한라산 아고산대 구상나무림에서 연간 물질생산과 유기탄소량 변화1a

장래하 ( Rae Ha Jang ),조규태 ( Kyu Tae Cho ),유영한 ( Young Han You ) 한국환경생태학회 2014 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.28 No.6

국가장기생태사업(LTER)의 일환으로 한라산 아고산대 구상나무림의 물질생산과 탄소분포의 특성을 밝히고자 2009년부터 2013년까지 현존량, 유기탄소분포, 낙엽생산, 임상낙엽량과 토양 유기탄소 축척량을 조사하였다. 식물현존량은 상대생장법에 의해 보고된 물질생산 식을 이용하여 측정하고 이를 이산화탄소의 고정량으로 환산하였다. 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 와 2013년의 현존량은 각각 98.88, 106.42, 107.67, 108.31 와 91.48 ton ha-1 였다. 이 기간 동안의 유기탄소는 지상부 생물량에 35.95, 38.69, 38.96, 39.46, 33.2 ton C ha-1, 지하부 생물량에 8.54, 9.2, 9.49, 9.28, 7.97 ton C ha-1 이 각각 분포하였다. 5년 동안 낙엽 생산을 통해 1.09, 1.80, 1.32, 2.46 와 1.20 ton C ha-1 의 유기탄소가 생태계로 유입되었다. 2010, 2011, 2012와 2013년의 임상낙엽층의 유기탄소량은 2.74, 2.43, 2.00 와 1.16 ton Cha-1였고, 토양 20cm깊이까지의 유기탄소 축적량은 55.77, 54.90, 50.69, 44.42 와 41.87 ton C ha-120cm-1였다. 이와 같이 현존량과 유기탄소량이 2009~2012년까지 매년 증가하였지만 태풍이 있었던 2013년에는 감소하였다. 이러한 현상은 자연적 교란이 한국의 아고산대 생태계에 크게 영향을 미친다는 것을 의미한다. Annual biomass production and amount of organic carbon in Abies koreana forest at Mt. Halla were conducted as a part of Korea National Long-Term Ecological Research (KNLTER). We measured standing biomass change of litter, soil production and organic carbon amounts of the forest floor and soil layer of A. koreana forest in Mt. Halla from 2009 to 2013 in permanent plots. Standing biomass, which was determined by allometric method, was converted into CO2. The standing biomass in A. koreana forest was 98.88, 106.42, 107.67, 108.31, 91.48 ton ha-1 in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respectively. The amount of annual carbon allocated to above ground was 35.95, 38.69, 38.96, 39.46, 33.2 ton C ha-1 and below ground biomass was 8.54, 9.2, 9.49, 9.28, 7.97 ton C ha-1 in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respectively. Amount of organic carbon returned to the forest via litterfall was 1.09, 1.80, 1.32, 2.46 and 1.20 ton C ha-1 in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. Amount of organic carbon in annual litter layer on forest floor was 2.74, 2.43, 2.00 and 1.16 ton C ha-1 in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respectively. Amount of organic carbon within 20cm soil depth was 55.77, 54.9, 50.69, 44.42 and 41.87 ton C ha-120cm-1 in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respectively. Then standing biomass and organic carbon distribution increased steadily until 2012. But there declined in 2013 because of the typhoon Bolaven. Thus, standing biomass and organic carbon distribution of this subalpine forest were largely affected by natural disturbance factor.

Budget and distribution of organic carbon in Taxus cuspidata forest in subalpine zone of Mt. Halla

Jang, Rae-Ha,Jeong, Heon-Mo,Lee, Eung-Pill,Cho, Kyu-Tae,You, Young-Han The Ecological Society of Korea 2017 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.41 No.1

Background: In order to investigate organic carbon distribution, carbon budget, and cycling of the subalpine forest, we studied biomass, organic carbon distribution, litter production, forest floor litter, accumulated soil organic carbon, and soil respiration in Taxus cuspidata forest in Halla National Park from February 2012 to November 2013. Biomass was calculated by using allometric equation and the value was converted to $CO_2$ stocks. Results: The amount of plant organic carbon was $13.60ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ in 2012 and $14.29ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ in 2013. And average organic carbon introduced to forest floor through litter production was $0.71ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$. Organic carbon distributed in forest floor litter layer was $0.73ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ on average and accumulated organic carbon in soil was $51.13ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ on average. In 2012, Amount of released $CO_2$ from soil to atmosphere was 10.93 ton $CO_2ha^{-1}year^{-1}$. Conclusions: The net ecosystem production based on the difference between net primary production of organic carbon and soil respiration was $-1.74ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ releasing more carbon than it absorbed.

