 위법행위, 회피적 저항과 같은 세 가지 유형의 일상의 저항이 나타나고 있다. 북한 사회에서 집단적이고 공개적인 저항보다 일상의 저항이 주를 이루고 있는 것은 강력한 통제·억압 기구가 발달해 있으며, 이데 올로 기적 통제기구, 각종 의례와 문화적 상징 등이 주민들의 의식을 형성, 재생산하고 있기 때문이다. 일상의 저항은 생존전략 차원의 저항인 동시에 변형된 체제순응 행위이기도 하다는 이중성을 지닌다. 저항의 목적은 국가 체제 또는 지배관계 자체의 변화라 기보다는 일상적 요소의 개선, 일상생활의 유지, 생존과 같은 것이다. 또한 생산과 재생산의 영역에서, 행위와 사회적 관계와 의식의 차원에서, 지배와 일상의 저항은 편재해 있고 동시적으로 작동한다. 이와 같은 특성으로 인해 일상의 저항이 체제에 미치는 영향은 복합적이다. 일상의 저항은 단기적, 국지적으로는 사회의 불안정을 증가시키는 요소이지만, 장기적, 총체적으로는 체제를 안정시키는 작용을 할 수도 있고, 이와 달리 특정한 역사적 계기를 만나 적극적인 집단적 저항으로 진화할 수 있는 가능성도 내포하고 있다. This paper reviews the features of North Korean`s daily patterns of behavior from the standpoint of ``everyday resistance`` and investigates the interaction between resistance and institutional and structural conditions which influence it. Recently throughout North Korean society, three major forms of resistance have begun to loom large: the routine expression of complaints, the adoption of deviant or illegal acts as survival strategies, and the practice of evasive resistance. The reason why this everyday resistance is more prevalent in North Korean society today as opposed to any sort of collective, open resistance is because North Korea has developed powerful structures of repression and control and because its ideologically controlled organizations, rituals, and cultural symbols have built up and reconstructed the peoples` consciousness. Everyday resistance has a dual character in the sense that it is both a survival strategy and a modified form of system adaptation. Instead of demanding changes per se to the ruling system, the objective of resistance is to improve everyday conditions, to support daily life, and to survive. In the areas of production and reproduction, and in terms of behavior, social relationships, and consciousness, forms of resistance against the ruling power and the daily routine are omnipresent and work together simultaneously. Thus, due to these characteristics, acts of everyday resistance affect the North Korean system in complex ways. While everyday resistance can be a factor in increasing social instability in short-term at the local level, it can also act to stabilize the system overall on a more long-term basis. On the other hand, it is possible that everyday resistance may encounter certain historical events that cause it to develop into a more aggressive, collective form of resistance.

Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli from different pig production systems

Mitchaothai Jamlong,Srikijkasemwat Kanokrat 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.1

Objective: The objective of the current study was to investigate the influences of conventional (CO) and deep litter (DE) systems on antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli (E. coli). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to detect antimicrobial resistance to E. coli in swine fecal samples in CO and DE systems located in western and northeastern Thailand. Individual rectal swab samples were taken only from healthy pigs. A total of 215 individual and healthy pigs were randomly selected for isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test of E. coli by the disc diffusion method. The test panel included amoxicillin (AMX), colistin, doxycycline (DOX), enrofloxacin, gentamicin (GEN), kanamycin, neomycin (NEO), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT). Results: There were significant (p<0.05) lower resistance levels for GEN, NEO, and SXT in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. There was a lower number of antimicrobial resistance agents (p<0.001) in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. This result was consistent with those in western (p<0.01) and northeastern (p<0.01) Thailand. Overall, antibiograms of AMX-SXT and AMX-DOX-SXT were found in the CO (19.09% and 20.91%, respectively) and the DE (16.19% and 24.76%, respectively) farms. No antimicrobial resistance (5.71%) was found and AMX (13.33%) resistant pigs in the DE farms, whereas the pattern of AMX-GEN-SXT (6.36%) and AMX-DOX-GEN-SXT (11.82%) resistant pigs was found in the CO farms. Conclusion: The DE system for pig farming was superior to conventional pig farming by lowering the resistance level of fecal E. coli to GEN, NEO, and SXT, with decreasing the number of antimicrobial resistance agents and inducing a small proportion of pigs to be free from antimicrobial resistance. Objective: The objective of the current study was to investigate the influences of conventional (CO) and deep litter (DE) systems on antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli (E. coli).Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to detect antimicrobial resistance to E. coli in swine fecal samples in CO and DE systems located in western and northeastern Thailand. Individual rectal swab samples were taken only from healthy pigs. A total of 215 individual and healthy pigs were randomly selected for isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test of E. coli by the disc diffusion method. The test panel included amoxicillin (AMX), colistin, doxycycline (DOX), enrofloxacin, gentamicin (GEN), kanamycin, neomycin (NEO), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT).Results: There were significant (p<0.05) lower resistance levels for GEN, NEO, and SXT in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. There was a lower number of antimicrobial resistance agents (p<0.001) in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. This result was consistent with those in western (p<0.01) and northeastern (p<0.01) Thailand. Overall, antibiograms of AMX-SXT and AMX-DOX-SXT were found in the CO (19.09% and 20.91%, respectively) and the DE (16.19% and 24.76%, respectively) farms. No antimicrobial resistance (5.71%) was found and AMX (13.33%) resistant pigs in the DE farms, whereas the pattern of AMX-GEN-SXT (6.36%) and AMX-DOX-GEN-SXT (11.82%) resistant pigs was found in the CO farms.Conclusion: The DE system for pig farming was superior to conventional pig farming by lowering the resistance level of fecal E. coli to GEN, NEO, and SXT, with decreasing the number of antimicrobial resistance agents and inducing a small proportion of pigs to be free from antimicrobial resistance.

