ApoB/ApoA-I ratio is independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus with well-controlled LDL cholesterol levels

( Ji Eun Jun ),( Young Ju Choi ),( Yong-ho Lee ),( Dae Jung Kim ),( Seok Won Park ),( Byung Wook Huh ),( Eun Jig Lee ),( Sun-ha Jee ),( Kyu Yeon Hur ),( Sung Hee Choi ),( Kap Bum Huh ) 대한내과학회 2018 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.33 No.1

Background/Aims: This study aimed to investigate whether the apolipoprotein (Apo) B/ApoA-I ratio is associated with carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels less than 100 mg/dL. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 845 subjects aged with T2DM 40 to 75 years who had visited Huh’s Diabetes Center in Seoul, Republic of Korea for CIMT measurement. Traditional fasting lipid profiles, ApoB and ApoA-I levels were examined. CIMT was measured at three points on the far wall of 1 cm long section of the common carotid artery in the proximity of the carotid bulb. The mean value of six measurements from right and left carotid arteries were used as the mean CIMT. In this study, carotid atherosclerosis was defined as having a focal plaque or diffuse thickening of the carotid wall (mean CIMT ≥ 1.0 mm) Results: The prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis increased with ApoB/ApoA-I ratio. The ApoB/ApoA-I ratio, expressed as both quartiles (odds ratio [OR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 3.79; p for trend = 0.014) and continuous values (OR, 10.05; 95% CI, 3.26 to 30.97; p < 0.001), was significantly associated with a higher risk for carotid atherosclerosis, regardless of conventional cardiovascular disease risk factors. The optimal ApoB/ApoA-I ratio cutoff value for detecting carotid atherosclerosis was 0.57, based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with a sensitivity of 58.0% and a specificity of 55.1%. Conclusions: A high ApoB/ApoA-I ratio was significantly associated with carotid atherosclerosis in T2DM patients with LDL-C levels less than 100 mg/dL.

地方公企業 對象領域의 擴大方向에 관한 硏究 : 釜山市를 중심으로

許勇勳,李康雄 東義大學校 法政硏究所 1996 공공정책연구 Vol.12 No.-

植物性 農藥開發에 關한 硏究 : Effecfs of Several Factors of Polyonum Spencies on Insecticidal Activity. 3. 여뀌 抽出液의 殺蟲效果에 影響을 주는 要因에 關하여

許麟洙,金容煥,柳泰錫 慶尙大學校 1976 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

In order to elucidate the influence of various factors on the insecticidal activity of the chloroform extract of Polygonum species, a brief experiment was carred out. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Physicochemical nature of the extreact: a) Stable to temperature (heat) and sunlight. b) Stable to pH (1.5-11.0) c) Soluble in organic solvents, insoluble in other solvents. d) Stable to KIO, TCA, HCI, NaCl, NaOH and KOH. 2. Potency: a) Most effective in trituration b) Increased by higher purity c) Augmented when suspended or emulsified the extract with kerasin and soap solution d) Augmented when the extract was chlorinated.

제주지역 전분폐수의 발생실태 및 처리특성에 관한 연구

허목,이용두 제주대학교 환경연구소 1993 환경연구논문집 : 제주대 Vol.1 No.-

In recent years, the wastewater from starch process which includes very high concentration of organic solids has emerged as a serious environmental pollutions around Cheju. Therefore, in this study we try to obtain the data for the characteristics of the wastewater produced from each starch production process. Based on sedimentation and biodegradation tests, the effectiveness of the biological treatment is accessed. The result from this study were summarized as follows : 1. Starch wastewater was produced 10∼15㎥ raw materials per 1 ton and wastewater contained TBOD of 20-25kg, this results means that treatment method of starch wastewater was suited biological wastewater treatment process. 2. SS removal efficiency was 50% in sedimentation basin for 2 hours sediment. 3. At this conditions, MLSS, HRT and F/M ratios a r e 260㎖/ℓ, 14-17hr and 0.15-0.25, removal efficency of BOD, N and P were best condition by biodegradation test.