Budget and distribution of organic carbon in Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray forest in Mt. Worak

Lee, Seung-Hyuk,Jang, Rae-Ha,Cho, Kyu-Tae,You, Young-Han The Ecological Society of Korea 2015 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.38 No.4

The carbon cycle came into the spotlight due to the climate change and forests are well-known for their capacity to store carbon amongst other terrestrial ecosystems. The annual organic carbon of litter production, forest floor litter layer, soil, aboveground and belowground part of plant, standing biomass, net primary production, uptake of organic carbon, soil respiration, etc. were measured in Mt. Worak in order to understand the production and carbon budget of Quercus serrata forest that are widely spread in the central and southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The total amount of organic carbon of Q. serrata forest during the study period (2010-2013) was 130.745 ton C ha^-1. The aboveground part of plant, belowground part of plant, forest floor litter layer, and organic carbon in soil was 50.041, 12.510, 4.075, and 64.119 ton C ha^-1, respectively. The total average of carbon fixation in plants from photosynthesis was 4.935 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1 and organic carbon released from soil respiration to microbial respiration was 3.972 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1. As a result, the net ecosystem production of Q. serrata forest estimated from carbon fixation and soil respiration was 0.963 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1. Therefore, it seems that Q. serrata forest can act as a sink that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere. The carbon uptake of Q. serrata forest was highest in stem of the plant and the research site had young forest which had many trees with small diameter at breast height (DBH). Consequentially, it seems that active matter production and vigorous carbon dioxide assimilation occurred in Q. serrata forest and these results have proven to be effective for Q. serrata forest to play a role as carbon storage and NEP.

Current Status of Ginseng Cultivation and Soil Characteristics of Northeastern Three Provinces in China

Yang Ho Park,Jang Uk Kim,Dong Hwi Kim,Yeon Kyu Sonn,Jin Ha Yun,Huhn Pal Moon,Soo Yeon Cho 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.6

This study was conducted to improve the continuous techniques for international competitiveness of ginseng industry to Korea-China FTA negotiation and conclusion, and provide the basic information for ginseng industry development of Korea. It was carried out the visiting of the northeastern three provinces (Jilin, Liaoling and Heilongjang) in China for 3-year from 2014 to 2016 and observed the farmers’ fields of ginseng cultivation with soil environmental status. The types of ginseng cultivation could be observed in small scales of 0.5∼3.0 ha, in middle scales of 4.0∼10.0 ha and in large scales of 30∼700 ha with the kinds of imhasam, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng and western ginseng. Also ginseng was cultivated in newly reclaimed land of forest in two types of direct seeding and transplanting of ginseng seedlings. The field beds of ginseng growing were covered with vinyl films in arch design of 100∼130 cm height and vinyl was painted in spraying with blue, green and yellow colours for shading. It was investigated in status of the physico-chemical properties of soils. The physical information on the field soils were silt loam, loam and sandy loam in soil textures, and some plain in low slope, some alluvial fan or local valley in forest of land topography. Soil pH ranged within 5.0∼5.2, soil EC was 0.93∼3.78 dS m<SUP>-1</SUP>, organic matter was 37∼35 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, nitrate nitrogen 63∼490 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, available P2O5 55∼163 mg kg-1, and in exchangeable cations, K was 0.30∼0.98, Ca was 6.5∼14.0, Mg was 1.1∼5.3 cmolc kg<SUP>-1</SUP> in ranges. Farmers used the fertilizer for ginseng cultivation in 10∼11 t of compost, 200∼400 kg ha<SUP>-</SUP>1 of complex fertilizer and 750 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP> of oil cakes. The northeastern three provinces of China can use the newly lands with large areas of ginseng cultivation in soil sickness by continuous cropping. and the soil basic fertility is batter than that of Korean in standard guide of ginseng cultivation soil.

