Paving the Road to Systems Beyond 3G - The IST BRAIN and MIND Projects

Wisely, Dave,Mitjana, Enric The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2002 Journal of communications and networks Vol.4 No.4

Wireless LAN technology is complementary to 3G systems and could be used to provide high bandwidth hotspot coverage, for example in railway stations and offices, in order to provide the high bandwidth video and broadband services such as those emerging on DSL fixed access. The IST Projects BRAIN and MIND have investigated a number of key technical enablers for such a system beyond 3G. These include scenarios and business models, design of an all-IP access network, consideration of ad hoc network extensions, enhancing Wireless LAN efficiency and compatibility with IP and, finally, terminal middleware and signalling for rapid adaptations to network QoS changes.

쇼펜하우어의 윤리에 대한 선禪불교적 접근 -쇼펜하우어의 의지와 지눌의 불성을 중심으로

김종용(동국대학교 WISE캠퍼스 불교사회문화연구원 전임연구원) 대행선연구원 2023 한마음연구 Vol.11 No.-

지눌과 쇼펜하우어 모두 물리적, 현상적 세계는 곧 마음의 상相 또는 표상에 불과한 것이며 또한 무상한 것이니 세상은 본디 공한 것이라 해석한다. 이에 그들은 세상의 실상을 깨닫는다면 자신과 타인 그리고 만물은 본디 둘이 아님을 깨닫게 되어 이타적 행위는 자연히 실현되는 것이라 말한다. 이성적으로 어떠한 행위가 옳은지 판단하는 ‘행위’ 중심의 윤리학에서 지눌과 쇼펜하우어의 윤리는 윤리적 행위를 하는 주재자의 역량에 집중하는 ‘행위자’ 중심의 현대 ‘덕’ 윤리적 특징이 발견된다. 지눌은 본격적인 수행 이전에 자성을 온전히 이해하는 과정이 필요하다 보았고, 쇼펜하우어는 인간의 초월적인 자아를 예술을 통한 심미적 관조에서 이를 체험할 수 있다고 보았다. 하지만 두 인물 모두 이와 같은 과정은 다만 참 자아에 대한 이해 또는 발견이지 온전한 깨달음이라 보지 않았다. 이에 지눌은 후수를 말했는데, 크게 두 가지로 정혜 수행과 간화선이 그것이다. 정혜 수행은 또 크게 두 부분으로 자성정혜문과 수상정혜문을 말하고 이는 근기에 따른 수행이었고 간화선은 지해병知解病을 다스리는 방법론이었다. 쇼펜하우어는 지속 가능한 순수 인식 주관을 위해 ‘금욕’을 말한다. 그가 말하는 금욕이란 자발적 의지 부정으로 고통의 자기 승화로 고통을 자기의 것으로 체화하는 것이다. 이러한 금욕을 통한 의지의 부정은 물체의 소멸을 의미하는 것이 아니라 단지 의욕하지 않는 행위를 의미한다. 하지만 쇼펜하우어는 금욕에 대한 부분에서 고행의 3대 요건만을 말할 뿐 무위적 금욕의 단계에 도달하기 위한 방법론에 대해서는 상세히 설명하지 않는다. Both Jinul and Schopenhauer believed that the physical and phenomenological world were nothing more than creations of the mind. Because these creations are impermanent, they believed that the world has no substantial existence. Accordingly, they said that if one realizes the true reality of the world, one will realize that self and others, and all things are not inherently separate, and that altruistic acts arise naturally. Unlike deontology in which one’s actions become the ultimate basis for judgment about rightness or wrongness, Jinul and Schopenhauer are found to have characteristics of virtue ethics which focuses on the capacity of the person who behaves ethically. Jinul thought that the process of fully understanding one’s inherent true nature was required before engaging in full-fledged Buddhist practice, while Schopenhauer thought that an individual’s transcendental self could be experienced in aesthetic contemplation through art. However, both of them regarded these processes as understanding or discovering the true self, but not the equivalent of enlightenment. Regarding this, Jinul said that Buddhist practice after enlightenment could largely be divided into the practice of concentration and wisdom or the practice of Ganhwa Seon. The practice of concentration and wisdom is again largely divided into two aspects: the gate of concentration and wisdom based on true nature [自性定慧門], and the gate of concentration and wisdom based on the four subsidiary marks of arising [隨相定慧門]. Ganhwa Seon is a practice that controls the maladies of conceptual understanding. Schopenhauer speaks of “abstinen-ce” to attain sustainable pure cognitive subjectivity. In this case, “abstinence” is the negation of voluntary will where one embodies pain by self-sublimation of the pain one feels. The negation of the will through this abstinence does not mean the extinction of the object, but the act of not willing. Schopenhauer only speaks of three requirements for abstinence in the area of asceticism, but he does not explain in detail how to reach the stage of involuntary abstinence. KEYWORDS Jinul, Seon Buddhism, practice theory, Schopenhauer, “virtue”, ethics, will

