中國 企業家精神과 創業動機

表旻燦(Min-Chan Pyo),權聖容(Kwon Sung-yong),張沈偉(Zhang Shen-Wei) 동아인문학회 2009 동아인문학 Vol.16 No.-

This paper analyzes Chinese entrepreneurship and motivation for start-up entrepreneurs since economic reforms at the end of 1978. We classify the background of Chinese entrepreneurs into three categories: (1) entrepreneurs from peasant stock, (2) entrepreneurs from professional experts, and (3) ex-government officials. Each category has unique start-up motivations and procedures. Entrepreneurs from peasant stock start their businesses as a means of living and prefer to diversify their business. Entrepreneurs from professional experts start their enterprises to be compensated for their professional knowledge and skills. Entrepreneurs from government officials are conservative in starting their own businesses because of high opportunity cost of quitting their stable jobs. Ex-government officials have close relationship(guanxi) with government authorities, leading ex-government officials ease to access resources necessary for start-up. Earlier firm-level studies on Chinese enterprises have discussed the competitiveness of Chinese firms, but these studies could not explain the source of competitiveness. This paper provides valuable insights into the source of competitiveness and motivation for start-up entrepreneurs by analysing start-up entrepreneur cases since 1978. Based on this paper, future studies may empirically investigate whether or not the background of Chinese entrepreneurs has a effect on start-up motivation and procedures.

중국을 활용한 대기업-중소기업 간 협력전략: 포스코와 오스템의 Joint Venture 사례연구

표민찬 ( Min Chan Pyo ),김선우 ( Sun Woo Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2013 中國硏究 Vol.58 No.-

As the polarization between the large- and mid-size companies has increased, the government has carried out new policies to stimulate collaboration among the large- and mid-size companies. However, the government effort have not been very effective because the parasitic collaboration, large firms`` giving benefits to small firms without getting anything in returns, cannot work in the long term. This paper examines a case of international joint venture(POS-Austem) founded by POSCO and Austem, in which both firms achieved reciprocal benefits. By collaboration between the two firms, POSCO could expand its business to the automobile component industry and strengthen a captive market of automobile steel plate. Austem could secure a supply of high quality steel which is the most important element of the components that it produces. POS-Austem was established in KunShan, China which offered the groundwork for the successful collaboration between POSCO and Austem. China was considered as a cheap manufacturing, and, recently, it is regarded as a potential consumer market. The findings of this paper show that China can also afford a foothold to solve domestic economic problems such as resolving polarization among firms and revitalizing insolvent enterprises.

【사회과학(社會科學)】 : 한국기업 CSR활동에 대한 중국 소비자의 인식 연구 -합비(合肥)시 대상 자민족 중심주의와 한국 국가이미지의 영향력 분석-

표민찬 ( Min Chan Pyo ),방아평 ( Ya Ping Fang ) 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2014 中國硏究 Vol.62 No.-

This paper investigates the effects of Chinese ethnocentrism and country image of Korea on the Chinese consumers’ perception of CSR by Korean firms. Especially this research subdivides CSR into legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities and analyzes the effect of Chinese ethnocentrism and country image of Korea on subdivided responsibilities. According to the findings, Chinese consumers expect higher legal responsibility to Korean firms than Chinese ones. However, there are no differences in ethical and philanthropic responsibilities between Korea and Chinese firms. The findings also show that Chinese consumers with high ethnocentrism ask Korean firms to take high level of legal responsibility. However, the ethnocentrism does not affect on the expectation of ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities. In addition, Chinese consumers having good image of Korea require the higher level of philanthropic responsibility, but national image does not affect on legal and ethical responsibilities. Generally Korean firms investing in China should put emphasis on legal responsibility. It would be also effective for Korean firms to expose their philanthropic responsibility activities to Chinese consumers having good image of Korea.