Current Status of Ginseng Cultivation and Soil Characteristics of Northeastern Three Provinces in China

Park, Yang Ho,Kim, Jang Uk,Kim, Dong Hwi,Sonn, Yeon Kyu,Yun, Jin Ha,Moon, Huhn Pal,Cho, Soo Yeon 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.6

This study was conducted to improve the continuous techniques for international competitiveness of ginseng industry to Korea-China FTA negotiation and conclusion, and provide the basic information for ginseng industry development of Korea. It was carried out the visiting of the northeastern three provinces (Jilin, Liaoling and Heilongjang) in China for 3-year from 2014 to 2016 and observed the farmers' fields of ginseng cultivation with soil environmental status. The types of ginseng cultivation could be observed in small scales of 0.5~3.0 ha, in middle scales of 4.0~10.0 ha and in large scales of 30~700 ha with the kinds of imhasam, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng and western ginseng. Also ginseng was cultivated in newly reclaimed land of forest in two types of direct seeding and transplanting of ginseng seedlings. The field beds of ginseng growing were covered with vinyl films in arch design of 100~130 cm height and vinyl was painted in spraying with blue, green and yellow colours for shading. It was investigated in status of the physico-chemical properties of soils. The physical information on the field soils were silt loam, loam and sandy loam in soil textures, and some plain in low slope, some alluvial fan or local valley in forest of land topography. Soil pH ranged within 5.0~5.2, soil EC was $0.93{\sim}3.78dS\;m^{-1}$, organic matter was $37{\sim}35g\;kg^{-1}$, nitrate nitrogen $63{\sim}490mg\;kg^{-1}$, available $P_2O_5$ $55{\sim}163mg\;kg^{-1}$, and in exchangeable cations, K was 0.30~0.98, Ca was 6.5~14.0, Mg was $1.1{\sim}5.3cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ in ranges. Farmers used the fertilizer for ginseng cultivation in 10~11 t of compost, $200{\sim}400kg\;ha^{-1}$ of complex fertilizer and $750kg\;ha^{-1}$ of oil cakes. The northeastern three provinces of China can use the newly lands with large areas of ginseng cultivation in soil sickness by continuous cropping. and the soil basic fertility is batter than that of Korean in standard guide of ginseng cultivation soil.

남산의 소나무림, 신갈나무림, 아까시나무림의 낙엽생산과 토양유기탄소 동태

정헌모 ( Heon Mo Jeong ),김해란 ( Hae Ran Kim ),신동훈 ( Dong Hoon Shin ),이경미 ( Kyoung Mi Lee ),이승혁 ( Seung Hyuk Lee ),한영섭 ( Young Sub Han ),장래하 ( Rae Ha Jang ),이상경 ( Sang Kyeong Lee ),김태규 ( Tae Kyu Kim ),유영한 한국환경생물학회 2013 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.31 No.2

남산의 소나무림, 신갈나무림 그리고 아까시나무림에서 2008년 1월부터 2009년 12월까지의 월별 낙엽생산량과 토양의 유기탄소량을 조사하였다. 소나무림은 2008년과 2009년 모두 10월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 많았으며, 2008년 1월과 2009년 12월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 적었다. 신갈나무림은 2008년과 2009년 모두 11월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 많았으며, 2월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 적었다. 아까시나무림은 2008년 11월과 2009년 10월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 많았으며, 2008년 1월과 2009년 12월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 적었다. 이것은 한반도 중부에서 상록성의 소나무림이 낙엽성의 참나무숲 보다 더 일찍 낙엽이 진다는 것을 의미한다. 소나무림과 신갈나무림, 아까시나무림의 2년 평균의 낙엽생산량은 7.07, 6.36, 5.02 ton ha-1로 소나무가 가장 많았다. 소나무림과 신갈나무림, 아까시나무림의 2년 평균의 토양유기탄소량은 76.2, 68.6, 72.5 ton C ha-1로 소나무림에서 가장 많았다. 이처럼 소나무숲에서 높게 나타난 것은 남산에서 신갈나무나 아까시나무를 벌목하여 임목밀도가 줄었기 때문이다. The objective of this study was to estimate dynamics of litter production and soil organic carbon of Pinus densiflora forest, Quercus mongolica forest, and Rhobina pseudo-acasia forest at Mt. Nam as a part of Korea National Long-Term Ecological Research (KNLTER) from 2008 to 2009. Litter production of P. densiflora forest was the highest in October 2008, 2009 and the lowest in January 2008 and December 2009. Litter production of Q. mongolica forest was the highest in November and the lowest in February in 2008 and 2009. Litter production of R. pseudo-acacia forest was the highest in November in 2008 and October in 2009 and the lowest in January in 2008 and December in 2009. It means that leaves of P. densiflora forest shed earlier than deciduous oak forests in Korean central region. An average of litter production for 2 years was 7.07, 6.36, 4.66 ton ha-1 in P. densiflora forest, Q. mongolica forest, R. psuedo-acacia forest, respectively. An average of soil organic carbon matter for 2 years was 88.3, 76.5, 84.2 ton ha-1 in P. densiflora forest, Q. mongolica forest, R. psuedo-acacia forest, respectively.

