Konkrete Poesie und expressionistische. Kunst. (Post)Modernistische Aspekte zur Medienverflechtung

Koh, Wee-Kong 弘益大學校 人文科學硏究所 2005 人文科學 Vol.13 No.-

구체시와 표현주의 예술은 서로다른 시대의 예술장르이면서도 비교연구의 가치를 지닌다. 이는 양자가 매체융합의 표현양식 실현으로 모더니즘과 포스트모더니즘 예술형성에 지대한 영향력을 행사하였기 때문이다. 그러나 상세히 관찰해보면 양자사이에는 예술이념, 재료사용, 미학적 효능 등의 면에서 상당한 거리가 있다. 이는 무엇보다 구체성과 추상성이라는 대표개념에서 나타난다. 유사한 시기에 생성되어 발전된 두 양식수법은 „대상성으로부터의 이탈" 이라는 시학원리에서 공통되나 그 구체적 실현방법은 같지않다. 후자가 매체사용의 추상화를 통해 주관적 내면심층의 환상이나 어떤 다른 감추어진 대상성을 표현하려 한다면, 전자는 언어기호의 질료화로 스스로의 대상세계를 창출한다. 따라서 양자에서 추출되는 텍스트의미성은 동일하지않다. Kandinsky의 대표적 추상화 „구성 7(Komposition VII)" 과 Gomringer의 텍스트 „침묵(Schweigen)"을 대비해보자. 기하학적, 구성적 수법을 활용한 전자에서는 대상적 지시성이 완전히 배제되지않는다. 그 표현세계는 생성과 종말의 차원에서 „우주창조의 은유"로 해석된다. 이러한 굴절된 형상조음은 후자의 기호시각화에서는 찾아보기 어렵다. 동일단어의 반복배열과 그로인한 서정시의 도식화는 청각적 침묵의 이미지를 „도상화" 시킴으로써 새로운 지각작용에 호소한다. 여기에서의 침묵은 상징적 의미가 아니라 다원적 기능을 발휘한다. 이러한 현상은 오늘날의 다매체예술에서 발견된다. 구체시와 표현주의 넓게보아 현대예술의 모더니티를 생성, 발전시킨 두 축이다. 양자는 추상화와 구체화라는 양식혁신을 통해 „재현"과 „모방"이라는 종전의 표현법칙으로는 도달할 수 없는 새로운 표현가능성을 개진하였다. 특히 서로다른 개별매체의 통합과 교체를 통해 생산과 수용의 유희공간을 넓히고 독자와 관찰자의 지각행위를 포괄하는 매체미학의 지평을 열어주었다. 이로인해 현대예술은 „언어갱신"이라는 세기적 목표를 구현하며 신매체의 등장으로 인한 예술의 매체화작업에 대처할 통로를 마련하게된다. 개별장르 해체로 인한 이러한 예술의 보편화작업은 그러나 아방가르드와 포스트모더니즘의 전유물이 아니라 르네상스, 바로크, 그리고 낭만주의 시대에 개화한 바 있다. 나아가 모든 예술을 하나로 보는 예술생성의 원천에 닿아있다. 혼합장르나 매체교체 현상은 인류의 장구한 예술, 특히 작품발달사를 관류해온 기본적 „표현의지" 이다. 이런 점에서 상호매체성미학은 전통과 현대의 아우름에서 합당하게 파악 될 수 있다.