Anatomical and Clinical Characteristics of Scalp Acupuncture Systems: a Scoping Review and Synthesis

Wise Svetlana,Lorenc Ava 사단법인약침학회 2023 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.16 No.5

Scalp acupuncture is a therapeutic procedure that involves inserting needles into the scalp to treat various medical conditions, including pain and neurological and psychological disorders. The inter-system variability of scalp acupuncture limits secondary analysis and evidence synthesis, delaying its inclusion into evidence-based healthcare policies and establishment as a treatment intervention recognized by Western medicine. This scoping review aimed to identify the range of scalp acupuncture systems, systematically collect and summarize information on their general, anatomical, and clinical characteristics, and build a framework for understanding scalp acupuncture systems. This review included all English-language publications on scalp acupuncture applied to treat any health condition in humans. Extensive searches were conducted across bibliographic databases, journals, trial registries, and supplementary sources. The detailed general, anatomical, and clinical application characteristics of 19 scalp acupuncture systems were extracted. Data were collected and analyzed using charting and image manipulation software. Framework synthesis was performed using the Standard International Acupuncture Nomenclature Scalp Acupuncture as an a priori framework. The review revealed that the heterogeneity related to scalp acupuncture methods can be attributed to the high variability among the theoretical bases of different systems, intersystem mismatch in anatomical locations of treatment points and areas on the scalp, and inconsistencies in the methods used for locating them. These discrepancies in anatomical and clinical features have limited the synthesis and development of a framework for scalp acupuncture. Discussion and agreement on the anatomical locations of scalp stimulation areas, identification of methods for precise positioning of acupuncture areas on the scalp, and further exploration of theoretical bases will aid in the standardization of scalp acupuncture and improve the quality of research in this area.

Effects of Injection of IL-1α on Tooth Eruption in the Rat

Wise, G.E.,Lumpkin, S.J.,Huang, H. Korean Academy of Oral Biology and the UCLA Dental 2000 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.25 No.2

It has been postulated that interleukin-1α(IL-1α) is an initiator of tooth eruption because of its ability to enhance the gene expression of CSF-1, MCP-1 and NF_κB, molecules involved in the signaling pathway leading to tooth eruption. Although IL-1α is localized in the stellate reticulum, its receptors are present in the adjacent dental follicle, the site of CSF-1, MCP-1 and NF_κB production. Thus, to directly examine the effect of IL-1α on tooth eruption, newborn rats were injected with IL-1α at a concentration of ㎍/g body weight on days 1, 3, 5, 10 and 12 postnatally. The results showed that IL-1α injections accelerated the time of eruption by almost 3 days for mandibular incisors and 2 days for maxillary incisors. such injections accelerated the eruption time for the first mandibular molar by almost 1 day. Eyelid opening time was accelerated by 2.5 days in the IL-1α injected rats but average growth was stunted by almost 0.7g/day as compared to controls. These effects of IL-1α parallel effects of EGF on incisor eruption. eyelid opening and growth. The effects EGF could be mediated through IL-1α, especially since it has been previously shown that EGF enhances both IL-1α and IL-1α receptor gene expression. Because CSF-a accelerates molar eruption but not incisor eruption, the major effect of IL-1α on enhancing incisor eruption may be through its stimulating the expression of MCP-1 and NF_κB. to that end, we demonstrate in this study that IL-1α heightens translation of NF_κB and MCP-1 in cultured dental follicle cells.