관동맥 우회로 이식술후 우회 혈관의 개존 여부 평가에 있어 전자선 단층 촬영을 이용한 3차원 혈관조영술의 유용성

하종원,조승연,심원흠,정남식,이향미,최규옥,장양수,유경종,강면식 대한순환기학회 1998 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.28 No.5

고추 조숙터널 직파재배시 멀칭재료 선발

허봉구,김하규,장길수,김주현 한국국제농업개발학회 2003 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.15 No.3

고추를 조숙터널재배 작형에서 직파할 때 터널지면을 멀칭하는 적정한 재료를 선발하기 위하여 2000년부터 2년간 영양고추시험장 시험포장에서 기온, 지온 등을 측정하고 고추의 생육과 수량을 조사하였으며 고추성분함량을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 직파한 고추의 입모율은 흑색P.E. 멀칭구에서 94%로 가장 높았으며 지중 10㎝에서의 최고, 최저온도는 투명P.E. 멀칭구가 가장 높았다. 2. 고추 초기생육은 흑색P.E. 멀칭구가 가장 좋았으나 후기생육은 처리간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 3. 고추 수량은 흑색P.E. 멀칭구 〉투명P.E. 멀칭구 〉배색P.E. 멀칭구 순으로 높았으며 과실 특성은 비슷하였다. 4. 흑색P.E. 멀칭구의 ASTA값이 195.7로 가장 높았으며 당함량은 투명P.E. 멀칭구가 8.7%로 높았다. This experiment was conducted to select the mulching materials at the direct sowing of red pepper in the early maturing culture under row cover. 'Taeyang' cultivar was planted at the March 27 by driect sowing. Mulching material were black P.E., clear P.E. and arranged P.E., Soil temperature at 10㎝ depth measured by Watch Dog (Spectrum Technologies Inc.) during the cropping seasons. Planting density was 4,444 plants per 10a, double row design with 0.3m between plants within the row and 1.5m with. Fertilization application on the red pepper was standard fertilization which RDA recommended. Seedling stand ratios of red pepper in the black P.E. plot was higher by 94% than the others. Soil temperature at 10㎝ depth including maximum and minimum temperatures in the clear P.E. plot were higher than those of another plots. Red pepper growth in the early stage was better in the black P.E. plot than the other plots. In the late stages, the red pepper growth to black P.E. 〉clear P.E. 〉arranged P.E. plot, but fruit characteristics were similiar. ASTA value of black P.E. plot was higher by 195.7 than the other plots. Sugar content of clear P.E. plot was 8.7%.