요대의 발해유민 연구

김위현(KIM Wee-hoyun) 고구려발해학회 2007 고구려발해연구 Vol.29 No.-

I am trying to point out the contents and errors of Some scholars of the peoples Republic of china from araund of 2000. First of all, I want to indicate the thesis framing. First, even though it was supposed to use the historical materials widely, they didn't use other Ones except their own materials. Even they sometimes did not use their own Ones either. Second, the results of predecessors should be exalted nevertheless what country they were belonged to. However they often ignored even their own ancestors' research results. Even though it is hard to collect various data, they shouldn't have given up easily. Third, considering illogical contents as the logics is absolutely discord. What are the troubles then? 1. The point of view for Dongran (東丹)'s characteristic. Whether it was country or administrative region. Dongran named theirselves as One administrative region and they also had own economical and political systems. If Dongran was One of the administrative regions, it would not be allowed to do above things. Furthermore, they are looking me negotiation with Late Tang as a diplomacy, but it is error from ignoring the existence of Late Palhae. 2. Existence of Late Palhae? It already had been proved by Japanese Watasei(和田淸) in 1916. Furthermore, Japanese Hino Kaijabro(日野開三郞)(in 1941), Korean Lee Yong-Bum(1981), Kim Wee-Hoyun(l981), and Han Gyu-Chul(l995) had reinforced it. 3. Is culture of Palhae from only T ang culture(唐文化) and contact with Han people(漢人)? Of course there are some cultures that are from contact of Tang cultures and Han people. However the root things are from Koguryo. Most residents of Palhae were from Koguryo, therefore it is really illogical that Palhae residents threw away their own cultures, the cultures of Koguryo, and accepted Tang's cultre. 4. Are Palhae and Jurchen the same race(同族)? Jurchen is the name of whole sundry races that lived around Manmong liver(滿蒙). Palhae displaced person(渤海遺民) were also called as Jurchen after Chitan Middle age. Also Wan-yen Bu(完顔部) that built chin(金) is the remaining of Silla(新羅). Therefore, Palhae and Jurchen are not the same races. 5. They presented population of Palhae as about 7~800,000. However Shin Hyung-Sik in Republic of Korea saw that it was 1,300,000, and Jang Jong-Gook in The Democratic peoples Republic of Korea calculated it 5,000,000~6,000,000. The differences are too big. They need even more accurate data providing. 6. We are disagree to the opinion that after ruins of Palhae, the Palhae people had been joined to One of 8 races of Hanjok Then, they should prove how they got new name after 700 years. Palhae people took the big role in founding Chin(金) and Chin's politics. Not only that, the existence also remains in Yan(元) country. We want to know why they had been not united during Chin(Jurchen), Yuan(Mongol), and Ching(Man-Chu) age, but the had been to only Hanjok. As you see there are so many problems that makes hard to agree. If we and they researched and investigated the exact same data that from exactly same literature, the results must be same. If not, it is considered as non-scientific and not object research. Current Chinese scholars' assertion that past four countries' history is China's history because current China territory is covering those four past countries territory is absolutely not acceptable.

백두산의 야생화

姜衛遠 慶一大學校 1999 論文集 Vol.16 No.1

백두산의 생태계는 세계적으로 보존이 잘 되어있는 대표적인 곳이며 그 곳에는 수많은 야생화들이 6월과 8월 사이에 피고 있다. 이러한 백두산의 야생화를 생태학 쪽에서 접근하지 않고 미학적으로 접근하였다. 얕은 피사계심도를 활용하여 야생화를 강조하고 주변을 소거하여 공간감이 넘치도록 표현하였고 꽃과 배경이 조화를 이루면서 생명체의 유기적인 곡선미로써 자연스럽게 표현하였다. 그리고 색 포화도가 충실하도록 표현하여 꽃이 지닌 색의 아름다움을 강조하였다. 이 작업의 결과로 한민족의 영산인 백두산에 서석하는 야생화들의 생장 환경과 그 가혹한 기상조건에서 생존하고 있는 그 강인한 생명력을 발견하였고, 그것을 우리 민족과 연관시켜 Equivalent의 개념으로 생각하고 한국적인 시각으로 표현하는 계기가 되었다. The aberage temperature at the top of Mt. Paekdusan is much lower than that of the South Pole region. And area is covered with white snow for 9 months a year and it rains or snows for about 115-210 days a year. Even in summer, strong wind always blows in the mountain side and it hails from time to time. So the plants in that area can not survive under the weather condition. But the moss and fertile soil of primitive forest in Mt. Paekdusan absorbs the water and nutrient and enables the various plants to survive and protects the seeds of wild flowers. Thick snow which covers the soil also protects the wild flowers from severe cold and strong wind. For this reason, the wild flowers in Mt. Paekdusan blossoms exclusively between June and autumn regardless of season. Therfore, tourists who visit there at this time of a year always see the full-bloomed wild flowers. Photograph is a kind of hieroglyphic character which has the function of communication. I approached the which grows in Mt, Paekdusan area from the view of Korean. And I focused the concept about the perseverance of wild flowers from the aesthetic view of Equivalent. The ecosystem in Mt. Paekdusan area is more completely preserved than any other area in the world. And the perseverance of wild flowers symbolizes the history of our nation and suggests much meaning to us.

