Ethnic Cleansing as a Distinct Crime under International Law: Assessing the Case of Forcible Transfer of Ethnic Koreans in the Former USSR(1937)

김서준(Alexander Kim) 국제법평론회 2022 국제법평론 Vol.- No.63

The forcible transfer of ethnic Koreans in 1937 marked the first precedent of the policy of wholesale eviction and displacement of populations as an instrument of ethnic cleansing in the USSR and became a pattern during and after World War II, when different ethnic minorities amounting to around 6 million people have been uprooted from their homes, with 1 to 1.5 million estimated to have perished as a result of forced internal displacement. The present research considers the forced internal displacement of the ethnic Korean population in the USSR to be an act of ethnic cleansing, which is a mass atrocity crime and a blatant human rights violation. Inability to bring the perpetrators to justice for forced displacement of the entire civilian population of ethnic Koreans in the USSR, which has caused the physical extermination of several thousand people and the destruction of their socio-economic infrastructures and culture, will remain in history as the most serious form of impunity and the most flagrant violation of the fundamental right of victims to justice. The state cannot be held accountable for this wrongful act since the Soviet Union, as a subject of international and geopolitical reality, no longer exists and ethnic cleansing has not yet been recognized as an independent crime under international law. International law sets out the human rights and each State and other authorities have a prime responsibility and duty to protect, promote and implement all these rights and fundamental freedoms, and it is essential to carry out protection activities at the national and international level. While the prohibition of forced displacement itself has been a well-established feature of international criminal law since the Nuremberg trials following the Second World War, ethnic cleansing has not yet been written and signed in any UN treaty, which means Member States do not have to protect those who have fallen victim, since ethnic cleansing is still not a criminal charge in international law. But in 2005, a UN World Summit included ethnic cleansing along with genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity as four things from which each individual State has a duty to protect their populations. Despite the fact that forcible transfer and other practices involving the coerced, arbitrary or involuntary displacement of the civilian population from their homes, lands, and communities constitute a specific phenomenon, there is no single legal principle in international law that can be applied to all kinds of population transfers. In some circumstances, deportation or internal displacement as well as other forms of involuntary population transfers may amount to a crime against humanity, a crime of genocide or a war crime, depending on the factual elements of the case and the specific requirements of a certain crime. This study accordingly reviews population transfers as the constitutive element of such crimes as genocide and crimes against humanity, and transposes this comparative analysis into the context of ethnic cleansing. Every state has the responsibility to protect its population from four mass atrocity crimes: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity (that have not yet been codified in a separate treaty of international law), and ethnic cleansing (that has not been recognized as an independent crime under international law). The term ‘ethnic cleansing’ itself has been acknowledged in judgments and indictments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, although it did not constitute one of the counts for prosecution. One aspect of the criticism of the terms ‘ethnic cleansing’ focuses primarily on the fact that many state governments use this term even when an incident can be classified as genocide in order not to use state resources or taking action against the perpetrating State.

계면활성제형 세안제와 용제형 세안제 사용에 따른 피부 상태의 변화

김인옥,배현숙 한국피부과학연구원 2012 대한피부미용학회지 Vol.10 No.3

This study carried out 6 week’s research targeting 36 women in their age of 35~55 by grouping them into surfactant and solvent based cleansing group in order to suggest basic data for importance of cleansing. Difference between 2 groups shows that moisture content for front cheek is proved to indicate higher level in solvent based cleansing group from 3th week after application than surfactant based cleansing group (p<.01). Sebum level of U zone showed higher at solvent based cleansing group in 6 week after application than surfactant based cleansing group (p<.05). Sebum level of T zone showed higher at solvent based cleansing group in 6 week after application than surfactant based cleansing group (p<.01). Roughness showed lower level at solvent based cleansing group in 6 week after application than surfactant based cleansing group (p<.001). Wrinkle showed lowered level at solvent based cleansing group in 6 week after application than surfactant based cleansing group. Pigmentation showed lower level at solvent based cleansing group in 6week after application than surfactant based cleansing group (p<.001). Sebum level of T zone was reduced in 6 weeks after application surfactant based cleansing group (p<.05). Moisture content on front cheek was increased at solvent based cleansing group (p<.05) and roughness was reduced (p<.05) and wrinkle and pigmentation was also reduced (p<.01). By generalizing all mentioned above, use of solvent based cleansing is believed to result in less skin troubles and the longer solvent based cleansing is used , the longer the effectiveness lasts.

