Distribution and social determinants of overweight and obesity: a cross-sectional study of non-pregnant adult women from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (2015-2016)

Leonard Mndala,Abhay Kudale 한국역학회 2019 Epidemiology and Health Vol.41 No.-

OBJECTIVES: Hitherto regarded as a public health issue of well-heeled nations, overweight and obesity have emerged as a problem of concern in developing nations. Although social and demographic factors are equally important as proximal lifestyle factors affecting health, their role is neither well researched nor well understood. We conducted a novel study to determine the distribution, prevalence, and social and demographic determinants of overweight/obesity in Malawi. METHODS: A population-based, quantitative cross-sectional study using data from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (2015-2016) was conducted among non-pregnant women aged 18-49 years. A total of 6,443 women were included in the analysis. Overweight/obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m2, was the main outcome variable. The analysis was done in SPSS version 20.0; after calculating descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate associations and determine odds. RESULTS: In total, 16.8% and 6.3% of women were overweight and obese, respectively (p<0.001). Overweight and obesity were more prevalent in urban than in rural areas. The BMI distribution among women varied across different background characteristics. Women from the Ngoni ethnicity were more likely to be overweight/obese than others (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 to 2.08). Socioeconomic status (SES) and the age of the respondent were highly significant determinants that were strongly associated with being overweight/obese. The richest women were 3 times more likely to be overweight/obese than the poorest (aOR, 3.30; 95% CI, 2.46 to 4.43). CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity were highly prevalent and significantly associated with increasing SES, age, and being from the Ngoni ethnicity. Holistic interventions should also focus on improving social determinants in order to entirely curb the epidemic.

성인 발레프로그램 참여가 과체중 여성들의 혈액성분, 렙틴 및 그렐린에 미치는 영향

정정은(Jung-Eun Jung),조완주(Wan-ju Cho),임성준(Seong-jun Lim) 한국발육발달학회 2019 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.27 No.4

The purpose of this study was to study the effects of blood components, leptin and ghrelin on overweight adult women using the adult ballet program for 8 weeks. The subjects of this study were 20 overweight adult women who were assigned to 10 exercise groups and 10 control groups. The exercise group held 80 minutes of ballet programs three times a week for eight weeks, and the control group maintained their usual lives. Blood components, leptin and ghrelin were measured before and after. The results are as follows. First, after the application of the adult ballet program, body weight changes in body composition of overweight adult women showed a positive effect. Second, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were decreased in overweight adult women after applying adult ballet program. Third, after the application of the adult ballet program, changes in leptin and ghrelin in overweight adult women showed a positive effect on appetite-regulating hormones by decreasing leptin concentration and increasing ghrelin concentration. Taken together, the 8-week adult ballet program is an effective exercise program for improving blood composition and appetite control hormones in overweight adult women. It is considered that there is a need to actively use the adult ballet program in the field by helping to prevent and improve the quality of life. In future studies, various ages and subjects should be recruited to study the effects of ballet exercise and improve health.

Anthropometric Data, Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources in Overweight and Obese Korean Adult Women

Kim, Soon-Hee,Son, Sook-Mee The Korean Society of Community Nutrition 2002 Journal of community nutrition Vol.4 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary intake, anthropometric data, and association between two factors and main food sources contributing macronutrients for overweight and obese females. Subjects were 85 adult females (overweight : 28, obese 57) where mean age was 38.7y. The results are summarized as follows. Mean fat percent, BMI, obesity rate were 29.3, 23.9 and 15.1%, respectively for overweight women and 32.7, 28.3, 36.4%, respectively for obese women. There were significant differences for most of the anthropometric data between groups. Fat percent for all subjects was significantly correlated with weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, mid arm circumference or skinfold thickness for the triceps, subscapular and suprailiac (p < 0.001). The parameter which showed the highest correlation coefficient (r=0.6156) with fat Percentage was the waist to hip ratio. Any significant differences were not found in dietary intake of nutrients or in diet composition between groups. The mean energy intake was 2090.1kcal (104% of RDA) for overweight women and 2113.0kcal (106% of RDA) for obese women. PFC ratio for overweight was 17 : 24 : 59 and 18 : 23 : 58 for obese subjects, which can be regarded as higher fat and lower carbohydrate percentages compared to recommended PFC ratio (15 20 65) .4) Fat intake was positively correlated (r : 0.2301, p < 0.05) with the triceps skinfold thickness, protein intake was also positively correlated with waist circumference (r=0.2668, p < 0.05) or fat weight(r: 0.2406, p < 0.05) .5) The main food items that contributed to energy intake for overweight or obese subjects were similar (rice, pork, bread, grapes, barley) except com oil in overweight or instant noodle for obese group. The subjects in this study were taking less energy from rice and more energy from pork and bread than women from 98 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Because there were no significant differences of dietary data between overweight and obese group, further investigation considering basal metabolic rate or activity would be needed.