Yersinia pestis antibiotic resistance: a systematic review

Chen Lei,Suresh Kumar 질병관리본부 2022 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.13 No.1

Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague and a potential biological weapon, has always been a threatening pathogen. Some strains of Y. pestis have varying degrees of antibiotic resistance. Thus, this systematic review was conducted to alert clinicians to this pathogen’s potential antimicrobial resistance. A review of the literature was conducted for experimental reports and systematic reviews on the topics of plague, Y. pestis, and antibiotic resistance. From 1995 to 2021, 7 Y. pestis isolates with 4 antibiotic resistance mechanisms were reported. In Y. pestis 17/95, 16/95, and 2180H, resistance was mediated by transferable plasmids. Each plasmid contained resistance genes encoded within specific transposons. Strain 17/95 presented multiple drug resistance, since plasmid 1202 contained 10 resistance determinants. Strains 16/95 and 2180H showed single antibiotic resistance because both additional plasmids in these strains carried only 1 antimicrobial determinant. Strains 12/87, S19960127, 56/13, and 59/13 exhibited streptomycin resistance due to an rpsl gene mutation, a novel mechanism that was discovered recently. Y. pestis can acquire antibiotic resistance in nature not only via conjugative transfer of antimicrobial-resistant plasmids from other bacteria, but also by gene point mutations. Global surveillance should be strengthened to identify antibiotic-resistant Y. pestis strains by whole-genome sequencing and drug susceptibility testing.

Bacteroides 균종의 항균제 내성양상과 접합방법에 의한 내성 전달성

정윤섭,이경원,정석훈,원동일,권오헌,어영,장인호,윤갑준 대한감염학회 1995 감염 Vol.27 No.2

목적: Bacteroides fragilis group(BFG)세균은 혐기성 세균 감염증의 가장 중요한 원인균인데, 이들 세균 중에는 여러가지 β-lactam 항균제와 clindamycin에 대한 내성균주가 보고되고 있어서, 최근 분리된 BFG 세균의 항균제에 대한 감수성 양상을 조사하고, 그 내성율이 현저히 상승한 clindamycin 내성이 접합에 의해 전달되는 지를 규명하고자 하였다. 방법:1992-1993년에 분리된 BFG 세균의 여러가지 항균제에 대한 감수성을 한천희석법으로 , plasmid 분석은 alkaline lysis와 전기영동으로 하였고, clindamycin 내성의 전달성은 filter paper mating법으로 시험하였다. 결과: 우리나라에서 분리된 BFG 세균중에는 imipenem, chloramphenicol 및 metronidazole에 내성인 균주는 없었지만, 제 3세대 cephalosporin 제제나 clindamycin 내성인 균주의 비율은 외국에 비하여 현저히 높았다. Clindamycin 내성균주로 부터의 내성은 비교적 흔히 전달되었으며(24%), plasmid가 관찰되지 않았던 균주로 부터도 내성이 전달되었다. 결론: 이 연구결과로 미루어 볼 때 우리나라에서 분리된 BFG 세균의 항균제 내성율은 다른 나라 분리주에 비하여 높았고, 계속 상승하고 있으며, plasmid가 없는 균주로 부터도 clindamycin 내성이 접합시험에 의해서 전달됨은 염색체에 있는 유전자가 전달되기 때문일 것이라는 결론을 얻었다. Background: Bacteroides fragilis group(BFG) organisms are very important pathogens in anaerobic infections, and the resistance to several β-lactam agents and clindamycin has increased in these organisms. This study was to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of BFG organisms and the transferability of clindamycin resistance. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of BFG organisms, isolated from 1992 to 1993, was performed by agar dilution, plasmid analysis by and alkaline lysis and agar gel electrophoresis, and resistance transferability testing of clindamycin resistant strains by a filter paper mating method. Results: None of the isolates found to be resistant to imipenem, chloramphenicol or metronidazole among the BFG organisms isolated from Korean patients, however, the resistance rates to the third-generation cephalosporins and clindamycin were higher than those in other countries. Resistance transfer from clindamycin-resistant isolates was relatively common(24%), and the resistance was also transferred from a strain without plasmids. Conclusion: The resistance rates of BFG organisms in Korea are higher than those in other countries and have risen. We conclude that the clinamycin resistance element may be located in the chromosome, since clindamycin resistance is transferred by the conjugation procedure from the strain without plasmids.