남한 내 북한이탈주민의 3년간 사회적응 추적 연구 : 2001년부터 2004년까지 생활과 교육을 중심으로 With prioty given to life of North Korea defectors from 2001 to 2004

유시은,전우택,조영아,홍창형,엄진섭 연세대학교 통일연구원 2005 통일연구 Vol.9 No.1

Purpose of this study : In 2001, this study that investigate actual conditions about adaptation degree of Korean social life of the North Korean defectors was carried out to 151 people that succeed in chases among 200 the North Korea defectors answer in study. Purpose of this study is as following. First, we wished to search change aspect of actual conditions about South Korea society adaptation of the North Korean defectors who take part in the first investigation for past 3 years. Second, we wished to search difference of adaptation aspect by populational and social element. Third, We wished to suggest things that can be beaconed to efficient support policy of government or private organization and successful South Korea social adaptation method which support the North Korean defectors on the basis of study finding about change of adaptation aspect of the North Korea defectors. Methods of Study : We designated 200 Panels to study and survey actual adaptation conditions of the North Korean defectors on South Korea society synthetically and for long-term. So, chasing about 151 people was possible in 2004. We are fertilized and supplement the questionnaire forming in 2001 and composed the new questionnaires to part of a life, mental state, Body and health. This study among them investigated a standard of living of the North Korean defectors. In this process, interviewer directly asked and recorded questions to reduce individual variation of people who receive interview. Study Results : Government's residence support policy about North Korean secession inhabitants was generally attained as effective and suitable for North Korean inhabitants' early South Korea settlement. Only, government need to discuss about North Korea secession inhabitants' residence support more variously for long-term. Second, education should be supported more actively and variously. Suitable point of education for their needs should make a effect of vocational training or education maximize. This is a very important part. Third, they need guidance and education that can receive more easily law support. Fourth, medical supports and health cares should be achieved continuously and systematically to them since they arrived in South Korea. To supports and studies North Korean secession inhabitants has the large significance to gain a foothold about reunification of North and south. Their South Korea society adaptation is becoming topic of conversation among South Korean. An atmosphere of unity is elated. And interest degrees about North Korean are actually rising as exchanges between South and North Korean is activated. Therefore, the adaptation study about North Korean secession inhabitants will have to be expanded in studies for South Korean, not to be limited in studies for North Korean.

북한이탈주민의 사회적응 7년 추적 연구 : 생활과 교육을 중심으로

전우택,유시은,엄진섭,김희진 연세대학교 통일연구원 2009 통일연구 Vol.13 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analysis the change patterns of life style and education of North Korean defectors. The questionnaire of this study is for two hundred North Korean defectors who had entered South Korea in 2001. The questions are about residence, education, legal issue, and health. According to this study, the residences of the defectors were still concentrated on the Metropolitan area. Type of residence has become varied so as to increase proportion of their own-houses and long-term leases. Males had got educated for employment purpose, while females had learned using computer the most. Among age groups, the 20s and the 30s had taken regular education the most. As the length of staying in South Korea had increased, the legal cases had decreased; however, the legal issues had become more complicated. The number of the defectors with chronic diseases has gradually declined; thus, overall health status of the defectors had become better. As the length of staying in South Korea had increased, their needs for supports of basic life had decreased, while the demands for consultation about marriage and legal issues. In the conclusion, we point out several ideas based on this study result, which can be utilized in developing policies and supporting programs for North Korean defector adaptation in South Korea.

남한 내 북한이탈주민들의 3년간 사회의식 변화 및 생활 만족도에 대한 추적연구

전우택,유시은,조영아,홍창형,엄진섭,서승원 大韓神經精神醫學會 2006 신경정신의학 Vol.45 No.3

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the change in attitudes and satisfaction level of North Korean defectors in South Korea over a 3 year period (2001-2004). Methods : In our first study in 2001, a total of 200 detectors were interviewed. In the follow up study after 3 years, 151 defectors were re-interviewed by an in-person interview. Results : The level of satisfaction to the governmental support policy to defectors decreased significantly. However, the general level of satisfaction increased slightly (from 3.52 to 3.56 ; 5-score scale). This shows that North Korean defectors are stably adapting to South Korean society. The level of satisfaction significantly correlated with the defectors' confusion of the different value systems, the defectors' understanding of the South Korean people, satisfaction with their physical and mental health, and the Prejudice of South Korean people to defectors. In terms of the attitudes, the type of schooling, the military service and the communist party membership in North Korea were not related to the change in attitude. However, there was a significant correlation with gender and age. Women showed a greater change in attitude compared to men. Older people had difficulty in understanding the South Korean people, but they showed little psychological affiliation to North Korea. Moreover, they showed a high level of satisfaction with the economic situation in South Korea and had an optimistic viewpoint for their future than younger people. Even though many defectors attended churches, religion was not associated with the level of satisfaction or their change in attitude. Conclusion : The factors that influence the level of satisfaction and attitudes of North Korean defectors have changed over 3 years. Therefore, the government, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) associated with defectors and the churches need to be more sensitive to these changes and make plans to support the adaptation of defectors to South Korean society.