Factors affecting unmet healthcare needs of low-income overweight and obese women in Korea: analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017

( Ju-hee Nho ),( Sook Kyoung Park ) 한국여성건강간호학회 (구 여성건강간호학회) 2021 여성건강간호학회지 Vol.27 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore unmet healthcare needs among low-income overweight and obese women and to identify the factors affecting unmet healthcare needs. Methods: The study was a secondary analysis of data from the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A final sample of 388 out of 8,127 participants was analyzed using complex descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, the independent t-test, and logistic regression. Results: The mean age of the participants was 66.51±1.05 years. Unmet healthcare needs were experienced by 19.4% of low-income overweight and obese women. Women with depression, stress, and poor self-reported health status were significantly more likely than their counterparts to experience unmet healthcare needs. Poor self-reported health status was confirmed to be related to unmet health needs in low-income overweight and obese women (odds ratio, 2.65; p=.011). Conclusion: The study provides the novel insight that the unmet healthcare needs of low-income overweight and obese women were influenced by self-reported health status. Healthcare providers should make efforts to develop strategies to reduce unmet healthcare needs among low-income overweight and obese women, who constitute a vulnerable population.

A systematic review of studies for physical activity recommendations in overweight or obese middle-aged Korean women: muscle strengthening physical activity and combined physical activity

Mi-Ra Lee 한국체육학회 2010 International journal of human movement science Vol.4 No.1

There is a high incidence of overweight or obesity in middle-aged Korean women. In addition, the potential health benefits related to muscle strengthening physical activity (MSPA) in the management of overweight or obesity have been reported. As such, there has been a growing number of studies to investigate the effects of MSPA alone or MSPA combined with aerobic PA (APA) i.e. combined PA (CPA) in overweight or obese middle-aged Korean women. Information about the effectiveness of these types of PA and the amounts required to attain substantial target health benefits will be valuable as this information helps provide more effective and feasible PA recommendations by providing a better and/or alternative forms of PA with the minimum PA amount. As such, the author analyzed the results of MSPA and CPA training programs applied to overweight or obese middle-aged Korean women. Though the muscle mass increasing effect was supported only in a small number of studies, significant target health benefits including the effects related to obesity related indices, cardiorespiratory fitness, and some other cardiometabolic risk related parameters were supported in the majority of studies. Therefore, it is implied that not alone APA but also MSPA and CPA could be provided as effective forms of PA. However, with a limited number of studies, especially with little randomized controlled trials, further research is required to generalize the findings. In addition, further research with various amounts of PA is required to gain a greater understanding of the minimum MSPA & CPA amounts for target health benefits.

연구논문 : Plus-size 성인여성의 의복패턴 설계를 위한 상반신 체형 연구

윤지원 ( Ji Won Yoon ),윤혜준 ( Hye Jun Yoon ),안재상 ( Jae Sang An ) 한국의류산업학회 2013 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.15 No.1

The percentage of overweight people has increased in older people due to the change of body shape (including pregnancy and giving birth for women). Obesity is accompanied by body shape changes; subsequently, there are more pattern design considerations compared to standard body shapes. This paper classifies the upper body shape of overweight women in Korea, analyzes features by body shape and proposes basic pattern design data that reflects the features of plus- size women body shapes. The data on 540 subjects in the overweight group (from 20 to 69 years old)whose BMI was over 25 was selected. The following features by shape were identified in accordance with the upper body shape classification of overweight women. Body Shape had lower body obesity with long stature and arms in proportion to the trunk length and represented 22.2% of the subjects. Body Shape2 had most parts near average sizes for overweight body shapes with short height and arms that represented 37.6% of the subjects (the highest ratio). Body Shape S was the smallest body shape in the four groups with the most distinct body figure and represented 30.7% of the subjects. Body Shape4 (9.4% of the subjects)was the upper body obesity type (the fattest group)and with of the waist bigger abdominal obesity type.