회전 브러시를 이용한 클렌징 기기의 효과

여인권 ( In Kwon Yeo ),석장미 ( Jang Mi Suk ),정상욱 ( Sang Wook Jung ),박진오 ( Jin Oh Park ),김은주 ( Eun Joo Kim ),남개원 ( Gae Won Nam ),유광호 ( Kwang Ho Yoo ),김범준 ( Beom Joon Kim ),김명남 ( Myeung Nam Kim ) 대한화장품학회 2013 대한화장품학회지 Vol.39 No.2

최근 화장품을 사용하는 인구가 증가함에 따라 세안의 중요성도 강조되고 있다. 회전 브러시를 이용한 세안은 이전부터 산업계에서 적용되어 온 방법이나, 국내 문헌상 회전 브러시를 이용한 클렌징 기기의 세정효과에 대한 연구가 보고된 바가 없는 실정이다. 본 연구는 회전 브러시를 장착한 클렌징 기기인 PBRCF1201(Amorepacific Co., Korea)에 대한 세정력과 피부상태 개선효과에 대한 실험 결과를 보고한다. 총 20명의 환자가 참여하였으며, PBRCF1201를 사용하기 전 블랙헤드, 세정력(피부 밝기), 피부 각질, 모공, 유분함유량에 대해 측정을 하였고 시험제품을 1회 사용하게 한 후 동일한 항목을 측정하였다. 평가 대상 부위는 얼굴과 전박부를 대상으로 하였다. 그 결과 클렌징 젤을 단독으로 사용할 때보다 클렌징 젤과 클렌징 기기를 사용하였을 때 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내며 더 좋은 세정력을 나타냈으며 피부 각질, 블랙헤드, 유분 함유량, 모공 개수 역시 감소하였다. 결론적으로 회전 브러시를 장착한 클렌징 기기는 피부에 손상이나 건조를 유발시키지 않는 효과적인 세안방법이라고 생각된다. Recently, the importance of cleansing is emphasized according to increasing use of cosmetics. Even though many cleansing devices with a rotating brush are commercially available, there are no reports about cleansing devices with rotating brushes in Korean literature. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of cleansing device with a rotating brush which was named PBRCF1201 (Amorepacific Co., Korea). 20 volunteers were enrolled in this study. Before and after use of PBRCF1201, we measured the number of black head, skin brightness, desquamation index, sebum, and the number of pores on the face and forearm. Cleansing by cleansing device with a rotating brush was shown to cleanse better than manual cleansing. In addition, the number of black heads, skin brightness, desquamation index, sebum and the number of pore were also improved after cleansing. Therefore, the cleansing device with a rotating brush appears to be an effective cleansing method without causing injury or dryness.

성인여드름 피부의 자외선차단제 사용 실태 및 물리적 자외선차단제의세안 방법에 따른 세정력 비교 연구

정인,안인숙,안성관 한국피부과학연구원 2013 대한피부미용학회지 Vol.11 No.5

This paper finds out about usage of sunscreen in adult-onset-acne skin types and through the experiment, I have observed the difference in washing methods depending on the mineral UV protection ingredient which is known to have pore obstructivity and sunscreen with various SPF ratings. An advance online survey was conducted to 1,063 men and women with adult-onset-acne skin and aged over 25 years. This online survey was to investigate research subjects general characteristics, sunscreen usage, facial cleansing habit, and recognition on double facial cleansing. Moreover, the amount of residue of titanium dioxide which is mineral UV protection ingredient showing white color in black bioskin plate of skin model and zinc oxide was measured by spectrophotometer through its brightness value depending on the changes of facial cleanser. According to the sunscreen usage research, among 1,036 research subjects, 855 people (82.5%) answered that they are using sunscreen products and 181 people (17.5%) answered that they do not use sunscreen products. They purchased sunscreen products based on internet research and texture and perceived that they need double facial cleansing because of their worries that UV protection ingredients may remain on skin. In regards to the facial cleanser for double facial cleansing, they preferred the combination of cleansing oil and cleansing foam the most. In the bioskin plate test, for removing mineral sunscreen SPF 15, use of cleansing oil alone and double facial cleansing methods were both appropriate but the sole use of cleansing foam was inappropriate. For removing mineral sunscreen SPF 30 and SPF 50, double facial cleansing was the only appropriate method.