What Is It to Be Mentally Healthy from the North Korean Refugees’ Perspective?: Qualitative Research on the Changes in Mental Health Awareness among the North Korean Refugees

Shi-eun Yu,Jung-eun Jang,Jin-Won Noh,Young Dae Kwon,Hyun-chun Park,Jong-Min Woo 대한신경정신의학회 2018 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.15 No.11

Objective We investigated how mental health awareness among North Korean refugees transformed depending on temporal-spatial context changes. Methods In 2013, we conducted interviews with 10 refugees (eight women) who had been in South Korea for over a year and performed a qualitative analysis of the change in mental health awareness in the differences between living in North Korea, escape (a related period of forced sojourn in a third country), and settlement in South Korea. Results We classified 39 concepts into five main categories. The first two categories (while living in North Korea) were “a mindset for the system, but not for individual mental health” and “being confined in a social environment that was indifferent to mental health.” A third category appeared during escape: “focusing on survival amid continuity of intense suffering.” The final two categories appeared when settling in South Korea: “recognition of mental health amid cultural shock” and “introspection and sorting oneself out.” Conclusion This qualitative study enabled a better multi-dimensional understanding of the social and cultural aspects involved in improving mental health awareness among North Korean refugees in South Korea. It is desirable to integrate mental health as a part of daily life and to expand training for North Korean settlers.

패널모형에 의한 북한이탈주민의 고용 결정요인

유시은 ( Shi Eun Yu ) 연세대학교 통일연구소 2012 통일연구 Vol.16 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 패널 모형을 통하여 북한이탈주민의 고용에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하는 것이다. 패널 조사에 모두 참여한 북한이탈주민은 106명이며 고정효과모형과 확룔효과모형을 활용하여 통계 분석하였다. 고용에 영향을 미치는 정적인 요인은 성별, 연령, 당원 경험, 자격증 취득, 이직 경험, 남한 언어이해로 나타났다. 남성이 여성에 비하여 고용율이 증가하였다. 연령이 증가할수록, 당원 경험이 있을수록, 자격증을 취득할수록, 이직 경험이 있을수록, 남한 언어이해력이 증가할수록 고용이 증가하였다. 반면, 북한이탈주민이 고령화될수록, 남한 정규교육 경험을 할수록, 직업교육을 받을수록, 우울경향이 높을수록, 제3국 외상경험이 많을수록 고용율이 감소하였다. 연구결과를 토대로 하여 북한이탈주민의 지원전략을 제언하였다. Objective. In this study we sought to determine factors predicting the employment of North Korean refugees as a proxy for economic integration. Method. We conducted a panel survey with an initial sample size of 200 North Korean refugees who completed a government-sponsored training program in South Korea between October 1999 and March 2001, and repeated the survey measures with the same initial cohort in 2004 and 2007, for a sample size of 106 subjects who completed all three surveys. Results. According to the results, positive factors influencing the employment of North Korean defectors were sex, age, experience in the communist party, acquisition of certificate, experience of unemployment, and linguistic understanding of the South Korean language. The employment rate of North Korean males increased more than that of females. Factors negatively affecting employment were higher age, experience of regular South Korean education, experience of vocational training, experience of depression, and the trauma of defection. Conclusion. Given the panel of data, these findings suggest that there are multiple programmatic avenues that can be taken in the post-migration context in order to facilitate the economic integration of North Koreans in South Korea.