드러밍 운동이 과체중 여성의 자율신경계에 미치는 영향

권정인,이재훈,조준용,오유성 한국응용과학기술학회 2024 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.41 No.2

이 연구는 성인 여성을 대상으로 체질량지수와 드러밍 운동이 자율신경계에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 30-50대의 성인 여성10명을 체질량지수가 정상인 집단(Low BMI, LBMI <23kg/m2)과 과체중 이상인 집단(High BMI, HBMI>23kg/m2)으로 나누어 드러밍 운동을 실시하였다. 드러밍 운동은 1회 50분, 주 3회, 8주간 실시하였으며, 운동 전후 신체조성과 심박변이도를 측정하였다. 심박변이도는 선형분석인 시간 영역 분석과 주파수 영역 분석을 통해 SDNN(Standard Deviation of NN interval), RMSSD(Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences), HF(High Frequency), LF(Low Frequency), TP(Total Power)를 측정하였다. 비선형분석인 푸앵카레 플롯(Poincaré plot)을 통해SD1(Standard Deviation of the distance of each point from the y = x axis), SD2(Standard Deviation of each point from the y = x + average R–R interval), SD2/SD1을 측정하였다. 자율신경계 지수로 부교감신경계지수(Parasympathetic Nervous System Index; PNS Index)와 교감신경계지수(Sympathetic Nervous System; SNS Index)를 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 운동 전 심박변이도에서 HBMI 집단과 LBMI 집단 간에는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나, 8주간의 드러밍 운동 후에는 HBMI 집단이 LBMI 집단에 비해 체중(p=0.034), 체질량지수(p=0.044), 체지방량(p=0.032), 허리둘레(p=0.013)에서 유의한 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 심박변이도에서 HBMI 집단은 LBMI 집단에 비해 선형 분석에서 RMSSD (p=0.018)와 TP(p=0.033), 비선형분석에서는 SD1(p=0.018), 자율신경계지수에서는 PNS Index(p=0.040) 가 유의하게 증가하였다. RMSSD, SD1 및 PNS Index는 부교감신경계의 활동을 나타내는 지표이다. 결론적으로 8주간의 드러밍 운동이 과체중 이상 여성의 자율신경계 중 부교감신경계의 개선에 긍정적인 효과를미치는 것으로 확인되었다. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of body mass index (BMI) and drumming exercise on autonomic nervous system function in adult women. Ten adult women (aged 30-50) were divided into two groups based on their BMI: a normal BMI group (Low BMI, LBMI < 23 kg/m2) and an overweight BMI group (High BMI, HBMI > 23 kg/m2). Both groups participated in a drumming exercise program, consisting of 50-minute sessions, three times a week, for a duration of 8 weeks. Body composition and heart rate variability were assessed before and after the 8-week exercise period. Heart rate variability was evaluated using linear analysis in the time domain and frequency domain. Additionally, non-linear analysis was conducted using a Poincaré plot. The autonomic nervous system index was determined by measuring parasympathetic nervous system index and sympathetic nervous system index. Following the 8-week intervention, the HBMI group exhibited a significant decrease in weight (p=0.034), BMI (p=0.044), body fat mass (p=0.032), and waist circumference (p=0.013) compared to the LBMI group. Furthermore, the HBMI group demonstrated significant increases in RMSSD (p=0.018) and TP (p=0.033) in linear analysis, as well as SD1 (p=0.018) in non-linear analysis and PNS Index (p=0.040) compared to the LBMI group. RMSSD, SD1, and PNS Index serve as indicators of parasympathetic nervous system activity in linear and non-linear analyses, respectively. These findings indicate that drumming exercise significantly enhances autonomic nervous system function in overweight women.

체중조절프로그램이 과체중여성의 체중, 혈액지질조성 및 식행동에 미치는 영향

강금지,최성숙,한혜경 덕성여자대학교 자연과학연구소 2009 자연과학 논문집 Vol.15 No.-

This study was performed to investigate the effect of a weight control program that included nutritional education and exercise, on body weight, blood lipid profile, food habits and behaviors among overweight women. Twenty-three overweight women participated in the weight control program for 12 weeks. The body weight, body composition, blood lipid levels and food behaviors were analyzed before and after implementation of the weight control program. The body weight was significantly changed from 63.7±7.2 kg to 62.1±6.8 kg (p<0.001). The body mass index (BMI) was significantly decreased from 26.2±3.0 kg/㎡ to 25.4±2.6 kg/㎡(p<0.001). The waist circumference was significantly decreased from 84.6±6.9 cm to 75.1±5.5 cm(p<0.001).There was no change in body fat. The total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride level and blood pressure profiles were not changed before and after implementing the program. With regards to food habits, after education, subjects showed a lower tendency to skip meals and an increased tendency to eat breakfast. Before implementing the nutritional education, the most frequently eaten meal was dinner, but this frequency decreased after education, thereby decreasing the amounts of meals taken. The food behaviors were therefore significantly altered. There was an increased frequency of fruit and fruit juice-intake (P<0.001), and regular meal times (p<0.05). There was also a reduced frequency of fried and saute´ed fatty food-intake (P<0.001), fattened meats, salt intake (P<0.001) as well as ice-cream and carbonated drink-intake (p<0.05). Thus the weight control program showed beneficial effects on the body weight and the food behavior of the individuals that participated.

