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Quantum Packet for the Next Generation Network/ISDN3
Lam, Ray Y. W.,Chan, Henry C. B.,Chen, Hui,Dillon, Tharam S.,Li, Victor O. K.,Leung, Victor C. M. The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2008 Journal of communications and networks Vol.10 No.3
This paper proposes a novel method for transporting various types of user traffic effectively over the next generation network called integrated services digital network 3 (ISDN3) (or quantum network) using quantum packets. Basically, a quantum packet comprises one or more 53-byte quanta as generated by a "quantumization" process. While connection-oriented traffic is supported by fixed-size quantum packets each with one quantum to emulate circuit switching, connectionless traffic (e.g., IP packets and active packets) is carried by variable-size quantum packets with multiple quanta to support store-and-forward switching/routing. Our aim is to provide frame-like or datagram-like services while enabling cell-based multiplexing. The quantum packet method also establishes a flexible and extensible framework that caters for future packetization needs while maintaining backward compatibility with ATM. In this paper, we discuss the design of the quantum packet method, including its format, the "quantumization" process, and support for different types of user traffic. We also present an analytical model to evaluate the consumption of network resources (or network costs) when quantum packets are employed to transfer loss-sensitive data using three different approaches: cut-through, store-and-forward and ideal. Close form mathematical expressions are obtained for some situations. In particular, in terms of network cost, we discover two interesting equivalence phenomena for the cut-through and store-and-forward approaches under certain conditions and assumptions. Furthermore, analytical and simulation results are presented to study the system behavior. Our analysis provides valuable insights into the. design of the ISDN3/quantum network.
Lam, V D,Tung, N T,Cho, M H,Park, J W,Jang, W H,Lee, Y P Institute of Physics [etc.] 2009 Journal of physics. D, applied physics Vol.42 No.11
<P>This report investigates the effect of the dielectric layer thickness on both magnetic and electric resonances of cut-wire-pair (CWP) structures in the microwave frequency regime. It was found that the resonances are sensitive to the thickness of the dielectric layer. As the thickness increases, the bandwidth of the magnetic resonance is slightly extended to a higher frequency, while the low-frequency edge of the electric-resonance band is remarkably shifted to a lower frequency. It was also found that the dependence of the magnetic resonance frequency on the dielectric layer thickness follows the trend of the closed formula based on the cavity model for the coupled metallic elements (Cai <I>et al</I> 2007 <I>Opt. Express</I> <B>15</B> 3333). In addition, we also studied the effect of the dielectric layer thickness on the left-handed behaviour of a combined structure consisting of CWP and continuous wire. The actual measurements are compared with the numerical simulation values to show a good coincidence.</P>
Quantum Packet for the Next Generation Network/ISDN3
Ray Y. W. Lam,Henry C. B,Hui Chen,Tharam S. Dillon,Victor O. K. Li,Victor C. M. Leung 한국통신학회 2008 Journal of communications and networks Vol.10 No.3
This paper proposes a novel method for transporting various types of user traffic effectively over the next generation network called integrated services digital network 3 (ISDN3) (or quantum network) using quantum packets. Basically, a quantum packet comprises one or more 53-byte quanta as generated by a “quantumization” process. While connection-oriented traffic is supported by fixed-size quantum packets each with one quantum to emulate circuit switching, connectionless traffic (e.g., IP packets and active packets) is carried by variable-size quantum packets with multiple quanta to support store-and-forward switching/routing. Our aimis to provide frame-like or datagram-like services while enabling cellbased multiplexing. The quantum packet method also establishes a flexible and extensible framework that caters for future packetization needs whilemaintaining backward compatibility with ATM. In this paper, we discuss the design of the quantum packet method, including its format, the “quantumization” process, and support for different types of user traffic. We also present an analytical model to evaluate the consumption of network resources (or network costs) when quantum packets are employed to transfer losssensitive data using three different approaches: cut-through, storeand- forward and ideal. Close form mathematical expressions are obtained for some situations. In particular, in terms of network cost, we discover two interesting equivalence phenomena for the cut-through and store-and-forward approaches under certain conditions and assumptions. Furthermore, analytical and simulation results are presented to study the system behavior. Our analysis provides valuable insights into the design of the ISDN3/quantum network.
Lee, M.,Yoon, J.,Song, H.,Lee, B.,Lam, D.T.,Yoon, J.,Baek, K.,Clevers, H.,Jeong, Y. Academic Press 2017 Developmental biology Vol.424 No.1
<P>The thalamus acts as a central integrator for processing and relaying sensory and motor information to and from the cerebral cortex, and the habenula plays pivotal roles in emotive decision making by modulating dopaminergic and serotonergic circuits. These neural compartments are derived from a common developmental progenitor domain, called prosomere 2, in the caudal forebrain. Thalamic and habenular neurons exhibit distinct molecular profile, neurochemical identity, and axonal circuitry. However, the mechanisms of how their progenitors in prosomere 2 give rise to these two populations of neurons and contribute to the forebrain circuitry remains unclear. In this study, we discovered a previously unrecognized role for Tcf7l2, a transcription factor known as the canonical Wnt nuclear effector and diabetes risk-conferring gene, in establishing neuronal identity and circuits of the caudal forebrain. Using genetic and chemical axon tracers, we showed that efferent axons of the thalamus, known as the thalamocortical axons (TCAs), failed to elongate normally and strayed from their normal course to inappropriate locations in the absence of Tcf7l2. Further experiments with thalamic explants revealed that the pathfinding defects of Tcf7l2-deficient TCAs were associated at least in part with downregulation of guidance receptors Robol and Robo2 expression. Moreover, the fasciculus retroflexus, the main habenular output tract, was missing in embryos lacking Tcf7l2. These axonal defects may result from dysregulation of Nrp2 guidance receptor. Strikingly, loss of Tcf7l2 caused a post-mitotic identity switch between thalamic and habenular neurons. Despite normal acquisition of progenitor identity in prosomere 2, Tcf7l2-deficient thalamic neurons adopted a molecular profile of a neighboring forebrain derivative, the habenula. Conversely, habenular neurons failed to maintain their normal post-mitotic neuronal identity and acquired a subset of thalamic neuronal features in the absence of Tcf7l2. Our findings suggest a unique role for Tcf7l2 in generating distinct neuronal phenotypes from homogeneous progenitor population, and provide a better understanding of the mechanism underlying neuronal specification, differentiation, and connectivity of the developing caudal forebrain.</P>
J.Y.K. Lam,J.C.M. Ho,A.K.H. Kwan 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2009 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.6 No.5
In the design of concrete columns, it is important to provide some nominal flexural ductility even for structures not subjected to earthquake attack. Currently, the nominal flexural ductility is provided by imposing empirical deemed-to-satisfy rules, which limit the minimum size and maximum spacing of the confining reinforcement. However, these existing empirical rules have the major shortcoming that the actual level of flexural ductility provided is not consistent, being generally lower at higher concrete strength or higher axial load level. Hence, for high-strength concrete columns subjected to high axial loads, these existing rules are unsafe. Herein, the combined effects of concrete strength, axial load level, confining pressure and longitudinal steel ratio on the flexural ductility are evaluated using nonlinear moment-curvature analysis. Based on the numerical results, a new design method that provides a consistent level of nominal flexural ductility by imposing an upper limit to the axial load level or a lower limit to the confining pressure is developed. Lastly, two formulas and one design chart for direct evaluation of the maximum axial load level and minimum confining pressure are produced.