개집합 , 폐집합과 L 집합의 관계

정지호 한국수학교육학회 1974 수학교육 Vol.13 No.1

원형 패턴 벡터를 이용한 인쇄체 한글 인식 ( Recognition of Printed Hangul Using Circular Pattern Vector )

정지호,김희태,최태영 대한전자공학회 1998 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.1998 No.1

民國時期 東北地域 朝鮮人의 法的地位

정지호 한국중국학회 2008 중국학보 Vol.58 No.-

本論文主要探討了關於民國時期國籍法的變容以及朝鮮人在法律上的地位. 關於東亞的國籍問題在近代時期所決定國民國家的國民上有着非常重要的意義. 國籍是個和國家之間關係上所定一般人的法律地位的最基本因素. 國籍制度把所有百姓出生在國家而成長結束爲前提, 在居住國和國籍爲一致上沒有出現別的問題. 不過在本稿所探討的關於朝鮮人的事情上因爲居住國和國籍之間不一致而發生了各種各樣的問題. 在東北地區所居住的朝鮮人由韓日合邦爲起作爲日本的臣民受到控制, 但是他們的活動範圍反而脫開日本帝國的控制範圍, 屬於中國的法律領域. 因此, 在東北地區的離脫朝鮮人成爲脫開日本帝國主義植民統治而變成威脅勢力. 同時朝鮮因帝國膨脹的橋頭堡要打算以日本‘國民’的借口把他們要控制下來. 中國政府爲了開發廣闊的滿洲廢地了對滿洲封禁定策, 之後接收多量的朝鮮人. 但是從韓日合邦前後考慮和日本之間發生疆域分爭, 積極采取了接收多量的歸化朝鮮人. 從此以後中國和日本之間開始發生朝鮮人的國籍問題. 日本基本上堅持不承認把日本國籍法用於歸化的朝鮮人來, 否認歸化到中國的朝鮮人的政策. 此原因在于如果承認歸化, 就發生很多朝鮮人的脫離, 造成了滿洲經營的困難, 而且無法控制進行獨立運動的朝鮮人. 我們可以看出對朝鮮人承擔國民的義務,而是不給國民的權利, 就是日本帝國的雙重標準. 到1920年代隨着歸化朝鮮人的增加, 他門擁有的土地也增加. 因而開始控制了朝鮮人的歸化或甚至采取了追放等强力的政策. 此背景後發生了日本人假朝鮮人的名義所有土地等問題, 而且朝鮮人似乎角色爲日本帝國主義者的先鋒隊. 尤其在奉天省按照‘中華民國國籍法’第4條第5款的規定, 如果要申請歸化者必修提出離脫國籍的證明,使得離日本到中國朝鮮人封鎖歸化到中國. 實際上, 因增加歸化者由朝鮮總督府召开是否認定朝鮮人的歸化的會議, 但是遇到多數反對決定爲維持現在的狀況. 當時日本對朝鮮人的歸化的認識爲不是反對日本而是也得到土地, 因而決定了認可朝鮮人的土地擁有. 另一方面, 居住在東北地區的朝鮮人代表團對中國政府的限制歸化政策以根本上否定日本植民統治爲理由. 再說, 明確地表明爲抵制日本在東北地區的侵掠政策朝鮮人必須得到國籍而變爲中國國民. 就是說, 在東北地區的朝鮮人選擇了否定成日本國民而接受爲中國國民來, 力圖了自身身分地位的穩定. 此代表團的意見是否反映全朝鮮人的要望未能知道, 必須進一步硏究, 反正日本人試圖以限制和保護來要控制東北地區的朝鮮人, 這種意圖幷不爲成功. 朝鮮人以亡國之民居住在東北地區, 作爲國民國家的中國和日本之間利害衝突之中未能受到保護自身的法律身分, 當時他門以站在國民國家的境界而成爲漂流特殊人群.

분산 환경에서 장기 트랜잭션의 효율적인 처리 방안

정지호,엄기환 한국정보통신학회 2003 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.7 No.7

