The Diffusion of the Sea-Waybill and the Progress of e-Trade

Ken Naganuma 한국관세학회 2006 관세학회지 Vol.7 No.3

Recently, many surveys report that diffusion rate of the Sea Waybill rises rapidly, But why has the Sea Waybill spread quickly in this way? Although the reasons and the primary factors are discussed in many researches, A few studies empirically. In it, Naganuma (2004b, 2005b) investigated about the factor which affects the diffusion of the Sea Waybills. So, this paper shows that the reasons and primary factors for the rapid spread of the Sea Waybill from results in Naganuma (2005b). In addition, the relationship between the diffusion of Sea Waybill and e-Trade is analyzed, which is not sufficiently examined in Naganuma (2005b). Consequently, it is turned out that Dependency of dealings, Top management, Compatibility, and Competitive pressures are the primary adoption factors. In the above factors, the score of Dependency of dealings is very high. As for the relation between the diffusion of the Sea Waybill and e-Trade, the diffusion of the Sea Waybill which is nonnegotiable promotes the progress of e-Trade. From now on, adoption of the Sea Waybill increases mainly by a group company, and it will be expected that the Sea Waybill shifts to e-Sea Waybill.

A Study on the Adoption Factor of SWB and e-SWB

Ken Naganuma 중앙대학교 한국전자무역연구소 2008 전자무역연구 Vol.6 No.1

SWB은 선화증권의 위기를 해결하는 대안으로서 사용되고 있다. 운송인은 해상운송장이 유통불능 서류이고 수화인은 물품의 인도를 위해 운송인에게 제시할 필요가 없기 때문에 많이 운송장을 발행하고 있다. 이것이 선환증권의 위기문제를 해결하는 핵심인 것이다. 최근 연구와 조사에 의하면 SWB의 확산은 점차로 뚜렷하게 일어나고 있다. 본 연구는 급속하게 확산하고 있는 SWB는 이유와 주된 요소들을 설문 조사를 수행하여 명백하게 설명하였다. 또한, 나가누마의 논문(2004)에서 충분히 논의되지 못하였던 SWB의 보급과 “전자 무역”과의 관계를 분석하였다. 따라서 “거래 의존성”, “최고경영자 관리”, “호환성”, 그리고 “경쟁 압력”이 주요 채택 요소로 판명되었다. 또한, “거래 의존성”의 점수는 그러한 요인 중에 높게 나타났다. 이 결과는 나가누마의 논문(2004)과 일치하는 부분이며 SWB의 확산에 관해서는 그것이 일정 부분에 있어 “국제 무역에서의 전자상거래”의 발달에 영향을 미치는 것이 명백해졌다. Sea Waybill has been used as an alternative method which solves the B/L crisis. The carrier has increasingly issued Sea Waybill as a transport documents, because it is a non-negotiable document and the consignee does not need to present it to carrier for delivery of goods. That is a point that it solves the B/L crisis. The diffusion of the SWB(Sea-Waybill) has risen gradually like being clarified by the recent research and the investigation. In this paper, the reasons and primary factors for the rapid spread of SWB are clearly illustrated by making use of a questionnaire survey executed. In addition, the relationship between prevalence of SWB and “e-trade” is analyzed, which is not sufficiently examined in Naganuma (2004). Consequently, “Dependency of dealings”, “Top management”, “Compatibility”, and “Competitive pressures” turned into the primary adoption factor. Also, the score of “Dependency of dealings” was very high of them. This result agree with the findings in Naganuma (2004). Furthermore, as for spread of SWB, it became clear that it affects the development of “e-commerce in the international trade” to some extent.

