Identification of bioactive components behind the antimicrobial activity of cow urine by peptide and metabolite profiling

Rohit Kumar,Jai Kumar Kaushik,Ashok Kumar Mohanty,Sudarshan Kumar Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2023 Animal Bioscience Vol.36 No.7

Objective: Cow urine possesses several bioactive properties but the responsible components behind these bioactivities are still far from identified. In our study, we tried to identify the possible components behind the antimicrobial activity of cow urine by exploring the peptidome and metabolome. Methods: We extracted peptides from the urine of Sahiwal cows belonging to three different physiological states viz heifer, lactation, and pregnant, each group consisting of 10 different animals. The peptides were extracted using the solid phase extraction technique followed by further extraction using ethyl acetate. The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract was evaluated against different pathogenic strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The safety of urinary aqueous extract was evaluated by hemolysis and cytotoxicity assay on the BuMEC cell line. The urinary peptides were further fractionated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify the fraction(s) containing the antimicrobial activity. The HPLC fractions and ethyl acetate extract were analyzed using nLC-MS/MS for the identification of the peptides and metabolites. Results: A total of three fractions were identified with antimicrobial activity, and nLC-MS/MS analysis of fractions resulted in the identification of 511 sequences. While 46 compounds were identified in the metabolite profiling of organic extract. The urinary aqueous extract showed significant activity against E. coli as compared to S. aureus and S. agalactiae and was relatively safe against mammalian cells. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of cow urine is a consequence of the feeding habit. The metabolites of plant origin with several bioactivities are eliminated through urine and are responsible for their antimicrobial nature. Secondly, the plethora of peptides generated from the activity of endogenous proteases on protein shed from different parts of tissues also find their way to urine. Some of these sequences possess antimicrobial activity due to their amino acid composition.

Topographically induced homeotropic alignment of liquid crystals on self-assembled opal crystals

Kumar, Pankaj,Oh, Su Yeon,Baliyan, Vijay K.,Kundu, Sudarshan,Lee, Seung Hee,Kang, Shin-Woong The Optical Society 2018 Optics express Vol.26 No.7

Electro-optic and dielectric behavior of a FLC material having doped with a non-mesogenic polar molecules

Sudarshan Kundu,Taponita Datta (nee Ray),Prasenjit Nayek,Tapas Pal Majumder,Subir Kumar Roy 한국물리학회 2008 Current Applied Physics Vol.8 No.5

Liquid crystal mixtures of non-mesogenic polar molecule with a commercial ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) mixture were prepared. Two mixtures were prepared by mixing 0.5% (w/w) and 1% (w/w) of polar molecules with commercial FLC mixture. Comprehensive studies of dielectric and electro-optic properties of the commercial FLC mixture and the polar molecules doped FLC mixtures have been made as a function of temperatures. Our studies reveal a higher tilt angle in lower concentration (0.5%) mixture but in case of 1% mixture tilt angle is decreased in comparison to 0.5% mixture. The spontaneous polarization of the commercial FLC mixture and other two mixtures is almost equal in magnitude at all temperatures. At the lower temperature region of SmC* phase, Goldstone mode (GM) dielectric strength of the commercial FLC mixture and low concentration (0.5%) mixture is found almost equal but it is slightly higher in case of high concentration (1%) mixture. With the increase of temperature GM dielectric strength of both the doped mixtures rapidly converges at different temperatures which are much lower than the temperature of transition (TC) from SmC* – SmA phase. The results have been discussed. Liquid crystal mixtures of non-mesogenic polar molecule with a commercial ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) mixture were prepared. Two mixtures were prepared by mixing 0.5% (w/w) and 1% (w/w) of polar molecules with commercial FLC mixture. Comprehensive studies of dielectric and electro-optic properties of the commercial FLC mixture and the polar molecules doped FLC mixtures have been made as a function of temperatures. Our studies reveal a higher tilt angle in lower concentration (0.5%) mixture but in case of 1% mixture tilt angle is decreased in comparison to 0.5% mixture. The spontaneous polarization of the commercial FLC mixture and other two mixtures is almost equal in magnitude at all temperatures. At the lower temperature region of SmC* phase, Goldstone mode (GM) dielectric strength of the commercial FLC mixture and low concentration (0.5%) mixture is found almost equal but it is slightly higher in case of high concentration (1%) mixture. With the increase of temperature GM dielectric strength of both the doped mixtures rapidly converges at different temperatures which are much lower than the temperature of transition (TC) from SmC* – SmA phase. The results have been discussed.

