Multilateral Tariff Negotiations when Production is Fixed

( Mendez Naya,Jose ),( Mendez Naya,Luciano ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2002 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.17 No.4

This paper contributes to analysis of the extent to which multilateral trading agreements reached under GATT can liberalize the world economy. Its main conclusion is that free trade is not sustainable if production is fixed exogenously and utility is non-transferable. If production is fixed and utility is transferable, free trade is possible but is not necessary for maximization of welfare.

Multilateral Tariff Negotiations when Production is Fixed

Jose´, Me´ndez Naya,Luciano, Me´ndez Naya 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2002 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.17 No.4

This paper contributes to analysis of the extent to which multilateral trading agreements reached under GATT can liberalize the world economy. Its main conclusion is that free trade is not sustainable if production is fixed exogenously and utility is non-transferable. If production is fixed and utility is transferable, free trade is possible but is not necessary for maximization of welfare.

The New GATT Round and the Developing World

Naya, Seiji,Togashi, Janis Center for International Studies, Inha University 1988 Pacific Focus Vol.3 No.2

The Uruguay Round is regarded by many to be the most important round in the history of GATT Not only have new issues of trade in services and protection of intellectual property. rights been placed on the agenda, but liberalization of trade of agricultural and other specific commodities that have been exempted from full GATT dis- cipline have also been included in the new round of multilateral negotiations. Much of the pressures on the international trading environment emerged from recent large trade and balance-of-Payments imbalances of many countries. Bvt, while the serious problems besetting the world economy may be helped by an improved trade policy regime, the solution depends primarily on domestic action in the United States, the EEC, and Japan. In the United States, wtlat is needed is a reduction in the government budget deficit and in the gap between domestic saving and investment. At the same time, West Germany and Japan must stimulate their domestic economies and irlcrease import demand to fill the gap that will be left by the slowdown in growth of U.S. demand for goods. In addition, microeconomic action aimed at easing the structural adjustment in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors must be taken by both developed and developing countries. For example, appli- cation of safeguard measures in individual countries must be made temporary and should facilitate greater productivity or the phasing out of non-competitive industries rather than preserve inefficient produc- tion. In the more advanced developing countries, opening of domestic markets to foreign competition and easing protection in specific indus- tries is necessary. That is, these nations are being urged to graduate from special and differential treatment. In the developed world, pro- tection is also maintained in several industries, particularly in agri- culture, textile and clothing, and steel. The United States has proposed a far-reaching plan to eliminate most bar'riers to agricultural trade to show its serious intent to attain substantial liberalization in the negotiations, But liberalization of agricultural trade is particulary difficult given the EEC's staunch support of the Common Agricultural Policy. One of the primary goals of the United States in this new round is the development of new rules that will strengthen GATT as an institu- tion and as a framework under which international trade takes place. However, other countries have expressed concern about expecting too much from the Uruguay Round. The combination of the inclusion of major new issues, the greater number of members in GATT who must agree, and the substantial adjustments associated with any serious liberalization efforts raises a serious threat of overloading GATT. A more modest objective that combines some rules changes with tradi- tional item-by-item trade liberalization may be a more realistic alter- ilatlve. Despite the numerous problems and issues faced in the current round of multilateral negotiations, there appears to be, at least in the initial stages of talks, a willingness to negotiate a reasonable solution. The general concern about growing protectionist sentiment and a return to the trading system of the 1930s-and the ensuing prolonged stagnation in world trade-reflects the fact that all countries have a large stake in maintaining a liberal international trading system.

