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하고은,정은지 한국뇌신경과학회 2021 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.30 No.6
Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, and induces the release of glucocorticoids, stress hormones, into circulation. Many studies have shown that stress affects feeding behavior, however, the underlying circuitry and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. The balance between orexigenic (simulating appetite) and anorexigenic (loss of appetite) signals reciprocally modulate feeding behavior. It is suggested that proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus are the first-order neurons that respond to the circulating signals of hunger and satiety. Here, we examined a chronic restraint stress model and observed an increase in food intake, which was not correlated with anhedonia. We investigated whether stress affects the properties of POMC and NPY neurons and found that chronic restraint stress reduced the excitatory inputs onto POMC neurons and increased the action potential threshold. Therefore, our study suggests that chronic stress modulates the intrinsic excitability and excitatory inputs in POMC neurons, leading to changes in feeding behavior.
하고은,장운기,한기성,함준상,박범영,정석근 한국축산식품학회 2015 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.35 No.3
Milk proteins have many potential sequences within their primary structure, each with a specific biological activity. In this study, we compared and investigated the bioactivities of hydrolysates of the domestic (A, B) and imported (C, D) skim milk powders generated using papain digestion. MALDI-TOF analysis revealed that all milk powder proteins were intact, indicating no autolysis. Electrophoretic analysis of hydrolysates showed papain treatment caused degradation of milk proteins into peptides of various size. The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates, determined using 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and total phenolic contents (TPC) assays, increased with incubation times. In all skim milk powders, the antioxidant activities of hydrolysates were highest following 24 h papain treatment (TPC: A, 196.48 µM GE/L; B, 194.52 µM GE/L; C, 194.76 µM GE/L; D, 163.75 µM GE/L; ABTS: A, 75%; B, 72%; C, 72%; D, 57%). The number of peptide derived from skim milk powders, as determined by LC-MS/MS, was 308 for A, 283 for B, 208 for C, and 135 for D. Hydrolysate A had the highest antioxidant activity and the most potential antioxidant peptides amongst the four skim milk powder hydrolysates. A total of 4 β-lactoglobulin, 4 αs1-casein, and 56 β-casein peptide fragments were identified as potential antioxidant peptides in hydrolysate A by LC-MS/MS. These results suggest that domestic skim milk could have applications in various industries, i.e., in the development of functional foods.
하고은,장운기,조수미,한기성,박범영,함준상,정석근 한국축산식품학회 2015 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.35 No.6
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was evaluated for the low-molecular-weight fraction (<3 kDa) obtained from milk fermentation by Bifidobacterium longum KACC91563. The ACE inhibitory activity in this fraction was 62.3%. The peptides generated from the <3 kDa fraction were identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quantitative time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. Of the 28 peptides identified, 11 and 16 were identified as β-casein (CN) and αs1-CN, respectively. One peptide was identified as κ-CN. Three peptides, YQEPVLGPVRGPFPIIV, QEPVLGPVRGPFPIIV, and GPVRGPFPIIV, from β-CN corresponded to known antihypertensive peptides. We also found 15 peptides that were identified as potential antihypertensive peptides because they included a known antihypertensive peptide fragment. These peptides were as follows: RELEELNVPGEIVE (f1-14), YQEPVLGPVRGPFP (f193-206), EPVLGPVRGPFPIIV (f195-206), PVLGPVRGPFPIIV (f196-206), VLGPVRGPFPIIV (f197-206), and LGPVRGPFPIIV (f198-206) for β-CN; and APSFSDIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f176-199), SFSDIPNPIGSENSEKT- TMPLW (f178-199), FSDIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f179-199), SDIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f180-199), DIPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f181-199), IPNPIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f182-199), PIGSENSEKTTMPLW (f185-199), IGSENSEKTTMPLW (f186-199), and SENSEKTTMPLW (f188-199) for αs1-CN. From these results, B. longum could be used as a starter culture in combination with other lactic acid bacteria in the dairy industry, and/or these peptides could be used in functional food manufacturing as additives for the development of a product with beneficial effects for human health.
Antioxidant Activity of Porcine Skin Gelatin Hydrolyzed by Pepsin and Pancreatin
장운기,하고은,정석근,설국환,오미화,김동욱,장애라,김세훈,박범영,함준상 한국축산식품학회 2013 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.33 No.4
Gelatin is a collagen-containing thermohydrolytic substance commonly incorporated in cosmetic and pharmaceutical pro-ducts. This study investigated the antioxidant activity of gelatin by using different reagents, such as 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-di (4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and oxygen radical absor-bance capacity-fluorescein (ORAC-FL) in a porcine gelatin hydrolysate obtained using gastrointestinal enzymes. Electro-phoretic analysis of the gelatin hydrolysis products showed extensive degradation by pepsin and pancreatin, resulting in an increase in the peptide concentration (12.1 mg/mL). Antioxidant activity, as measured by ABTS, exhibited the highest val-ues after 48-h incubation with pancreatin treatment after pepsin digestion. Similar effects were observed at 48 h incubation,that is, 61.5% for the DPPH assay and 69.3% for the ABTS assay. However, the gallic acid equivalent (GE) at 48 h was 87.8µM, whereas 14.5 µM GE was obtained using the ABTS and DPPH assays, indicating about sixfold increase. In the ORAC-FL assay, antioxidant activity corresponding to 45.7 µM of trolox equivalent was found in the gelatin hydrolysate after 24 h hydrolysis with pancreatin treatment after pepsin digestion, whereas this activity decreased at 48 h. These antioxidant assay results showed that digestion of gelatin by gastrointestinal enzymes prevents oxidative damage.