수소수를 이용한 피부 개선 효과연구

최인정,강상모 한국미용학회 2019 한국미용학회지 Vol.25 No.4

This study conducted a comparative experiment with tap water and electrolyzed hydrogen water to verify whether the facial cleansing with hydrogen water affects facial skins. The experiment tested twenty four men and women, who are from twenties to forties, using tap water for twelve people in the control group and hydrogen water for twelve people in the experimental group, for four weeks. After the four-week experiment, this study could confirm that the hydrogen water facial cleansing was more effective than the tap water facial cleansing for removing skin wastes while sustaining skin moisture from the test results of skin changes thirty minutes after facial cleansing. Compared to the control group, facial skin moisture was 3.71% higher for the experimental group (p<0.05). The amounts of sebum were 51.33% lower (p<0.005) for the experimental group, pH was 8.36% lower (p<0.005) and TEWL was 2.75% lower (p<0.005), respectively. In the case of checking skin changes for two hours after facial cleansing, similar results were found. Compared to the control group, facial skin moisture was 19.48% higher for the experimental group (p<0.05). The amounts of sebum for the experiment group were 36.16% lower (p<0.005), pH was 4.27% lower (p<0.005) and TEWL was 23.82% lower (p<0.005), respectively. Thus, it was shown that the hydrogen water facial cleansing had better cleansing compared to the tap water facial cleansing.

여중고생의 색조화장 실태 및 클렌징에 대한 태도

이은주,임미현,구희연,황완균,신은경,안미자 한국피부과학연구원 2009 대한피부미용학회지 Vol.7 No.4

This research has two ultimate goals which are; 1. To indicate the importance of cleansing after make-up is being underestimated by junior and senior high school students through conducting research in their uses of color make-up and cleansing products. 2. To offer essential ground-making information(data) for beauty care culture with introduction of proper way of cleansing’s necessity. 333 of junior and senior high school students were participated in this research and it was analyzed by SPSS. The research was sectioned into 4; inclination rate/manner of applying color make-up, manner of cleansing, way of gaining information for cleansing and manner of purchasing products. The result came out that the inclination rate toward color make-up is raising steadily for all that respondents are aware of the negative aspects the color make-up has and junior and senior high school students are starting to wear make-up at more and more early ages. Respondents were also positive about the importance of cleansing and necessity of beauty care culture. And senior high school students are better understanding how bad effects the color make-up causes on skin health and how it is critical to have a right cleansing manner relatively than junior high school students. 본 연구는 여중고생의 색조화장과 클렌징제품의 사용실태 및 태도에 따른 관계연구를 통해 클렌징에 대한 중요성이 간과되고 있는 점을 통해, 올바른 클렌징 방법에 대한 미용교육의 필요성에 대한 문제제기를 하고, 미용교육에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 이를 위해 여중고생 333명을 대상으로 설문조사하였고 SPSS로 분석하였다. 내용은 색조화장에 대한 태도, 색조화장에 대한 행동, 클렌징에 대한 태도, 클렌징에 대한 정보 습득 방법 그리고 제품 구매 행위 등 총 4개 분야로 나누어 분석하였다. 그 결과 여중고생은 색조화장에 대한 관심은 매우 높아 색조화장의 시작 시기 역시 더욱 빨라지고 있으나, 색조화장이 피부에 미치는 영향에 대해선 부정적으로 인식하고 있었다. 또한 여중고생 모두 클렌징의 중요성과 교육의 필요성에 대해 긍정적으로 인식하고 있었으며 특히 여중생에 비해 여고생이 색조화장으로 인한 피부문제 및 클렌징 교육의 필요성을 더 중요하게 인식하는 것으로 나타났다.