Kcube 하모니 파렛트 현장 경험을 통한 건강한 한반도의 소통심리상담

유시은(Shi Eun Yu) 대구대학교 다문화사회정책연구소 2022 현대사회와 다문화 Vol.12 No.4

북한이탈주민의 의식 변화에 대한 질적 연구 -남한 입국 3년 된 북한이탈주민들을 대상으로-

유시은 ( Shi Eun Yu ),오경자 ( Kyung Ja Oh ),정안숙 ( An Suk Jeong ),전우택 ( Woo Taek Jeon ) 연세대학교 통일연구소 2012 통일연구 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 남한 사회에서 생활하면서 변화하는 북한이 탈주민의 의식 변화를 살펴보는 것이다. 2007년에 입국하여 남한 생활이 3년 된 북한이탈주민 15명을 대상으로 그들이 경험하는 의식의 변화를 중심으로 질적 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 북한이탈주민이 경험하는 의식 변화의 본질은 4개의 구성요소와 13개의 하위 구성요소로 나타났다. 4개의 구성요소는 ``자신에 대한 의식 변화``, ``북한에 대한 의식 변화``, ``남한에 대한 의식 변화``, ``종교에 대한 의식 변화``로 이루어져 있다. ``자신에 대한 의식 변화``의 하위 구성요소는 ``자신을 소중한 존재로 인식함``, ``권위에 대한 의식 변화``, ``삶에 대한 성찰``, ``자기 개발에 대한 의욕과 불안``이다. ``북한에 대한 의식 변화``의 하위 구성요소는 ``북한 사회를 비교 관점에서 바라봄``, ``북한 사람과 북한이탈주민에 대한 인식 변화``, "``북한``이라는 고국에 대한 슬픔 감정", ``북한을 싫어하면서도 대표하고 있다는 이중감정``이다. ``남한에 대한 의식 변화``의 하위 구성요소는 ``이타적인 남한 사회에 대한 새로운 인식``, ``내가 가장 낮은 존재가 아니라는 생각이 주는 자부심``, ``차별과 무관심에 의한 좌절``이다. ``종교에 대한 의식 변화``의 하위 구성요소는 ``종교를 받아들이기 어려움``, ``종교에 몰입`` 이다. 이상을 토대로 북한이탈주민들의 남한 사회 적응 지원을 위한 정책을 제안하였다. This study aimed to investigate the shifts in attitudes of North Korean refugees who had lived in South Korea for three years. Through in-depth interviews, we examined attitude changes among 15 North Korean refugees who migrated to South Korea in 2007. Qualitative analysis resulted in four categories and 13 concepts; the four categories were attitude changes toward the self, toward North Korea, toward South Korea, and toward religion. Attitude changes toward the self involved the concepts of self-esteem, authority, self-reflection, and self-development. Attitude changes toward North Korea were related to the comparative perspective, North Koreans and North Korean refugees, sad sentiments about their homeland, and complex feelings about fleeing and representation. Attitude changes toward South Korea were related to altruism, the social ladder, and frustration. Attitude changes toward religion involved the concepts of resistance and acceptance. Policy suggestions were made based on the findings.

OECD Education 2030을 적용한 소통세대 디자인 탐색 연구 : 북한 소학교 국어 1학년 교수내용을 중심으로

유시은(Shi-eun Yu) 서울사이버대학교 미래사회전략연구소 2024 미래사회 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 미래의 남북 사회 통합에 최우선적으로 필요한 공교육 국어교과 교류를 위한 “공유공간”의 준비 및 운영역량의 디자인으로서, 미래 통일학 세대의 소통스킬을 질적으로강화하는 것이다. 공유공간은 글로벌 규모의 OECD 2030 “공유공간” 개념을 한반도 지역의남북간 실정에 적합하게 원리 적용하였다. 또한, 그 공간에서 활용할 수 있는 소통조력 도구를 디자인하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 적합성 원리와 OECD 2030을 기반으로 한공유공간에 대한 적합성 모델을 수식으로 표현하였다. 둘째, 소통스킬의 상태 변화과정을 순서도로 제시하였다. 셋째, 소통조력 도구로서 “발달-사회제도적 필터” 및 16개 변인으로 구성된 “OECD 2030-사회제도적 필터”를 제시하였다. 마지막으로, 북한 소학교 1학년 국어과목에개발한 필터를 적용하여 제시하였다. 결론적으로, 본 연구 결과를 토대로 통일학 소통세대를위한 제언을 하였다. 이러한 연구는 남북 간 교육 통합뿐만 아니라 남한 내 다문화 및 세대간소통스킬을 제고하는 관점 전환의 계기가 될 것이다. 또한, 글로벌 지향에 적합한 소통스킬을갖춘 통일 인재 육성의 가능성을 보여 줄 수 있을 것이다. This study aim to qualitatively strengthen the communication skills of the future gen?eration of the study Unification as a prepare the design and operation of a “shared space” for exchange in public education language courses. This is a priority need for future inter?Korean social integration. The shared space is an application of the OECD 2030 “shared space” concept on a global level by adapting its principles to the situation between North and South Korea. I also designed communication facilitation tools that can be used in the space. The results of the study are as follows. First, the relevance principle and the con?formity model for shared space based on OECD 2030 were expressed in formulas. Second, a flow chart is presented of the state change process of communication skills. Third, a “development-social and institutional filter” was designed as a tool to facilitate communication and the “OECD 2030-social and institutional filter” was created, comprising 16 variables. Finally, the application of the two filters to the first grade Korean subject in North Korean elementary school is presented. In conclusion, based on the results of the study, recom?mendations are made for the communicable generation. This study will serve as an opportunity to shift perspectives not only on educational integration between the two Koreans, but also on enhancing multicultural and intergenerational communication skills in the South, and it demonstrates the possibility of fostering unified human resources with globally-oriented communication skills.

