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ALTERNATIVE PROPULSION FOR LNG SHIPS BY LOW SPEED ME-C AND ME-GI ENGINES
Niels B. Clausen 한국동력기계공학회 2006 한국동력기계공학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
Recently, orders have been placed for a large number of LNG carriers, and further extensive contracting is expected. This paper outlines the alternative concepts for the application of low speed engines for use on LNG carriers: i.e. the HFO burning ME engine used in combination with a reliquefaction plant and the ME-GI gas injection low speed dual fuel engine, and compares the relevant concepts for the propulsion power and electricity production machinery.
GRK2: a novel cell-specific regulator of severity and duration of inflammatory pain.
Eijkelkamp, Niels,Heijnen, Cobi J,Willemen, Hanneke L D M,Deumens, Ronald,Joosten, Elbert A J,Kleibeuker, Wendy,den Hartog, Ilona J M,van Velthoven, Cindy T J,Nijboer, Cora,Nassar, Mohammed A,Dorn, Ge The Society 2010 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.30 No.6
<P>Chronic pain associated with inflammation is a common clinical problem, and the underlying mechanisms have only begun to be unraveled. GRK2 regulates cellular signaling by promoting G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization and direct interaction with downstream kinases including p38. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of GRK2 to regulation of inflammatory pain and to unravel the underlying mechanism. GRK2(+/-) mice with an approximately 50% reduction in GRK2 developed increased and markedly prolonged thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia after carrageenan-induced paw inflammation or after intraplantar injection of the GPCR-binding chemokine CCL3. The effect of reduced GRK2 in specific cells was investigated using Cre-Lox technology. Carrageenan- or CCL3-induced hyperalgesia was increased but not prolonged in mice with decreased GRK2 only in Na(v)1.8 nociceptors. In vitro, reduced neuronal GRK2 enhanced CCL3-induced TRPV1 sensitization. In vivo, CCL3-induced acute hyperalgesia in GRK2(+/-) mice was mediated via TRPV1. Reduced GRK2 in microglia/monocytes only was required and sufficient to transform acute carrageenan- or CCL3-induced hyperalgesia into chronic hyperalgesia. Chronic hyperalgesia in GRK2(+/-) mice was associated with ongoing microglial activation and increased phospho-p38 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the spinal cord. Inhibition of spinal cord microglial, p38, or TNF-alpha activity by intrathecal administration of specific inhibitors reversed ongoing hyperalgesia in GRK2(+/-) mice. Microglia/macrophage GRK2 expression was reduced in the lumbar ipsilateral spinal cord during neuropathic pain, underlining the pathophysiological relevance of microglial GRK2. Thus, we identified completely novel cell-specific roles of GRK2 in regulating acute and chronic inflammatory hyperalgesia.</P>