小型高速 Diesel機關의 燃燒室特性과 傾向에 對한 考察

許永根 東亞大學校 1966 東亞論叢 Vol.3 No.-

Successful combustion inside the cylinders of a diesel engine depends on the prevalence of the following four conditions: 1. Fine atomization 2. High temperature for prompt ignition 3. High relative velocity between fuel and air particles 4. Good mixing of fuel and air particles Atomization, penetration, and "dispersion" (spreading) of the fuel depend largely on the injection system. Compression ratio, cylinder dimensions, and cooling arrangements determine the temperature conditions Mixing depends on the proper relation of the injection pattern, the air, intake system, and the shape of the combustion space formed by the cylinder bead, the cylinder walls, and the piston crouen. The important factors in bringing the temperature up to the level needed for prompt ignition are compression ratio and engine size. In a smallbore engine, the surface of the combustion space is large, relative to its volume, and the coolwater-jackets lower considerably the temperature of the compressed charge. To offset this, smallbore engines generally use higher compression ratios to produce higher temperatures. Another important reason for higher compression ratios in small-bore engines is the fact that such engines run at high speeds. This reduces the time available for combustion and requires reducing the ignition delay: higher compression shortens the delay period. The remaining essential factor in combustion is air motion, which is necessary for good mixing most combustion spaces, even the simplest, produce some stirring of the air, or "turbulence," and this is sufficient for engines with fairly large cylinder bores and operating at low or medium speeds. On the other hand, small-bore, high speed engines require highly developed combustion chambers to prepare the fuel charge and produce the conditions needed for complete combustion in the fantastically short time available. We'll look into some various of combustion chambers. The combustion chambers generally used in compression-ignition engines may be classified under three heads, the directed sprected spray type, the air-swirl type, and the pre-combustion chamber type. The distinguishing characteristic of directed-spray type is that mixing of the fuel and air is accomplished chiefly by directing the spray so that fuel will be projected to all parts of the combustion chamber during the injection process. This usually requires subdivision of the spray and use of high injection pressures. The system is the most common and successful for relatively low-speed engines (large cylinder sizes) and with considerable excess air. The effectiveness of the mixing process is not generally sufficient to permit operation of high-speed engines of this type with small amounts of excess air. The air-swirl system, which rapid motion of air passes the jet, is used to secure good mixing. A single jet is usually sufficient and spray characteristics are less important than in the directed-spray type, Good performance with a small amount of excess air at relatively high r.p.m. is possible with this type. Excellent performance has been obtained with this type. The pre-combustion chamber type utilizes the early stages of combustion to secure rapid mixing. Fuel is injected into a bottle-necked chamber which comprises only part of the combustion space. The first part of combustion occurs in this space and the resultant expansion projects a large portion of the contents of the pre-combustion chamber out through the "bottle-neck"so violently that the effective mixing of the air and unburned fuel is secured Spray characteristics are even less important than in the air-swirl type. By proper detail design and proper proportioning of the volume of the pre combustion chamber relative to the whole combustion space the rate of combustion in the second and third stages is subject to some control. With combustion chambers having compartments separated from the cylinder by small passages both heat loss and pumping friction are likly to relatively high. The heat lost during compression may cause difficulty in starting a cold engine. High compression ratios and "glow plugs" are usually necessary for starting. Many of the combustion chambers have stainless steel liners which have poor thermal contact with the water-cooled parts, and therefore run at high temperatures, projection of the fuel spray against these hot surfaces helps to keep the delay period short. The question of variation of optimum injection timing with speed for the various types of combustion chamber is of considerable practical interest. In the directed spray and pro-chamber types the process of mixing fuel and air is a function of time rather than of engine speed, and hence ocuepies more degrees of crank rotation as r.p.m. are increased. Thus the injection timing must be "advanced" with these types as speed increases. In those types dependent for mixing on air flow(swirl) past the jet, the velocity of air flow increases with engine speed, and optimum injection timing tends to vary less with changes of speed. In many engines of the later type a fixed injection timing is satisfactory over a considerable speed range.