서울 京畿地域의 退溪門人과 그 性格

황위주 慶北大學校 退溪硏究所 2003 退溪學과 韓國文化 Vol.- No.33

본고는 서울 경기지역 퇴계 문인의 실상과 그 성격을 집중적으로 규명해 보고자 하였다. 그 결과 서울 경기지역 퇴계 문인들이 그 수에 있어서는 경상북도 지역 다음으로 중요한 비중을 차지하고 있었다는 사실을 확인하였다. 그리고 이들이 대체로 퇴계 이전에 이 일대에서 강학 활동을 해 온 사림파 선배 학자들의 학맥과 깊이 연계되어 있었고, 수적 비중에 비하여 퇴계와의 학문적 친연성은 상대적으로 대단히 미약하였으며, 전체적으로 학자형 보다 관료문인적 경향성이 농후하였음을 밝혔다. 이런 특징 때문에 서울 경기지역 문인들은 퇴계가 세상을 떠난 이후 곧 이어 전개된 당파와 학파의 복잡한 분화 관계 속에서 동문으로서의 결속력과 동질성을 상실하고 점차 기호지역 우율학맥 중심의 서인 노론계의 중심 세력 혹은 그 일원으로 편입되었으며, 광해군 당시의 북인집권기를 거치면서 사실상 학통이 거의 단절되었다. 이 때문에 이후에 출현한 근기남인학파는 서울 경기지역 자체의 퇴계학맥을 계승하는 바탕 위에서 성립된 것이 아니라 영남지역 주류학맥과 다시 재접목되어 나타나는 특이한 형국을 드러내게 되었던 것이다. This is a study on the Toegye(退溪)'s students who lived in seoul-Kyungki area and that general distinguishing marks. in result, I find out some interesting facts. (1) the number of students was less than kyungpook district, but more than all the rest districts, almost occupied 20%(64person) of total students(310person). (2) they generally had an important mutual relation with academic tradition of Sadefu(士大夫) who former times of Toegye(退溪) actived in environs of seoul-kyungki area. (3) even if it were so, the scholastic compactness with Toegye(退溪) was very relaxed as compared with importance in number. and the student of bureaucratic-literary type were in generally more than the person of scholar type (4) because of like these inclination, passing by the times of king Guanghae(光海), they failed to present a united front, step by step disguised themself as central force or member of West party(西人) against East party(東人) or South party(南人). (5) for this reason, the school of Kenki South party(近畿南人) which was appeared in the times of king Sukzhong(肅宗) not placed on the academic tradition of seoul-kyungki district, but placed on the academic tradition of youngnam district which had been scholastic center of Toegye(退溪)'s school.

현대예술작품이해의 텍스트해석학적 문제 : 말(Wort)과 형상(Bild)의 관계를 중심으로 Mit besonderer Beru¨cksichtigung der

고위공 弘益大學校 東西文化硏究所 2001 東西文化硏究 Vol.9 No.-

遼史 高麗外記 考檢

金渭顯 명지대학교 한국전통문화연구소 1984 전통문화연구 Vol.- No.2

遼史屬國表考檢

金渭顯 명지대학교 1985 明大論文集 Vol.16 No.-

As a result of the study on the List of Vassal States in the Liao Shih(遼史), the following problems have emerged. Firstly, the term "vassal states" itself is thought to be unsuitabel, An important term regarding a vassal state is "tribute." The meaning of "tribute" varied from period to period. The "tribute" was used as a political and economic window through which the neighbor states of China made contacts with her. The Chinese recorded this as "tribute" so that it looked as if all the states brought a tribute to China. In the list, however, the names of small states within China are excluded but only the names of other states are put. States like Tatars(달단) and Me^ng-ku(萌맹古), which were actually no different from other small states, are listed as "formally invited states." There is no mention in the list of whether China saw these two states as ones on a parity with her. Such a state as Persia(婆斯) is mentioned in the book proper, but not in the list, Such states as Silla(新羅), Weimo(濊貊), and Mo-ho(靺鞨) had long disappeared, but are put in the list. Secondly, according to the book "China 25 Histories(二十五史)" the history books after the tenth century such as The Old Wudai Shih(舊五代史), Chin Shih(金史), Won Shih(元史), New Won Shih(新元史), Myong Shih(明史), record the so-called "barbarian states" in the classification of "foreign states," but in the Yo History two great states among them Koryo- and Hsi Hsia are dealt with as "foreign vassal states," and are put in the list of vassal states. Thirdly, states and tribes meing mixed, a state is put in both the list of vassal states and the list of tribes, which makes it difficult to identify the state. Fourthly, in Baekkwan-ji and list of northern vassal states, the names of 78 states are seen. In the list of vassal states, however, the names of 38 states are found. Though it is written that these states frequently brought tribute, the real existence of these states is dubious. Fifthly, it is often found that in the course of writing in Chinese characters the names of northern states and tribes, some according to the native sound, and some according to the Chinese translation, one state was put as two different states. Sixthly, the existence of those states whose names appear in the list of northern vassal states but are not found in the book proper and the list of vassal states is dubious. Seventhly, it is presumed that the conception of vassal states is not the one formed during the ch'i-tan period, but rather the one formed by the Mongorian at the ending period of the Won dynasty. From the seven problematic points mentioned above, it is conjectured that the Liao Shin was compiled and edited by a small number of people during a short time, just picking source materials from the previous history books and without a careful comparative examination.