On the effect of spray parameters on CO and NO_x emissions in a liquid fuel fired flameless combustor

Sharma, Saurabh,Kumar, Rohit,Chowdhury, Arindrajit,Yoon, Youngbin,Kumar, Sudarshan Elsevier 2017 Fuel Vol.199 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this paper, numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out to delineate the effect of various spray parameters on CO and NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions in a combustor operating in flameless combustion mode with kerosene fuel. Thermal input was varied in the range of 20–41kW (Heat release density ∼5–10MW/m<SUP>3</SUP>) with different fuel injectors and various fuel injection pressures. Spray parameters were varied by employing two separate conditions (i) same fuel flow rate with different solid cone pressure swirl spray nozzles (N1 – N4) and injection pressures (2.5–14bar) to achieve varying spray parameters at same thermal input (ii) same fuel injection nozzle at different fuel flow rates and injection pressures (5–13bar) to understand their effect on combustion and emissions. In both the cases, Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) varied in the range of 34–58μm with spray cone angle varying from 42° to 56° using different nozzles and fuel injection pressures. Tangential air injection helped achieve higher recirculation of hot combustion products in the primary zone of the combustor for all thermal inputs. The finer sprays obtained at higher injection pressures helped achieve improved recirculation and better mixing, resulting in uniform temperature and hence reduced CO and NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions. The measured CO and NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions were in the range of 28–70ppm and 2–10ppm for all heat inputs with global equivalence ratio varying from ϕ=0.6 to 1, respectively. Measured acoustic emission levels were in the range of 98–101dB and 104–107dB for the flameless and transition mode respectively. The measured CO, NO<SUB>x</SUB> and acoustic emissions are an order of magnitude smaller those corresponding to conventional combustion mode. It was observed that coarser sprays led to a significant increase in acoustic emissions, relatively non-uniform temperature distribution and higher CO, NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions during flameless combustion mode.</P>

Dielectric and electro-optic behavior of pure ferroelectric liquid crystal material and the isomeric mixtures

Taponita Datta (nee Ray),Sudarshan Kundu,Prasenjit Nayek,Tapas Pal Majumder,Subir Kumar Roy,W. Haase 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.3

We report here the dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and electro-optical properties of a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) CB470 (R) and isomeric mixtures containing CB470 (R) and its optical isomer CB480 (S) in two different concentrations. We have studied with two isomeric mixtures: mixing CB470 (R) and CB480 (S) in the ratio 95:5 (w/w) and 90:10 (w/w). With increase of percentage of CB480 (S) in the mixture the spontaneous polarization (PS) value has been decreased due to cancellation of a part of the dipolar contribution, since the direction of PS of the two isomers are in opposite direction. The tilt angles of the pure FLC materials and the isomeric mixtures remain almost unchanged. The dielectric strength of Goldstone mode is almost proportional to the spontaneous polarization (PS). An additional collective mode has been observed in the SmC* phase due to the formation of domain with large periodicity in pure FLC material and in one of the isomeric mixtures by unwinding the helical structures, which is known as domain mode. The existence of domain mode has been studied extensively with the variation of PS in the isomeric mixtures. The result has been discussed. We report here the dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and electro-optical properties of a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) CB470 (R) and isomeric mixtures containing CB470 (R) and its optical isomer CB480 (S) in two different concentrations. We have studied with two isomeric mixtures: mixing CB470 (R) and CB480 (S) in the ratio 95:5 (w/w) and 90:10 (w/w). With increase of percentage of CB480 (S) in the mixture the spontaneous polarization (PS) value has been decreased due to cancellation of a part of the dipolar contribution, since the direction of PS of the two isomers are in opposite direction. The tilt angles of the pure FLC materials and the isomeric mixtures remain almost unchanged. The dielectric strength of Goldstone mode is almost proportional to the spontaneous polarization (PS). An additional collective mode has been observed in the SmC* phase due to the formation of domain with large periodicity in pure FLC material and in one of the isomeric mixtures by unwinding the helical structures, which is known as domain mode. The existence of domain mode has been studied extensively with the variation of PS in the isomeric mixtures. The result has been discussed.