한국과 일본기업의 산업별 경쟁력 비교 연구

표민찬(Pyo, Min-Chan),정무섭(Jung, Moosup) 계명대학교 산학연구소 2012 經營經濟 Vol.45 No.2

연구목적 - 본고는 한국과 일본 기업의 총요소생산성과 재무성과를 분석해 양국 기업의 경쟁력을 종합적으로 비교분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구방법 - 본 연구는 종업원 50인 이상 기업체를 대상으로 설문조사한 일본 경제산업성의 기업활동기본조사와 한국 통계청의 기업활동조사 자료를 활용했다. 총요소생산성은 지수를 개발하는 방법을 활용해 양국 간 산업별 총요소생산성을 비교·분석했다. 주요 결과 - 본 연구의 추정 결과 총요소생산성의 경우 2005년 한국이 일본에 비해 4% 뒤지는 것으로 나타났지만, 2006년에는 격차가 1.3%로 축소됐다. 2005년 이전의 데이터를 활용한 기존 연구와 연결해 분석해 볼 때, 한국과 일본의 경쟁력 격차가 줄어들고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 산업별로는 의류, 신발 등 전통제조업과 비금속 광물제품, 코크스 석유정제품 및 핵연료 산업에서 한국의 총요소생산성이 일본에 비해 다소 높은 것으로 나타났다. 한국의 주력산업인 전자, 1차금속, 자동차 및 운송장비 업종에서 양국 간 격차는 2006년 기준으로 4% 정도에 불과했다. 일본의 경우 대기업과 중소기업 간 생산성 격차가 크지 않은 반면, 한국은 대기업과 중소기업간 생산성 양극화가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다. 한국의 경우 상위기업들이 해당 산업의 생산성을 이끌고 있는 반면, 일본은 중소기업과 대기업이 비교적 비슷한 수준의 생산성을 유지하고 있는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 기업 규모 면에서 일본 기업들이 평균 약 1.7배 크다는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 그러나 당기순이익과 순이익률 측면에서는 한국 기업들이 일본보다 높아 수익성에서는 한국기업들이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 기업의 안정성을 나타내는 부채비율에서는 양국이 비슷한 수준을 보였다. 시사점 - 본 연구는 상장기업만을 대상으로 분석한 기존 연구와는 달리 중소기업을 포함한 광범위한 데이터를 활용해 신뢰성 높은 경쟁력 격차를 추정했다는 데 의미가 있다. This paper investigates and compares the competitiveness of firms in Korea and Japan by employing the date from 2005 to 2006. According to the findings, the total factor productivity(TFP) of Japanese firms was also higher than Korean firms, but it was a decreasing tendency of the TFP gap between Korea and Japan. The TFP gap between the two countries was 4 percent in 2005, decreasing to 1.3% in 2006. The TFPs of Korean firms were higher that Japanese firms in the industries of shoes, clothes, nonmetallic mineral products, and petroleum cokes products. In addition, the TFPs of Korean firms in the field of electrics, primary metal, and transportation equipment were very close to those of Japanese firms. The findings also show that the sales volume of Japanese firms were 1.7 times larger than that of Korean firms. However, Korean firms showed better performance in terms of net income ratio. The average net income ratio of Korean firms was 6.1% In 2006, but that of Japanese firms was 3.5%.