아동기 가정 내 스트레스가 공동의존성에 미치는 영향 및 공동의존성과 정신병리와의 관련성

곽운환,손지욱,한규희,박철수,김장락,김붕년,김봉조,강여화,하형래 대한생물치료정신의학회 2003 생물치료정신의학 Vol.9 No.1

연구목적: 본 연구는 공동의존성에 영향을 미치는 아동기 가정내 스트레스 요인과 공동의존성과 다른 병리와의 연관성을 규명하고자 하였다. 더불어 특정한 질환에서의 공동의존성의 평가가 가지는 의의를 탐색해 보고자 하였다. 방 법: 연구 대상은 정상 일반인 남성집단 88명과 알코올리즘 남성 집단 76명으로 구성되어 있다. 평가도구는 본 저자가 직접 작성한 '아동기 가정내 스트레스 요인 측정용 설문'과 공동의존 척도(RPS), 간이증상 진단검사(SCL-90-R)를 사용하였다. 통계적 분석은 Mann-Whitmey test, Kruskall- Wallis test, Multiple linear regression analysis, Spearman correlation analysis를 이용하였다. 결 과: 1) 정상 일반인 군과 알코올리즘 군의 공동의존성 평균값은 각각 49.12점(표준편차=15.41)과 88.31점(표준편차=17.48)이었다. 2) 정상 일반인 군에서는 '아동기 부모 사별'(p<0.01) '부모의 알코올리즘'(p<0.01) '부모의 상습적 구타'(p<0.01)의 3가지 요인에서, 알코올리즘 군에서는 '어린시절 부모 사별'(p<0.01) '부모의 알코올리즘'(p<0.01) '부모의 상습적 구타'(p<0.01) '부도의 도박'(p<0.01) '사회 병질자 부모의 존재'(p<0.05)의 5가지 요인에서 스트레스 유무에 따라 공동의존성에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 3) 두 집단 동시에 SCR-90-R의 8개 소척도 중 '대인관계 예민성'이 공동의존성과 가장 높은 연관성(rs>0.06, p<0.01)을 보였다. 이외에도 '우울증' '불안증'등이 두 집단 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 연관성을 보였다. 결 론: 본 연구는 부모의 알코올리즘뿐만 아니라 여러 가정 내 스트레스 요인이 공동의존성의 발생에 영향을 미칠 수 있음과 공동의존성이 높은 집단이 다른 정신과 질환을 동반할 가능성이 높음을 증명한다고 할 수 있다. Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the relationships of codependency with family stressors in childhood and psychopathology. Methods : Subjects were a group of 88 normal adult males and a group of 76 alcoholic males. The degree of codependency was assessed with the Korean version of Recovery Potential Survey(RPS). All subjects filled out questionnaires regarding demographic information and family stressors. The psychopathology was measured by self-administred questionnaires using Symptom Check List-90-Revision(SCL-90-R). Results : 1) There were no significant differences in codependency levels by sociodemographic characteristics in two groups, but obvious difference in mean of codependency scores(normal group : 49.12±15.41, alcoholism group : 88.31±17.48). 2) There were significant differences in codependency levels between the presence and absence of parental physical abuse, parental death, and parental alcoholism(p<0.01) in both groups. 3) Among family stressors, parental physical abuse had the largest contribution to codependency level in multiple linear regression. 4) There were significant correlations between the codependency levels and the scores of SCL-90-R's subscales of interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety in both groups. Conclusion : The codependency levels were related to some family stressors such as parental physical abuse, parental death, and parental alcoholism and the high-level codependency was correlated with higher level of psychopathology in both normal and alcoholism group. These results suggested that various family stressors, as well as parental alcoholism may be predictors of codependency, and codependency also may be a predictor of other psychiatric disorders.

Ultrafast Electron Diffraction Technology for Exploring Dynamics of Molecules

Kyu Ha Jang,Key Young Oang,In-Hyung Baek,Sadiq Setiniyaz,Ki-TaeLee,Young Uk Jeong,Hyunwoo Kim 한국물리학회 2018 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.73 No.4

With the recent successful development of X-ray free electron lasers (X-FELs), it became possible to explore sub-nano structure dynamics of materials with 100-fs temporal accuracy. Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) can achieve similar performance at a much lower cost and on a smaller scale by using ultrashort and low-energy electron beams. The UEDs are suitable for studying thin films, surfaces, and gas samples that are difficult to study with the X-FELs. Starting from non-relativistic UEDs using low-energy electron beams of less than 100 keV, it led to the development of relativistic UEDs using a-few-MeV electron beams. These efforts have contributed to the identification of the unexplored mechanism of matter by observing the dynamics of atoms with higher temporal accuracy. Electron beam is easier to handle than X-rays, and various technologies are being developed to improve the performance of UED. We review UEDs historically based on the development of core technologies. And application researches with the UEDs will be outlined in this paper.