學習者의 感覺樣式과 授業實行方略이 學習에 미치는 效果

陳渭敎,崔圭麟 慶北大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.49 No.-

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of instructional delivery strategies, that is , program control, learner control, audio-tutorial instruction, according to the types of sensory modality, that is, auditory versus visual modality, on learning. The specific research problems of this study were: (1) Is there any significant difference between preferred sensory modality groups? (2) Is there any significant difference betwwen CAI and A-TI groups? (3) Is there any significant interactive effects between preferred sensory modality and instructional delivery strategies? The three hypotheses tested were: (1) There is no difference between visual modality preferred group and auditory modality preferred group on academic achievement. (2) There is no difference among instructional delivery strategies on academic achievement. (3) There is no interactive effect between the types of preferred sensory modality and instructional delivery strategies. The subjects in this study were 120 juniors selected by sensory modality checklist. They were randomly assigned to one of six groups: (1) Program control group with visual modality: (2) Program control group with auditory modality: (3) Learner control group with visual modality; (4) Learner control group with auditory modality; (5) Audio-tutorial instruction group with visual modality; and (6) Audio-tutorial instruction group with auditory modality. The independent variables were types of sensory modality and instructional strategies. The dependent variable was the academic achievement scores on the posttest. Based on the achievement scores, 3×2 ANCOVA(covariate: English grades of the first semester) technique was applied. The main findings of this study were as follows: 1. There was no difference between visual modality preferred group and auditory modality preferred group in academic achievement scores. 2. There was no difference among learner control, program control, and audio-tutorial instruction group in academic achievement scores. 3. There was no interactive effects between types of preferred sensory modality and instructional delivery strategies.