A Study on the Progress of e-Trade and the Factor of the Adoption of bolero.net in Japan

Naganuma, Ken,Lee, Young-chan 한국통상정보학회 2004 통상정보연구 Vol.6 No.3

In recent years, although far behind, the "e-Trade (B to G)" is propelled vigorously in Japan. But the diffusion of the "e-Trade" among companies (B to B) represented by bolero.net does not meet expectation. This paper carried out the questionnaire survey to the enterprises, which adopt bolero.net and examined why the diffusion is stagnated to the measures for its future spread. As a result, the top 3 adoption factors are: (1) Transaction climate, (2) Top management support, and (3) Operational improvement. In other words, it depends that top management has the will, which adopts e-trade positively among the reliable business partners and the operational performances can improve efficiently by carrying e-trade. We would like to clarify what will be crucial to spur the diffusion in the future. Based on the findings from the result, the concrete key points to promote the spread are to be indicated as follows: ① Improve the scores of "Cost" and "Competitive pressure" ② Improve the institutional factor.

Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with obesity and atherogenesis in adolescent boys

Naganuma Junko,Koyama Satomi,Arisaka Osamu,Yoshihara Shigemi 대한소아내분비학회 2022 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.27 No.1

Purpose: We investigated the relationship of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level with obesity and atherosclerosis in Japanese adolescents. Methods: We examined 492 children (247 boys and 245 girls) aged 12–13 years. The serum 25(OH)D level was compared among underweight, healthy weight, and overweight children. Spearman correlation coefficient analysis was performed to examine the relationships between the 25(OH)D level and body mass index (BMI), plasma lipids, and blood pressure and to compare the latter between the normal (≥20 ng/mL) and low (<20 ng/mL) 25(OH)D groups. Further, we performed a multiple regression analysis to assess the effect on the 25(OH)D level. Results: The serum 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in overweight (20.5±2.7 ng/mL) than in healthy-weight boys (22.4±3.3 ng/mL) (P=0.004). Spearman correlation coefficients comparing the relationship of the 25(OH)D level with BMI, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and atherogenic index indicated significance in boys (ρ=-0.238 [P<0.0001], ρ=0.197 [P=0.002], and ρ=-0.146 [P=0.022], respectively). In boys, the multiple regression analysis results showed that BMI had negative and HDL-C had positive effects on the 25(OH)D level. The first was higher and the latter was lower in boys with low 25(OH)D level than in those with normal levels, respectively (P<0.05). No significant correlations were detected in girls. Conclusion: Low serum 25(OH)D level was associated with obesity and increased atherogenic risk in adolescent boys only. This sex difference was probably mediated by body composition, sun exposure, estrogen, and adiponectin, which are characteristics of puberty.

Semiconductor Photonic Switching Devices

Mitsuru Naganuma,Yuzo Yoshikuni 한국통신학회 1997 OPTOELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE Vol.2 No.1

The Introduction of Prior Report System and Progress of e-Trade in Japan

Ken Naganuma 한국관세학회 2006 한국관세학회 학술대회 Vol.2006 No.5

The Factors Affecting the Adoption of SWB for the International Trade

Ken Naganuma 중앙대학교 한국전자무역연구소 2008 전자무역연구 Vol.6 No.3

최근에 해상운송장의 사용이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 무역기업들은 거의 해상운송장을 사용하지 않고 있다고 지적되고 있다. 왜 그러한 기업들의 해상운송장 사용률은 낮은가? 이러한 해상운송장에 고나한 이전의 연구에서는 그것이 충분히 고려되지 않았다. 그래서 본 연구는 사례연구를 통하여 무역기업에 대하여 해상운송장의 사용률이 낮은 이유를 설명하고 있다. 결과적으로 그 이유는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 낮은 상호신뢰로 이루어지는 많은 영업계약들이 있다. 그러한 계약들은 자본과의 관계가 없거나 매우 제한된 거래기록을 가지고 있다. 거래조건도 대부분 송금방식이다. 그러한 거래에서 구매업자와 은행은 신용장을 요구하고 이것이 해상운송장의 사용률을 낮게 하고 있다. 둘째, 높은 신용도가 있는 업체와의 거래 중에 송금방식이 아닌 다른 결제방식이 거래되는 물품의 종류에 따라 요구되고 있다. 셋째, 선화증권의 사용은 시스템(법률, 규정 그리고 거래 관습)에 의해 요구되고 있다. In recent years, the use of Sea Waybills(SWBs) has increased. But, it is pointed out that trading companies hardly use SWBs. Why their usage rate of SWBs is low? It is not considered enough in the previous study on this SWB. So, this study explains the reason why the usage rate of SWBs for trading companies is low by way of case studies. As a result, the reasons are as follows. Firstly, there are many business contacts with low mutual trust. They have no capital ties, or very limited dealing records. Terms of payment are mostly remittance. In such dealings, purchasers and banks demand B/Ls, which makes the usage of SWB low. Secondly, during transactions with companies with high mutual trust, other terms of payment other than remittances are demanded depending on what kind of commodities they are dealing. Thirdly, the use of B/L is demanded by the system (laws, rules, and business customs).