ATOMIZATION AT ULTRA-LOW LIQUID FLOW RATE USING NOVEL INJECTOR

( Mohammed Asad ),( Hrishikesh Gadgil ),( Sudarshan Kumar ) 한국액체미립화학회 2017 한국액체미립화학회 학술강연회 논문집 Vol.2017 No.-

Efficient atomization and evaporation at ultra-low flow rates is an additional challenge for small-scale combustion application since the atomization efficiency deteriorates with decreasing liquid flow rate. Experimental study at ultra-low liquid flow rate (5 - 150 mlph) unveiled the three distinct atomization regimes while air flow rate increases from 0.5 to 5 slpm. For a given ultra-low liquid flow rate, significant shift in injector characteristic was observed with increase in air flow rate; from bubble bursting to weak spray and finally at high air to liquid ratio, recirculation of atomizing air into a liquid tube gives fully developed spray. Injector is designed such that it allows co-flow air to flow back into a liquid tube. Internal flow analysis on Plexiglas injector replica shows that atomization regimes exist due to distinct two phase flow interaction inside the injector. Current study shows that critical air to liquid ratio at which air back flow triggers, decreases as liquid flow rate increases from 5 to 150 mlph. In weak spray regime, atomization occurs through prompt mode of atomization. While two phase slug flow formation inside the liquid tube leads to fine atomization in fully developed spray regime. Shadowgraphy experimental results validate the larger droplet in weak spray regime and fine atomization in fully developed spray regime due to formation of two phase slug flow. A proposed theoretical correlation shows that droplet size (SMD) is only function Reynolds number, Weber number, air to liquid ratio and injector design.

Double gallbladder completely enclosed in a cystogastric fold of peritoneum

Satheesha B Nayak,Surekha Devadasa Shetty,Sudarshan Surendran,Raghu Jetti,Naveen Kumar,Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla 대한해부학회 2014 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.47 No.2

Double gallbladder is one of the rare congenital anomalies of the gallbladder. Failure to detect an accessory gallbladder hampers diagnosis and treatment of cholecystitis, which might result in recurrent attacks of cholecystitis. In addition, presence of peritoneal folds extending from the stomach and duodenum to the gallbladder is very rare. Here we report the presence of a double gallbladder enclosed in a cystogastric fold of the peritoneum. During cadaveric dissection, we observed a cystogastric peritoneal fold that extended from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum to the gallbladder. The left end of the peritoneal fold merged with the lesser omentum. It enclosed two gallbladders: the main gallbladder and a small accessory gallbladder. The accessory gallbladder was a small pouch with its fundus attached to the main gallbladder by fibrous tissue, and its duct opened into the main cystic duct.

Effect of Wall Thermal Boundary Conditions on Flame Dynamics of CH4-Air and H2-Air Mixtures in Straight Microtubes

Singh, Aditya P.,Kishore, V. R.,Yoon, Y.,Minaev, S.,Kumar, Sudarshan Taylor Francis 2017 Combustion science and technology Vol.189 No.1

Experimental Investigations on Stabilization Mechanism of Lifted Kerosene Spray Flames

Potdar, Umesh,Jamgade, Ajinkya,Mahyavanshi, P.,Yoon, Y.,Kumar, Sudarshan Taylor Francis 2017 Combustion science and technology Vol.189 No.7

Understanding Bacterial Biofilm Stimulation Using Different Methods - a Criterion for Selecting Epiphytes by Plants

Bhushan, Shashi,Gogoi, Mandakini,Bora, Abhispa,Ghosh, Sourav,Barman, Sinchini,Biswas, Tethi,Sudarshan, Mathummal,Thakur, Ashoke Ranjan,Mukherjee, Indranil,Dey, Subrata Kumar,Chaudhuri, Shaon Ray The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnol 2019 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.47 No.2

Earlier studies by our group revealed that gallic acid in phytochemicals stimulated biofilm production in epiphytes, while caffeic acid in phytochemicals inhibited biofilm production in non-epiphytes. It is well documented that antimicrobial secretion by some epiphytic bacteria inhibits non-epiphytic bacterial growth on leaf surfaces. These selection criteria help plants choose their microbial inhabitants. Calcium and iron in phytochemicals also stimulate biofilm formation and thus, may be selection criteria adopted by plants with respect to their native epiphytic population. Furthermore, the processing of leaves during phytochemical extraction impacts the composition of the extract, and therefore its ability to affect bacterial biofilm formation. Computation of the Hurst exponent using biofilm thickness data obtained from the Ellipsometry of Brewster Angle Microscopic (BAM) images is an efficient tool for understanding the impact of phytochemicals on epiphytic and non-epiphytic populations when compared to fluorescent microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and staining techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that uses the Hurst exponent to elucidate the mechanism involved in plant microbe interaction.