Common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume alteration in major depression and bipolar disorder: evidence from voxel-based meta-analysis

Wise, T,Radua, J,Via, E,Cardoner, N,Abe, O,Adams, T M,Amico, F,Cheng, Y,Cole, J H,de Azevedo Marques Pé,rico, C,Dickstein, D P,Farrow, T F D,Frodl, T,Wagner, G,Gotlib, I H,Gruber, O,Ham, B J,Job Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nat 2017 Molecular psychiatry Vol.22 No.10

<P>Finding robust brain substrates of mood disorders is an important target for research. The degree to which major depression (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with common and/or distinct patterns of volumetric changes is nevertheless unclear. Furthermore, the extant literature is heterogeneous with respect to the nature of these changes. We report a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies in MDD and BD. We identified studies published up to January 2015 that compared grey matter in MDD (50 data sets including 4101 individuals) and BD (36 data sets including 2407 individuals) using whole-brain VBM. We used statistical maps from the studies included where available and reported peak coordinates otherwise. Group comparisons and conjunction analyses identified regions in which the disorders showed common and distinct patterns of volumetric alteration. Both disorders were associated with lower grey-matter volume relative to healthy individuals in a number of areas. Conjunction analysis showed smaller volumes in both disorders in clusters in the dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula. Group comparisons indicated that findings of smaller grey-matter volumes relative to controls in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left hippocampus, along with cerebellar, temporal and parietal regions were more substantial in major depression. These results suggest that MDD and BD are characterised by both common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume changes. This combination of differences and similarities has the potential to inform the development of diagnostic biomarkers for these conditions.</P>

CCQM K6.2 determination of total cholesterol in human serum

Wise, Stephen A,Phinney, Karen W,Duewer, David L,Sniegoski, Lorna T,Welch, Michael J,Pabello, Guiomar,Caldero, Marco A Avila,Qinde, Liu,Kooi, Lee Tong,Rego, Eliane,Garrido, Bruno,Allegri, Gabriella,Cr BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2018 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.55 No.1

Effects of Injection of PTHrP on Tooth Eruption and Osteoprotegerin Gene Expression

Wise, G.E.,Huang, H.,Zhang, Q.,Yao, S. Korean Academy of Oral Biology and the UCLA Dental 2001 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.26 No.3

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is localized in the stellate reticulum and is necessary for tooth eruption to occur. Its receptor is localized in the dental follicle, the tissue that is require for eruption. In the first mandibular molar of the rat, a maximal influx of mononuclear cells occurs early postnatally and they fuse to form osteoclasts for formation of the eruption pathway. This osteoclast formation and activation may be the result of a decrease in osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression in the dental follicle at that time, a reduction that is induced in vitro by PTHrP. To determine in vivo the effects of PTHrP on eruption and OPG expression, newborn rats were injected with PTHrP through day 9 postnatally. The results showed that PTHrP moderately accelerated the time of mandibular incisor eruption by almost 2 days and maxillary incisor eruption by almost 1½ days. Molar eruption was not affected. Gene expression of OPG was significantly reduced in the mandibular incisors of PTHrP-injected animals at day 1 postnatally and this may explain the accelerated incisor eruption. Given the limited effect of PTHrP on eruption times, however, PTHrP may act to prevent ankylosis of the tooth during eruption, as suggested by others, rather than actively initiating eruption.

CCQM-K11.2 determination of glucose in human serum and CCQM-K12.2 determination of creatinine in human serum

Wise, Stephen A,Phinney, Karen W,Duewer, David L,Sniegoski, Lorna T,Welch, Michael J,Pritchett, Jeanita,Pabello, Guiomar,Calderon, Marco A Avila,Balderas, Miryan,Qinde, Liu,Kooi, Lee Tong,Rego, Eliane IOP Publishing 2018 Metrologia Vol.55 No.1

제2주제 : Building capacity to promote health at national and local levels

Marilyn Wise 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2005 한국보건교육·건강증진학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.- No.-