중국 소셜커머스 기업의 생존전략에 대한 탐색적 연구

이태문 ( Tai Wen Li ),표민찬 ( Min Chan Pyo ) 현대중국학회 2015 現代中國硏究 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구는 빠르게 성장하는 중국의 소셜커머스 시장을 Dawar and Frost(1999)의 이론에 근거해 분석하고 외국기업에게 주는 시사점을 살펴보고자 했다. 중국의 소셜커머스 시장은 소비자 기호에 맞는 제품을 공급해야 하는 머천다이징 특징이 강해 고객에 대한 정보관리를 비롯한 IT기술로 무장한 다국적기업의 강점만으로는 중국시장 공략이 쉽지 않다. 예를 들어 중국의 窩窩團과 拉手網는 Defender전략을 활용해 자국시장에서 세계적인 소셜커머스 기업인 그루폰이 투자한 高朋보다 높은 시장점유율을 기록하고 있다. 한편 聚劃算과 美團網 등 높은 시장점유율을 보이고 있는 기업들은 중국 거대 IT기업의 지원을 받고 있다. 이에 따라 이들 기업들은 Dawar and Frost(1999)의 이론에서 이미 Extender의 위치로 이동한 것으로 분석된다. 예를 들어 聚化算은 Alibaba가 운영하는 Taobao를 기반으로 홍콩과 대만으로 진출했으며, 美團網, 大衆點評團, 百度羅米網 등도 투자기업이나 모기업인 BAT(Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent)의 지원을 받아 주변국으로 진출할 가능성이 매우 높다. 따라서 중국과 지리적으로 가까이 접해 있는 한국은 중국 소셜커머스 기업의 성장에 대비하는 선제적인 전략이 필요할 것이다. 예를 들어 중국의 Defender와 제휴해 제3국으로 진출하거나, Extender로 발전한 중국기업과 win-win할 수 있는 협력방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. This paper analyzes the social commerce market in China, based on the theory of positioning for emerging market companies developed by Dawar and Frost(1999). The major success factor of social commerce market in China is the merchandising skill rather than the information technology. This is the reason that Groupon, the world largest social commerce company, has a hard time in China. According to Dawar and Frost(1999), the Chinese local companies such as 55tuan and Lashou are located in the cell of Defender, successfully defending their local market. Other Chinese firms such as Juhuasuan and Meituan already moved to the cell of Extender. For emxample, Juhuasuan expanded its business to Hogn Kong and Taiwan. Almost all major social commerce firms in China receive support financially and commercially from the Chinses giant IT companies such as Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent. It is expected that these Chinese social commerce firms will use their success at home country as a springboard for expanding their business to foreign countries.

인도경제의 산업별, 지역별 이중구조에 관한 연구

정무섭(Jung, Moo-Sup),표민찬(Pyo, Min-Chan) 한국외국어대학교 인도연구소 2013 남아시아연구 Vol.19 No.2

본 연구는 낙후된 정체부문(Traditional Sector)와 발전한 선도부문(Advanced Sector)이 공존하는 인도의 이중경제 현상을 분석했다. 본고는 자본축적량과 노동생산성을 기준으로 인도경제를 구성하는 26개 산업을 정체부문와 선도부문으로 구분했다. 또 인도의 28개 주와, 수도인 델리, 3개 연방지역을 각 지역의 소득수준과 소득증가율을 기준으로 구인도 지역(Old India)과 신인도 지역(New India)으로 구분했다. 분석결과, 석유·석유화학 및 핵연료, 제철, 사무용기기 및 컴퓨터, 화학 및 화학제품 등 6개 산업이 인도의 선도부문으로 분류됐으며, 정체부문에는 농업과 광업을 포함해 담배, 의류, 가죽, 음식료품 등이 포함됐다. 지역별로는 찬디가르, 델리, 고아, 하리아나, 케랄라 등 8개 지역이 고성장-고소득 군으로 분류된 반면, 마드야프라데시, 우타르프라데시, 마니푸르 등 11개 지역은 저성장-저소득 군에 포함됐다. 본고에서 제시한 인도경제의 이중구조에 따라 인도에 진출하는 다국적기업들은 선도부문과 정체부문을 서로 다르게 공략할 필요가 있다. 그동안 인도 대도시와 고소득층 등 신인도시장에 치중했던 국내기업들은 저소득층으로 구성된 구인도 시장을 활용하는 방법을 찾아야 할 것이다. 산업별로는, 이미 인도의 선도부문에 포함된 산업의 경우, 관련 인도기업을 경쟁의 대상으로 파악하기 보다는 경쟁력 강화를 위한 파트너로 활용하는 전략이 유효할 것이다. 또 본 연구의 산업별 분류에서 제 4분면에 포함된 고생산성-저자본 산업의 경우, 국내기업들이 생산설비와 반제품 등 생산재를 공급하는 협력관계를 구축해, 향후 이들 산업이 선도부문으로 이동할 가능성에 대비할 필요가 있다. This Paper examines the India’s dual economy model where a traditional sector co-exists with an advanced sector. 26 industries are classified by capital accumulation and labor productivity and 32 regions by income level and income growth rate. According to the findings, total 6 industries such as petroleum·petrochemical, steel, office equipment and computers, and chemicals are categorized into advanced sectors. Agriculture, leather product, food·beverage, etc. are classified into traditional sectors. By region, 8 regions such as Chandigarh, Delhi, Goa, Haryana, Kerala are sorted into New India. 11 regions like Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, ets. Are categorized into Old India. Korean companies entering Indian market have focused on high-income New India. However, it is recommended for Multinational Enterprises(MNEs) to find business opportunities in low-income Old India. In addition, when MNEs enter the advanced sector(the first quadrant in figure 3) in India, it is recommended to make a partnership with Indian firms rather than compete with them. When MNEs enter the high productivity and low capital-accumulation(the fourth quadrant), it may be proper for MNEs to adopt a partnership strategy supplying capital goods and semi-finished products to Indian local firms, which are highly possible to move into the advanced sector with high productivity and high capital-accumulation.