균형적.통합적 유아 문해교육 프로그램이 유아의 기초문해력에 미치는 효과

최나야(Naya Choi),정수지(Suji Jung),최지수(Jisu Choi),박상아(Sanga Park),김효은(Hyoeun Kim) 인지발달중재학회 2022 인지발달중재학회지 Vol.13 No.1

연구목적: 본 연구는 균형적․통합적 유아 문해교육 프로그램을 개발하여 유아의 기초문해력에 미치는 효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 연구 대상은 만 4세 유아 62명으로, 실험집단 유아 33명과 비교집단 유아 29명이다. 실험집단 유아를 대상으로 균형적․통합적 유아 문해교육 프로그램을 12주 동안 실시한 후 사전-사후검사를 실시하였다. 균형적․통합적 유아 문해교육 프로그램이 유아의 기초문해력에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 공분산분석(ANCOVA)을 실시하였다. 연구결과: 분석 결과, 기초문해력 6개의 영역 중 소근육운동을 제외한 음운론적 인식, 이야기 이해력, 수용어휘력, 기초쓰기, 기초읽기의 5개 영역에서 실험집단 유아의 점수가 비교집단 유아들보다 유의하게 많이 향상되었다. 결론: 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 발현적 문해, 균형적 접근, 통합적 방식의 중요성을 논의하였다. Objective: This study aimed to develop a balanced and integrated literacy education program for early childhood (BILEPEC) and to investigate the effect of the program on the early literacy of young children. Methods: Sixty-two four-year-old children, 33 in the experimental group and 29 in the comparison group participated in the study and the BILEPEC program was applied to children in the experimental group for 12 weeks. Results: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that the scores of children in the experimental group further improved than those in the comparison group in five areas of basic literacy skills: phonological awareness, story comprehension, receptive vocabulary, early writing, and early reading. Conclusion: Based on these results, the importance of a balanced approach and emergent literacy was discussed.

Mixed Oligopoly and Foreign Direct Investment

Méndez Naya, José 한국국제경제학회 2010 International Economic Journal Vol.24 No.1

By using a mixed duopoly model, this paper analyses the effects of domestic firm ownership status on foreign direct investment decisions. It is shown that, although public ownership can be understood as a protectionist device, foreign direct investment can only be an equilibrium strategy if the level of privatization of the domestic economy is high enough. Furthermore it is proved that foreign direct investment is harmful from a home welfare point of view.

Optimal Treatment Options for Symptomatic COPD Patients

( Ian Naya ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2018 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.126 No.-

기관 내외 교육과 어머니의 영어교육 신념이 유아의 영어 흥미에 미치는 영향: 일반유치원과 영어학원 유치부의 비교

최나야 ( Naya Choi ),박유미 ( You-me Park ),최지수 ( Jisu Choi ) 대한가정학회 2020 Human Ecology Research(HER) Vol.58 No.4

This study investigated children’s interests in learning English, affected by educational activities in and out of institutes, and mothers’ perceptions regarding early childhood English education. We recruited, 253 mothers of 3- to 5-year-old children in either general kindergartens or English immersion institutes. They answered questions on socioeconomic status, perceived interest in English by their children, their perceptions regarding early childhood English education, and English education outside institutes. In addition, 42 English teachers provided information within institutes such as class time per week, teacher-pupil rate, and language use policy during class. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 22 for frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The major findings are as follows. First, the two groups were in distinct learning environment. Second, mothers’ perceptions and outside-institute activities were significantly different between the two groups. Third, the English interests of children at both institutes were influenced by mothers’ worries and at-home English interactions. Fourth, education within institutes did not affect both group’s English interests. Fifth, private education and socioeconomic status did not affect both group’s English interests. Lastly, only the children’s interests in English immersion institutes were affected by gender and mother’s perceived necessities. Focusing children’s interests, this study helps in understanding young children’s affective aspects regarding learning English. The findings are expected to be a guideline for each home and institute to increase children’s interest in learning English.