Celan 시에 있어서의 언어

고위공 弘益大學校 東西文化硏究所 1994 東西文化硏究 Vol.1 No.-

In der vorliegenden Arbeit geht es darum, Celans Sprachgestaltung von seiner poetologischen Sprachreflexion her zu beleuchten. Es ist in der bisherigen Celans-Forschung allgemein in bekannt, daβ Celans eigenartige dichterische Wortfu¨gung den Lesern erhebliche Versta¨ndnisschwierigkeiten bietet. Der Grund dafu¨r liegt nicht zuletzt darin, daβ sie von der konventionellen Sprechweise deutscher Lyrik stark abweicht, indem sie sehr vielschichtiges, zuweilen widerspru¨chliches Sinngefu¨ge aufweist. Darum ist in der bisherigen Untersuchungen der Celan-Sprache immer wieder dahingehend versucht worden, mit Hilfe neuer spezifischer Termini Celans "individuellen" Sprachbestand zu bezeichnen, beispielsweise wie "Unwort"(Gegenwort), Paradoxon, Sprache der "Hinterlassenschaft", usw. Betrachten wir heute die ju¨ngere Entwicklungsgeschichte der Celan-Forschung zuru¨ckblickend etwas na¨her, stellt sich heraus, dalβ sie ziemlich gegensa¨tzliche Deutungsrichtungen zeigen. Einerseits schla¨gt man den Celan-Lesern eine vielfa¨ltige und freie "Lesart" vor, damit sie auf mannigfache Sprachformulierungen Celanscher Gedichte reibungslos reagieren ko¨nnten. Andererseits behauptet man auf eine subtile und konsistente Textanalyse, womit der "koha¨rente" Ausdruckssinn der Dichtung aufgeschlossen werden du¨rfte. Angesichts solcher problematischen Forschungslage ist es fu¨r den heutigen Celan-Deuter empfehlenswert, von dem methodologischen Ansatzproblem auszugehen. Nach Ansicht des Verfassers kommt die bestehende Grundproblematik der Celan-Auslegung daher, daβ jeweilige Celan-Forscher je nach ihren eigenen Standpunkten und Verstehenshorizonten andere methodische Wege gehen und daraus-konsequenterweise-unterschiedliche Arbeitsergebnisse vorziehen. Wenn man aber danach fragt, warum besonders im Fall Celanscher Lyrik so verschiedene Anna¨herungsweisen auftreten, ist die Antwort darauf in der Sprachstruktur Celanscher Dichtung selbst zu suchen. Ihre auβerordentlich vielfachen Gestaltungsweisen erlauben den Lesern schon vom Anfang des Lesens an bestimmte Lektu¨rewege nicht, so daβ sie nicht selten davor fast hilflos bleiben mu¨βten. Daher ist es fu¨r sie manchmal besser, wenn sie nicht ohne Vorkenntnisse von Celans Sprachmaterial seine Gedichte selbst intensiv lesen und ihre anzuwendenden methodischen Verfahren bewuβt auf die Probe stellen und kontrollieren. Unter dieser Voraussetzung der Celan-Interpretation richtet sich die vorliegende Studie darauf, auf Grund der textada¨quaten Werkanalyse Celans sprachpoetosche Konstellationen zu belichten: Dies vollzieht sich praktisch in zwei Schritten: zum einen wird das einzigartige Sprachpha¨nomen Celanscher Dichtungen in seiner Bedeutung, Funktion und Wirkung textgeschichtlich beobachtet, zum anderen wird dann versucht, die aus solchen Analyseverfahren gewonnenen Resultate systematisch anzu ordnen. Aus dreiteiligen Erla¨uterungsprozessen der ausgewa¨hlten acht Beispieltexte ist ersichtlich, daβ sich Celans poetologische Sprachbesinnung in dreistufigen Phasen entfaltet: erstens in der Form von Wechselverha¨ltnis zwischen verstummendem Schweigen und lyrischem Sprechen, zweitens von der Sprachscho¨pfung und erla¨uterung und drittens von der Literatur des Lichts und der Sprache der Utopie. Diese drei Ideengehalte, welche dem gesamten Dichtwetk Celans u¨berlagernd zugrunde liegen, lassen sich selbstversta¨ndlich mit Celans literarischer und ku¨nstlerischer Grundauffassung in wichtigen Prosatexten in Einklang bringen. Weitere begriffliche Einzelelemente wie innovative "Sinnkonstitution", Multivalenz oder semantische Umkehrung, u.a. dienen dazu, die oben genannten Grundreflexionen des Dichters sprachlich zu praktifizieren. Allerdings darf Celans starke Intention auf die Sprache keineswegs auf solch Themenbereiche begrenzt ero¨rtert werden: noch andere poetische Kategorien und Kriterien, welche zum Versta¨ndnis seiner vorwiegend "hermetisch" orientierten Werktypen no¨tig sind, sind in die systematische Untersuchung der Celan-Sprache einzufu¨hren. Beispielsweise weisen seine allerletzten Gedichttexte aus dem Nachlaβband, so etwa die "Jerusalem-Gedichte", eine noch tiefere Gestaltungsschicht der abgeku¨rzten lyrischen Sageweise auf, welche erst durch Einbeziehung der spezifisch religio¨sen, mystischen oder sprachreflexiven Versta¨ndnismittel aufgegriffen werden ko¨nnte. Auch im Rahmen der vorliegenden Textbetrachtungen ist es wohl wu¨nschenswert, die behandelten Problempunkte im Vergleich zu den Forschungsergebnissen anderer Arbeiten noch auszudifferenzieren und dadurch etwaige neue Fragestellungen vorzulegen. Um alle diese fehlenden, lu¨ckenhaften Themenkreise der Sprachuntersuchung Celanscher Dichtungen zu kompensieren, bedu¨rfte es wohl noch einer gru¨ndlicheren, synthetischen Celan-Studie. In dieser Hinsicht ist es eine der vordringlichen Aufgaben der zuku¨nftigen Celan-Philologie, Celans Poetik und A¨sthetik besonders in bezug auf seine lyrische Sprachsetzung neu zu gru¨nden.

效率的인 指導力 訓練 프로그램의 開發 : 大學生用

陳渭敎,尹正倫,金晟會,石秀隆,文昌鉉 경북대학교 학생생활연구소 1992 學生指導硏究 Vol.25 No.1