수소수 세안이 피부에 미치는 피부 개선 효과 연구

최인정,강상모 한국미용학회 2019 한국미용학회지 Vol.25 No.5

This study conducted a comparative experiment with tap water and hydrogen water to verify whether hydrogen water, generated from electrolysis, could affect facial skins. The experiment tested twenty four men and women, who are from twenties to forties, using tap water for twelve people in the control group and hydrogen water for twelve people in the experimental group, for four weeks. From the four-week experiment checking the skin changes thirty minutes after facial cleansing, this study could confirm that facial skin pores was 27.97% lower for the experimental group (p<.01) compared to the control group. The amounts of pigmentation was 17.37% lower (p<.01) and wrinkles were 36.9% lower (p<.001), respectively. In the case of checking skin changes for two hours after facial cleansing, similar results were found except porphyrin. Thus, it was shown that facial cleansing using the hydrogen water, generated from electrolysis, had better skin improving effects compared to the tap water facial cleansing.

20대 여성의 생활습관 및 세안제 사용이 안면 피부에 미치는 영향

김수현,박지원,이도연 한국뷰티경영학회 2020 한국뷰티경영학회지 Vol.8 No.2

In this study, a study was conducted on the effects of women in their 20s' lifestyle and the use of cleansers on facial skin. Looking at facial skin conditions, dry skin was the highest at 31.5%, and cleansing oil and cleansing water were the highest. Water temperature during washing was the highest at 69.5 percent in lukewarm water. The change in cosmetics based on cleaning power, reasonable price, and seasonality was higher with excellent cleaning power and reasonable price, and other "no" with 66.3%, 82.8%, and 71.4%, respectively, while white/blackhead was higher with 83.7% and 85.7%, respectively. 79.7 percent said they were not satisfied with their skin condition among those who washed their face twice, while 51.9 percent said they were satisfied with their skin condition among those who did not. The result concluded that the majority of people who do double-washing are not satisfied with their skin condition. Also, 47.2 percent of the respondents said they would not be able to remove pores. When the above results examined the lifestyle of women in their 20s, most female college students were fully aware of the need for lifestyle management that affected skin health. However, there was a lack of awareness in the use of cleansers and washing methods. Through this study, we looked at the lifestyle and the effect of using eyewash on facial skin of women in their 20s. Through this study, we found that women are becoming more interested in double cleansing and deep cleansing. It is important for women to have the right perception to choose an effective cleanser depending on their skin type and skin condition, and we hope that various types of cleansing products will be released in the future.

u-러닝 기반의 직접교수모형에 의한 클렌징 교수학습

정인경 ( In Kyung Jung ),송태임 ( Tae Im Song ) 한국미용학회 2011 한국미용학회지 Vol.17 No.6

Direct instruction (DI) is a teaching method that is focused on systematic curriculum design and skillful implementation of a prescribed behavioral script. It is one of the most effective model for teaching academic skills and for teaching various skin care techniques, e.g., cleansing. But in this present conditions, DI has some difficulties because of the time restriction and large-scaled class. As a complement for DI, u-learning may improve the educational effect. U-learning, which is based on ubiquitous learning environment, is a more creative and more individually suited learning model that the learner can study anytime and/or anywhere. For esthetitians, it is essential that he or she get enough experiences and new techniques through field practice to provide individually suited skin care services to customers. To meet the demand of the customers, the esthetitian may acquire the latest techniques through real-time u-learning. In this study, the ulearning- based direct instruction model for the cleansing in the skin care subject is proposed.

전자적 장세척을 위한 부드러운 장표면 복원 방법 개발

김승환,김동성,Kim, Seung-Hwan,Kim, Dong-Sung 대한의용생체공학회 2011 의공학회지 Vol.32 No.3

Virtual colonoscopy is favored over conventional colonoscopy because its non-invasive procedure can avoid complications that may happen in a conventional approach and because it can cleanse colon electronically instead of uncomfortable conventional colon cleansing. Electronic Colon Cleansing(ECC) has to deal with not only removing tagged fecal material but also recovering Partial Volume Effect(PVE) due to tagging material. This paper proposes an ECC method restoring inherent natural PVE while previous approaches focused only on reducing PVE due to tagged fecal material. The proposed method reduces PVE using 3-dimensional adaptive density correction and then replaces tagged fecal material into air. Next, it generates natural PVE for the replaced air adjacent to soft tissue and finally makes smooth transition of gray values for soft tissue adjacent to the replaced air. The proposed method applied to eleven patient data, and showed promising results.