中國式 家族企業의 企業承繼에 관한 硏究

權聖容(Sungyong Kwon),表旻燦(Min-Chan Pyo) 동아인문학회 2010 동아인문학 Vol.18 No.-

Chinese private enterprises have played an important role in the economic development in recent years. This paper analyzes family ownership of Chinese private enterprises since economic reforms at the end of 1978. Chinese family enterprises have unique characteristics because of China's short history of economic transition. The Chinese founders of private enterprises tend to assign their next generation to key positions of their firms even when their sons and daughters are at early ages. The founders intend the next generation to develop management abilities through providing management experiences for their sons and daughters. The founders also utilize firms' business diversification for inter-generational ownership transition. They diversify their business into the industries that their sons and daughters are interested in. The next generations develop business skill and knowhow in the field of industry that she or he is interested in and, finally, joins the main business of the founders, their parents. Because of strong connection and relationship among family members taking key positions in family enterprises, professional manager system has not been settled down in Chinese private firms. This paper provides valuable insights into the characteristics of family enterprises in China by analysing firm-level cases since 1978. Based on this paper, future studies may empirically investigate whether or not the level of family involvement in key positions has an effect on management system.

글로벌 금융위기 이후 신흥국 경쟁력 추격 연구: 신흥국,선진국 기업 간 비교 분석

정무섭 ( Moo Sup Jung ),표민찬 ( Min Chan Pyo ) 포스코경영연구원 2010 POSRI 경영경제연구 Vol.10 No.2

글로벌 가치사슬 측면에서 한국의 투자유치 경쟁력 분석

정무섭 ( Moo Sup Jung ),표민찬 ( Min Chan Pyo ) 한국유통경영학회(구 한국유통정보학회) 2016 유통정보학회지 Vol.19 No.3

Purpose: This study analyzes the domestic location competitiveness to attract foreign direct investment in the perspective of Global Value Chain (GVC). Research design, data, and methodology: Based on UNCTAD(2013) research, this paper categorizes the location competitiveness into 4 subsections: (1) human resource, (2) domestic suppliers` capacity, (3) infrastructures, and (4) local government support. In order to attract the efficient seeking FDI, a county should have the high level of creative workers to work for foreign investing firms. MNEs want to invest in a country where they can easily find local firms to cooperate with. Basic infrastructures such as utilities, telecommunication and effective national innovation system are also important factors that foreign firms consider when they decide to invest abroad. Foreign firms prefer to invest a country where local government offers various incentives. This paper divides GVC development path into 4 Stages: (1) low-tech manufacturing and basic services, (2) mid-level manufacturing and services, (3) sophisticated manufacturing and services, and (4) knowledge based services. For empirical study, this study conducts the survey and collects total 161 questionnaires from foreign firms investing over 5 million dollars in Korea. Results: According to the findings, the location competitiveness of Korea already reaches the level to attract the high value added part of production and/or services. Especially, the level of human resource is high enough to participate in high-tech R&D by TNCs. However, foreign firms investing in Korea give low scores about the support by Korean government. The domestic suppliers` capacity receives low marks either. In addition, foreign investors give much higher marks about human resource in the field of finance than other industries. Next comes Business Service, Electrics, Retail/wholesale, Machine/equipment, Chemical. However, foreign investors give the lowest score about government support in finance sector. Only Electrics enters into Stage 2 but all other industries do not reach Stage 2 in the category of government support. When breaking down the outcomes by region, Gyeongnam including Pusan marks 3.27, the highest point indicating that the region has reached stage 3 in the GVC development path. Next comes Seoul and Gyeonggi (3.16), Gyeongbuk (3.11), Jeonbuk and Jeonnam (3.11), and Cheju (3.00). Conclusions: Among 4 subsections, Government support is assessed to be the lowest score. Korea government should develop new policies which are attractive to foreign firms. Scores in this paper were estimated based on the collected questionnaires and, therefore, they can be interpreted as perceived data by foreign investors. It might be necessary for government to make an effort to promulgate favorable foreign policies so that foreign firms could access to information on local government`s incentives for foreign investors. In addition, it would be necessary for the local government to help domestic small and medium enterprises increasing their capacities to smoothly cooperate with MNEs and to join in GVC created by advanced foreign firms.