초1 한글해득부진아동과 일반아동의 유아기 문해상호작용 프로파일에 따른 문해활동 선호도 및 기초학습능력 차이

최나야(Naya Choi),김효은(Hyoeun Kim),편지애(Jiae Pyun),양연희(Yeonhee Yang),이은혜(Eunhye Lee) 한국인간발달학회 2024 人間發達硏究 Vol.31 No.1

본 연구는 초등학교 1학년 한글해득부진아동과 일반아동이 유아기에 경험한 문해상호작용에 따라 집단을 분류하여 만 5세 때 문해활동 선호도와 초1 기초학습능력의 차이를 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 초1 한글해득부진아동과 어머니 99쌍 및 일반아동과 어머니 140쌍을 대상으로 잠재프로파일분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 초1 한글해득부진아동은 유아기 문해상호작용에 따라 ‘적극 상호작용 집단’, ‘질적중위 집단’, ‘양적중위 집단’, ‘소극 상호작용 집단’, ‘비효율적 소극 집단‘으로, 일반아동은 ‘균형적 적극 집단’, ‘비지시적 적극 집단’, ‘전반적 중위 집단’, ‘지시적 소극 집단’으로 분류되었다. 취학 전 문해활동 선호도는 한글해득부진아동의 경우 ‘적극 상호작용 집단’이 가장 높고, 일반아동은 ‘균형적 적극 집단’, ‘비지시적 적극 집단’ 순으로 높았다. 초1 기초학습능력은 한글해득부진아동의 경우 ‘적극 상호작용 집단’이 가장 높았으며, 일반아동은 ‘비지시적 적극 집단’이 ‘전반적 중위 집단’보다 높았다. 이를 통해 아동의 문해활동 선호도와 기초학습능력의 향상을 위해 유아기 문해상호작용을 효과적으로 지원할 수 있는 중재 방안 및 부모교육 프로그램의 필요성을 제시하였다. The current study aims to categorize the different preschool literacy interaction profiles among first graders with Hangeul acquisition difficulties (HAD) and their typically developing peers. Its objective is to compare the different groups, on their preference for literary activities at age 5 and first grade basic academic skills. Latent profile analyses were executed for 99 dyads of children with HAD and their mothers, and 140 dyads of typically developing children and their mothers. First graders with HAD exhibited 5 different pat-terns of preschool literacy interaction profile: inefficiently passive, passively interactive, quantitatively neutral, qualitatively neutral, and actively interactive. For typically develop-ing first graders, there were 4 patterns: directive-passive, overall average, non-directive-active, and balanced-active. For preference for literary activities, the actively in-teractive group under children with HAD and the balanced-active and nondirective-active groups for typically developing children showed high levels. Regarding basic academic skills, the actively interactive group scored higher than the inefficiently passive and pas-sively interactive groups for children with HAD. On the other hand, typically developing children showed that the nondirective-active group scored higher than the overall average group. Such results provide important suggestions and potential directions for developing education programs for parents or intervention plans for children.

초등학생을 위한 가정 신문 활용 척도의 개발 및 타당화

최나야 ( Naya Choi ),정수정 ( Soojeong Jung ) 대한가정학회 2019 Human Ecology Research(HER) Vol.57 No.2

This study develops and validates an objective scale to measure newspaper use at home by elementary school students and parents. We developed a preliminary scale of 59 items through the review of literature on newspaper use and mediation as well as the examination of content validity by education experts. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs. A total of 42 items were supported by 703 parents with students in grades 1-6 using exploratory factor analysis. The model included 3 categories and 9 sub-factors: instruction (modeling, restriction, and text instruction), activities (play activity, conversation, online mediation, and scrap activity), and belief (academic achievement and information acquisition). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed and validated the model fit; in addition, convergent validity, and discriminant validity, and cross validity was confirmed through correlation analysis by gender comparison and grade comparison. We also verified the validity of this scale through correlation analysis based on Yu and Jung (2012)’s newspaper mediation variables and scale in regards to children’s motivation for using newspapers. Finally, internal consistency reliability and half reliability were also confirmed. In conclusion, the suitability and stability of home newspaper utilization scale for elementary students (HNUS-E) were confirmed. This scale provides parents and educators with ideas for the development of the children’s literacy, cognitive, and affective domains that can be effectively used in research on newspaper use for school-aged children.

유아용 단행본과 전집 그림책에 대한 어머니의 만족도, 구전의도 및 재구매의도에 영향을 미치는 요인

최나야(Naya Choi),김세영(Se Young Kim) 가정과삶의질학회 2016 가정과삶의질연구 Vol.34 No.3