The Study on the Progress of e-Trade and the Factor of the Adoption of bolero.net in Japan

Ken Naganuma,Young-chan Lee 한국통상정보학회 2004 통상정보연구 Vol.6 No.3

In recent years, although far behind, the “e-Trade (B to G)” is propelled vigorously in Japan. But the diffusion of the “e-Trade” among companies (B to B) represented by bolero.net does not meet expectation. This paper carried out the questionnaire survey to the enterprises, which adopt bolero.net and examined why the diffusion is stagnated to the measures for its future spread. As a result, the top 3 adoption factors are: (1) Transaction climate, (2) Top management support, and (3) Operational improvement. In other words, it depends that top management has the will, which adopts e-trade positively among the reliable business partners and the operational performances can improve efficiently by carrying e-trade. We would like to clarify what will be crucial to spur the diffusion in the future. Based on the findings from the result, the concrete key points to promote the spread are to be indicated as follows: ①Improve the scores of “Cost” and “Competitive pressure” ②Improve the institutional factor.

Factors Affecting the Choice of Sea-Waybill in Trading Companies : Why are SWB usage rates of trading companies low?

Ken Naganuma 한국무역학회 2009 한국무역학회 국제학술대회 Vol.2009 No.12

In recent years, the use of Sea-Waybill (SWB) has increased in Japan. But, it is pointed out that trading companies hardly use SWB. The sales share of trading companies in Japanese businesses is high. Therefore, it is expected that the trend has a large influence on the usage rate of the transport document of Japan. Why their usage rate of SWBs is low? It is not considered enough in the previous study on this point. So, this study considers that the reason why the usage rate of SWBs for trading companies is low by case studies. As a result, the 3 reasons are: 1) There are many business contacts with low mutual trust. They have no capital ties, or very limited dealing records. Terms of payment are mostly remittance. In such dealings, purchasers and banks demand B/Ls, which make the usage of B/L frequent. 2) During transactions with companies with high mutual trust, terms of payment other than remittances are demanded depending on what kind of commodities they are dealing. 3) The use of B/L is demanded by the system (laws, rules, and business customs).

Recent trends in diagnostic techniques for inflammatory bowel disease

Makoto Naganuma,Naoki Hosoe,Takanori Kanai,Haruhiko Ogata 대한내과학회 2015 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.30 No.3

Although ileocolonoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease and is useful for assessing the disease severity in the colon and terminal ileum, several alternative diagnostic techniques have been developed recently. For ulcerative colitis (UC), magnification colonoscopy, endocytoscopy, and confocal laser endomicroscopy enable assessment of histological inflammation without the need for biopsy. Capsule endoscopy is useful for detection of small intestinal and colonic lesions in both female and male patients. For UC, capsule endoscopy may be useful for evaluating colonic inflammation in patients with a previous poor colonoscopy experience, while it should be used only in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients with unexplained symptoms when other examinations are negative. Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is particularly useful for detecting transmural inflammation, stenosis, and extraintestinal lesions, including abscesses and fistulas. MRE is also useful when evaluating small and large intestinal lesions, even in cases with severe strictures in which full evaluation of the small bowel would be virtually impossible using other devices. Therefore, the appropriate diagnostic devices for detecting CD lesions in the small and large intestine should be used.