Self-portrait of Obese and Overweight Korean Women based on Lifetime Phase

신나미,박은영,최지원,박영주,정선영 한국성인간호학회 2016 성인간호학회지 Vol.28 No.6

Purpose: This study investigated Korean women in between age 30 to 60 who were obese or overweight in orderto explore their self-perception based on lifetime phase. Methods: Focus group interviews were performed fourtimes with six to eight participants in each group (a total of 27). Data were analyzed using inductive thematicanalysis. Results: The data analysis from the interviews revealed recurring common themes: heavy heart, heavybody, resigned acceptance of their own condition, and compromise. The study also found that each age grouphad different concerns: concerning others' gaze on their obese appearances (30s), realizing their aging obeseappearances (40s), recognizing red flags of their health with obesity (50s), and becoming ambivalent about theirobese appearances (60s). Overall, their perceptions of being overweight were negative and stressful. Womenin their 30s and 40s were more interested in their appearances, and thus were more obsessive about weight gain. In contrast, women in their 50s and 60s were more accepting of their physical appearances, and thus were moreconcerned about living healthy than losing weight. Conclusion: These results may be useful to consider when developingtailored weight-control programs for obese and overweight Korean women. Additionally, strategic approachesfor successful and effective programs targeting healthy weight should be based on better understandingabout women’s self-perceptions and motivations.

알쏭이모자반 (Sargassum confusum) 주정추출물이 성인여성 체지방 감소에 미치는 영향

민기성,한대석,권상오,김복남,이선영 한국영양학회 2014 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.47 No.1

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of Sargassum confusum extracts on the reduction of body fat for eight weeks in overweight women (BMI ≧ 23 kg/m2). Methods: Subjects were classified by double-blind randomized trial as the control group (C group, n = 14) and the Sargassum confusum extract supplementation group (SC group, n = 16), which consumed 12 tablets per day. Questionnaires related to their health status were assessed twice (week 0 and week 8). Their dietary intake status was evaluated by 24-recall method and body compositions were mea-sured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. In addition, we assessed the anti-obesity effect and the occurrence possibility of health risk factors during the supplementation periods by hematological and clinical analysis of blood. Results: Waist circumference and body fat (%) were significantly decreased in the SC group. Serum leptin level was also significantly decreased in the SC group. Defecation frequency was significantly increased in the SC group. The above results indicate that Sargassum confusum extract supplementation improves overweight on visceral fat and blood leptin level by increasing bowel movement. These results imply a decrease of health risk factors in overweight women. Seven subjects withdrew from the study due to adverse events; however, no differences regarding adverse events were ob-served between the control and treatment group. Conclusion: Therefore, Sargassum confusum extract is a plausible ef-fective agent for body fat reduction in humans. 해조류인 알쏭이 모자반 추출물의 섭취로 인한 체지방 감소효능을 평가하고자 이중맹검법을 사용하여 BMI 23 이상의과체중 혹은 비만 성인 여성에게 8주간 알쏭이 모자반 추출물을 섭취하게 한 후 체격지수, 혈액 분석, 식사섭취상황 등을조사하였다. 최종 대조군은 14명, 실험군은 16명이었으며 1일3회 각 4개의 캡슐을 섭취시켰다. 인체시험 결과 시험전후 비교시 대조군에 비하여 시험군의 체지방률과 체지방량, 허리둘레가 지속적으로 유의하게 감소하였으며 혈청 트리글리세롤과 렙틴농도가 더욱 유의하게 감소하였고 변배설량은 유의하게 증가하여 지방 배설효과를 기대할 수 있었다. 시험기간 동안 7명의 피험자가 심각하지 않은 부작용으로 시험에서 탈락하였으나 건강상 불편함을 호소하는 피험자 수의 두 군간의차이는 보이지 않았다. 따라서 알쏭이 모자반 추출물은 8주간 섭취 시 심각한 부작용을 유발하지 않으면서 피험자의 허리둘레, 체지방율과 함께 혈청 렘틴 수치를 유의하게 감소시킬 수 있고 배변횟수를 유의하게 증가시켜 특히 복부비만을해소할 수 있는 비교적 안전한 기능성 소재로 기대되므로 작용기전을 설명할 수 있는 심층 연구가 필요로 된다.