CSV를 활용한 신흥국 진출 전략

정무섭(Moosup Jung),표민찬(Min-Chan Pyo),정창영(ChangYoung Chung) 연세대학교 경영연구소 2013 연세경영연구 Vol.50 No.2

최근 양극화 문제가 심각해지면서 기업의 사회적 책임에 대한 관심과 요구가 높아지고 있다. 기업의 사회적 책임(CSR)은 단순히 국내시장의 사안만은 아니며, 저개발국이나 신흥국에 투자하는 외국기업들에게도 높은 수준의 CSR이 요구된다. 그러나 기업의 자선적책임 활동은 기업의 이익을 사회로 이전하는 선행에 불과해 지속가능성을 담보할 수 없다는 단점을 안고 있다. Porter and Kramer(2011)는 CSR의 단점을 극복하고, 사회와 기업이 진정으로 공생할 수 있는‘공유가치 창출(CSV)’이라는 새로운 모델을 제시했다. 본고는 CSV모델을 CSR의 기존연구와 비교하는 방법으로 CSV의 의미를 분석했다. 또 미국과 일본 등 선진기업의 신흥국 인프라 산업 진출을 CSV관점에서 분석함으로써, Porter and Kramer(2011)의 연구를 뒷받침할 수 있는 사례를 제시했다. 미국과 일본 기업의 CSV 사례는 한국기업들이 신흥국 진출에 활용할 수 있는 새로운 전략방향을 제시하고 있다. 국내기업들도 신흥국에서 발주하는 프로젝트 입찰에 참가하는 수동적인 방식에서 벗어나, 신흥국의 사회·경제 발전에 도움이 되는 개발계획을 구상해 선제적으로 신흥국 정부에 제시하는 전략을 활용할 필요가 있다. 또 한국 정부는 국내기업의 신흥국 투자 타당성 조사비용 지원, ODA를 활용한 금융지원, 외교력을 통해 신흥국에 우호적 투자환경 조성 등의 방법으로 국내기업의 CSV를 활용한 신흥국 진출을 지원할 필요가 있다. As the polarization of wealth has become serious, the public concerns for Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) are increasing. The CSR is not just an issue in the domestic market but foreign firms investing in emerging markets are also asked to take the high level of CSR. However, philanthropic responsibilities are mostly about redistribution of value, transferring from firms to society. Porter and Kramer(2011) developed a conceptual model of Creating Shared Value(CSV) that is defined as “policies and operating practices that enhance the competitiveness of a company while simultaneously advancing the economic and social conditions in the communities in which it operates.” This paper definitizes the concept of CSV by comparing it with CSR. This paper also examines cases of the US and Japanese firms investing in emerging markets in the perspective of CSV in order to support Porter and Kramer(2011)’s research. According to case analysis, it can be efficient for MNEs to preemptively offer a development plan to an emerging market government rather than to simply submit bids for the contract offered by the local government. In order to stimulate MNEs to create Shared Value in emerging markets, the home country government is required to support the project feasibility study, to offer financial support with ODA funds, and to foster favorable business environments in the emerging market through diplomatic efforts.