역량(capacity)이란 진술된 목표를 수행할 수 있는 능력을 의미하므로, 목표란 그 목표를 성취하기 위해서 요구되는 역량의 구체적 요소, 양, 질, 그리고 역량의 소재를 결정한다. 건강증진이란 문제를 파악하고 해결하기 위한, 그리고 조직이나 사람들이 그들의 목표를 성취하기 위한 응용과학으로 발전되어 왔다. 문제를 분석하고, 문제의 원인이나 결정요인들을 파악하고, 그리고 해결책을 제시하고 이를 실행하는데 있어 효과적인 방법론이 중요하다는 점도 또한 밝혀졌다. 그러므로 효과적인 건강증진의 토대가 되는 방법론은 건강을 증진을 위한 역량으로 정의될 수 있을 것이다. 목표는 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 평균 기대수명을 향상시키는데 요구되는 능력은 생물학적인 그리고 행동적 건강위험을 감소시키는데 필요한 능력과는 다르다. 그리고 질병의 발생을 예방하고, 또는 상해를 예방하거나 모든 사람들이 좋은 건강상태를 얻고 유지하는데 동등한 기회를 갖는 환경을 조성하는 능력도 다른 특성을 지닌다. 방콕헌장은 현 단계의 건강증진을 위하여 건강에 대한 사회적 결정요인에 대한 해결책과 더불어 건강에 도움이 되는 사회적, 경제적, 그리고 물리적 환경을 조성하여 건강 형평성을 달성하고자 하는 목표를 설정하고 있다. 지난 30년간 건강증진을 위한 역량에 대하여 많은 것들을 배울 수 있었다. 이러한 역량을 기르고 확대하는 것이 미래를 위한 도전과제가 되며, 비록 우리가 성취한 것이 많지는 않을지라도, 더 많은 것들이 필요하다는 점은 명백해졌다. 우리는 좀 더 야심 찬 목적을 가져야 하며, 이러한 목적달성을 위하려 좀 더 의욕적인 노력을 해야 할 것이다. 전문분야로서 건강증진은 다른 사람들에 의하여 발생된 문제에 대한 대책이나 반응에만 중점을 둔 이방인으로서의 역할을 해왔다. 그러나 우리가 도전해야 할 과제는 좀 더 새롭고, 더욱 야심 찬 활동계획을 설정하고 우리가 건강해지고 건강을 유지하는데 필요한 생활환경, 작업환경, 여가환경, 영적 환경을 모든 사람들에게 제공할 수 있는 가족, 지역사회, 그리고 국가가 있는 세계를 만드는 우리사회의 능력들을 신장하는 것이다. 방콕 헌장은 건강증진을 위한 새로운 일련의 목표들을 제시하고 있다. 이제 이러한 목표를 성취할 수 있도록 역량을 기르는 것은 우리의 책임이 되었다. 이는 원하는 활동수준을 달성하기 위한 역량을 조율하고 착장시키는 것을 의미할 것이다. 구체적으로 기존의 건강증진효과성에 관한 증거들을 좀 더 큰 규모의 사업으로 확대시키는 것, 공공정책을 개발하고 건강증진 상태를 평가하는 데 다양한 지역사회의 참여를 촉진시키는 능력, 언어, 인종, 성, 종교, 장애 등과 관련된 건강형평성의 문제를 파악하고 제거하는 노력, 그리고 정책결정과 인구집단의 건강과의 관련성에 대한 증거수집, 국가와 지역차원에서 사회적 의사결정 과정에의 적극적 참여, 다른 부문과의 건강증진을 위한 협력 등이 포함된다고 볼 수 있다. 본 논문은 방콕헌장을 분석함으로써 이러한 역량이란 무엇인가에 대한 본인의 의견을 제시하였다. 이러한 아이디어는 토론과 논쟁을 위하여 제시된 것이다. 명백한 것은 건강증진을 위한 역량은 전략이나 기술적인 능력 뿐 만이 아니라 정치적 능력이나 개인적인 능력도 포함된다는 점이다. 가치와 증거들이 정책이나 권력과 함께 결합되어야 하며, 정치적인 논쟁 속에서 연마되어야 한다. 우리세계의 미래는 역량에 의존하기 때문이다.

제3주제 : Malaysian Legal and Organizational Framework on Biosafety

George Wise Ajom 한국종자연구회 2017 한국종자연구회 심포지엄 Vol.2017 No.12