高速道路 休日割增制의 介入效果分析

허명회,이종한,정용찬 高麗大學校統計硏究所 1987 應用統計 Vol.2 No.1

고속도로 休日割增制의 정책介入效果를 통계적으로 분석·평가하려는 것이 本 小考의 목적이다. 박스-젠킨스 방법에 의한 時系列 介入效果(intervention analysis)의 결과, 休日割增制로 인한 일요일·공휴일 승용차 통행량의 감소는 制度의 시행 전 기대했던 19.2%에 못 미치는 10.6%에 그치고 말았음을 알아내었다.

견관절 통증을 동반한 환자에서의 상극근 건파열에 관한 고찰

허은선,남용현,성인영 울산대학교 의과대학 1993 울산의대학술지 Vol.2 No.1

Shoulder pain is the common problem and debilitating problem. And its etiology remains poorly understood. One of the etiology is the rotator cuff tear. Arthrography has been considered standard diagnostic method for detecting cuff tear but it is invasive. So, we performed non-invasive sonographic examination on the 160 shoulders-84 painful shoulders, 76 asymptomatic shoulders-from 80 patients with painful shoulder. We grouped 80 patients into three, group one is the 20 hemiplegic patients older than 50 years, group two is the 40 non-hemiplegic patients older than 50 years, group three is the 20 non-hemiplegic patients younger than 50 years. Mean age was 61.9, 60.0 and 37.8 year old in each group The rate of the positive sonographic finding of supraspinatus tendon tear was 70%, 72.5% and 50% in each group. The pain was highly correlated with the supraspinatus tendon tear findings on the sonography(P<0.01) We checked variable factors such as aging, hemiplegic condition, limited range of motion, history of trauma whether or not affect the supraspinatus tendon tear incidence. The aging was the only possible affecting factor that increase the incidence of supraspinatus tendon tear in our study.

전문가 시스템 기법을 이용한 사출성형 해석 및 평가 시스템에 관한 연구

허용정 韓國技術敎育大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.3 No.1

The design and manufacture of injection molded polymeric parts with desired properties is a costly process dominated by empiricism, including the interactive modification of prototype toolings. In this paper, an interactive computer-based design system for injection molding is developed in order to realize the concept of rational design for the productivity and quality of mold making. The knowledge-based synthesis system being developed in this paper combines a rule-based expert system with analytical process simulation programs in a synergistical manner. Quick and logical evaluations on the design of molded parts can be made on the scientific analysis and the accumulated experts' knowledge.

반도체 칩 캡슐화를 위한 트랜스퍼 금형 캐비티에서의 유동해석과 성형조건 최적화에 관한 연구

허용정 韓國技術敎育大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.2 No.1

An Effort has been made to more accurately analyze the flow in the chip cavity, particularly to model the flow through the openings in the leadframe and correctly treat the thermal boundary condition at the leadfreame. The theoretical analysis of the flow has been done by using the Hele-Shaw approximation in each cavity separated by a leadframe. The cross-flow through the openings in the leadframe has been incorporated into the Hele-Shaw formulation as a mass source tern. The optimization program based on the complex method integrated with flow analysis program has been successfully used to obtain the optimal filling conditions to avoid short shot.

Loader/Unloader의 고속화에 관한 연구

허성관,권용규,최종탁 大邱大學校 科學技術硏究所 2000 科學技術硏究 Vol.7 No.2

In the recent loader & unloader, left controller has problems such as functional error caused by vibration when speed up and discordance of speed between another machine in line. On this study, a newly designed loader & unloader has been selected motor viewed in torque, revolutions per minute (RPM). rating and output of power, programmable logic controller(P. L. C) viewed in economy, convenience and manageme -nt. By using optimum inverter, it can be avoided from occurrence of high frequence and motor damage in these equipments. By establishing distributed control system(D. C. S), it can control input, output and production units, can contribute factory automation system in PCB manufacture.