Preserved Efficacy of Oral Metronidazole for Severe Clostridium difficile Infection

Shi Nae Yu,Eun Jung Lee 순천향대학교 순천향의학연구소 2018 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.24 No.1

Objective: Although clinical practice guidelines recommend oral vancomycin for hospitalized patients with severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), oral metronidazole is still the preferred regimen due to its tolerability and low cost. In this study, we aimed to compare the clinical efficacy based on clinical cure, recurrence, and 30-day mortality of oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin in treating severe CDI. Methods: The medical records of patients with the diagnosis of severe CDI in a tertiary hospital in South Korea, between June, 2006 and December, 2013, were analyzed. Results: A total of 162 severe CDI patients were enrolled for this study: 139 received oral metronidazole and 23 received oral vancomycin. The rate of clinical cure was not significantly different between treatments (79.86% for oral metronidazole and 82.61% for oral vancomycin, P>0.99). The rate of recurrence was comparable (20.77% vs. 18.18% for metronidazole and vancomycin, respectively; P>0.99), as was the rate of 30-day mortality (9.35% vs. 4.35%, P=0.69). Risk factors for treatment failure were histamine-2 antagonist treatment (odds ratio [OR], 4.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64–11.51; P=0.0032) and fever (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.0–5.8; P=0.049). Conclusion: The clinical efficacy of oral metronidazole for severe CDI was no difference from oral vancomycin, in a real world setting. Oral metronidazole can be a reasonable option for treating severe CDI.

Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Mortality in Critical Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients 50 Years of Age or Younger During the Delta Wave: Comparison With Patients > 50 Years in Korea

Shi Hye Jin,Nham Eliel,Kim Bomi,Joo Eun-Jeong,Cheong Hae Suk,Hong Shin Hee,Hyun Miri,Kim Hyun ah,Jang Sukbin,Rhee Ji-Young,Kim Jungok,Kim Sungmin,Cho Hyun Kyu,Wi Yu Mi,Cheon Shinhye,Kim Yeon-Sook,Lim 대한의학회 2022 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.37 No.22

Background: Numerous patients around the globe are dying from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While age is a known risk factor, risk analysis in the young generation is lacking. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical features and mortality risk factors in younger patients (≤ 50 years) with a critical case of COVID-19 in comparison with those among older patients (> 50 years) in Korea. Methods: We analyzed the data of adult patients only in critical condition (requiring high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy or higher respiratory support) hospitalized with PCR confirmed COVID-19 at 11 hospitals in Korea from July 1, 2021 to November 30, 2021 when the delta variant was a dominant strain. Patients’ electronic medical records were reviewed to identify clinical characteristics. Results: During the study period, 448 patients were enrolled. One hundred and forty-two were aged 50 years or younger (the younger group), while 306 were above 50 years of age (the older group). The most common pre-existing conditions in the younger group were diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and 69.7% of the patients had a body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2 . Of 142 younger patients, 31 of 142 patients (21.8%, 19 women) did not have these pre-existing conditions. The overall case fatality rate among severity cases was 21.0%, and it differed according to age: 5.6% (n = 8/142) in the younger group, 28.1% in the older group, and 38% in the ≥ 65 years group. Age (odds ratio [OR], 7.902; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.754–18.181), mechanical ventilation therapy (OR, 17.233; 95% CI, 8.439–35.192), highest creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL (OR, 17.631; 95% CI, 8.321–37.357), and combined blood stream infection (OR, 7.092; 95% CI, 1.061–18.181) were identified as independent predictors of mortality in total patients. Similar patterns were observed in age-specific analyses, but most results were statistically insignificant in multivariate analysis due to the low number of deaths in the younger group. The full vaccination rate was very low among study population (13.6%), and only three patients were fully vaccinated, with none of the patients who died having been fully vaccinated in the younger group. Seven of eight patients who died had a pre-existing condition or were obese (BMI > 25 kg/m2 ), and the one remaining patient died from a secondary infection. Conclusion: About 22% of the patients in the young critical group did not have an underlying disease or obesity, but the rate of obesity (BMI > 25 kg/m2 ) was high, with a fatality rate of 5.6%. The full vaccination rate was extremely low compared to the general population of the same age group, showing that non-vaccination has a grave impact on the progression of COVID-19 to a critical condition. The findings of this study highlight the need for measures to prevent critical progression of COVID-19, such as vaccinations and targeting young adults especially having risk factors.