기업은 내부의 정보체계를 프로세스나 워크플로우 중심으로 통합함으로써 고객의 요구가 달성되기까지의 과정과 시간을 최소화하고 고객의 가치를 극대화하여 기업의 시장 경쟁력을 확보하려고 한다. 그러한 통합 노력은 ERP, CORBA, DCOM둥 패키지 또는 동기식의 강력한 결합(Synchronous & Tightly-Coupled)방식에서 시작하여, 인터넷 기술의 발전으로SCM(Supply Chain Management), CRM(Customer Relationship Management), e-Business, B2B(Business-to-Business)둥이 확대됨으로써 이 기종의 다양한 플랫폼을 가진 기업간에 효율적인 통합이 가능토록 MOM(Message-Oriented Middleware)을 기반으로 한 비동기식의 유연한 결합(Asynchronous & Loosely-Coupled)방식인EAI(Enterprise Application Integration)나 웹서비스(Web Services)로 발전하고 있다. 하나의 프로세스는 기업의 목적달성을 위한 하나의 장기 트랜잭션으로 간주될 수 있다. 동기식 결합보다는 비동기식 결합 방식에서 트랜잭션의 효율적인 관리가 더욱 중요한 데, 본 고에서는 기존의 2-Phase Commit(2PC) 방식보다 트랜잭션의 효과적인 모니터링과 처리자원 낭비를 감소시킬 수 있는 방법으로써 “Classify Phase”를 추가한 3PC Protocol를 제시하고 기존의 처리 방식과 비교하여 개선된 부분을 확인해본다. It is important to integrate an enterprise application for automating of the business process, which is responded by a flow of market environment. There are two categories of method that integrate enterprise applications. One is Synchronous Integration, and the other is Asynchronous Integration. EAI(Enterprise Application Integration) and Web service which of the asynchronous integration is focused in the automating method of the business process. After we construct the application integration for automating of the business process, we have to concern about managing of the business transaction. Many Organizations have proposed the process method of business transaction based on 2-phase commit protocol. But this method can't supply the phase that classify the transaction by transaction weight. In this Paper, we Propose an efficient method of transaction process for business transactions, which is composed by ‘Classify Phase’ that classify transactions. We called this model “3-Phase Commit Method Applied by Classify Phase”, we design this model to manage an resource of enterprise efficiently. The proposed method is compared by the method based on 2-Phase commit that could be a problem of management the resource of enterprise, and the advantage of this method is certified to propose the solution of that problem.

최소자,김염자 교수 정년기념특집호 : 학술발표논문 ; 양계초의 근대적 역사서술과 국민국가

정지호 이화사학연구소 2005 梨花史學硏究 Vol.0 No.32

淸代 黔東南 地域 苗族 村寨의 社會 組織 및 秩序 ― 款과 寨老를 중심으로 ―

정지호 명청사학회 2022 명청사연구 Vol.- No.57

This paper analyzes the social organization and social order of Miao village(苗族 村寨) in Qiandongnan(黔東南) after Gaitu Guiliu(改土歸流), focusing on Kuan(款) and Zhai Lao(寨老) . Previously, the reality of Kuan(款) and Zhai lao(寨老) was revealed through anthropological and philological studies. Here's a summary of what we've seen so far: Traditionally, Miao society has an organization called Kwan(款) based on regional relations. This Kuan(款) became known when the Qing Dynasty used it to Zhaofu (招撫) Miao's society during the Gaitu Guiliu process. It can be said to be a kind of pledge community. This Kwan organization was originally a unique organization of the Dong people(侗族), but it seems to have influenced the Miao society as it spread to the southwestern part of China using regional relations. The Kwan varied in size from one or two villages to 100 villages, and each region was defended with its own Kwan(款) army, but in an emergency, they worked together to defend against thieves. The cost of running Kuan(款) appears to have been covered by the profits earned by cultivating each village's land, with the rich providing land and the poor providing labor. Kwan(款) prepared for the invasion of thieves from the outside through blood alliance consciousness, and internally cooperated with each other to promote peace in the village. To this end, the Kwan took responsibility for internal security by strictly cracking down on the influx of outsiders and sternly cracking down on theft, gambling, and fire. However, Kwan(款) had a sanctioning function, such as imposing fines on those who violated internal regulations, but if they did not comply, it seems to have been reported to the competent authorities to control the crime. Meanwhile, Zhai lao(寨老), an influential figure, appears in each village society that makes up ‘Kwan’. Zhai lao played an important role in maintaining social order, such as resolving village disputes. This Zhai lao(寨老) was built on its own in Miao village, but it appears that after Gaitu Guiliu it was registered with the local Goverment Offices and placed under the supervision of the local government. The Qing government rewarded and encouraged Zhai lao when he performed his duties well and worked for the well-being of the village, but also punished Zhai lao for neglecting his duties. Although this Zhai lao was registered with the government and received a protective order, it can be seen that the Ortai(鄂爾泰) directive provided that baojia(保甲) should not intervene and cause trouble, indicating that it was placed in a state of semi-independence. In that sense, Miao village came under the legal control of the Qing Dynasty after Gaitu Guiliu(改土歸流), but in that it maintained the traditional autonomy order, it can be said that it was placed under dual rule of Han(漢)/non Han(非漢).

淸末民初 梁啓超의 聯邦制論과 ‘新中國’ 建設

鄭址鎬 중국근현대사학회 2016 중국근현대사연구 Vol.72 No.-

淸末 梁啓超의 財政改革案과 國民國家

정지호 명청사학회 2013 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.39

本稿は淸末、中国の近代化のために一生を投じた梁啓超の財政改革案を分析し、彼が指向した国民国家の断面を試みたものである。淸末国家財政の危機の中で梁啓超はこれを克服し、欧米のような国民国家として進むべくための多様の改革方案を提示した。彼の財政改革の基は、中央財政と地方財政を明確に区別してから中央財政を強化し、さらにいえば度支部を中心として全国の財政を有機體的に、そして効率的に管理することであった。これがためにまず、税制を改革して国家財政を安定させ、そして財務行政の効率化を以て予算の浪費を節することが要求されたのである。税制改革方面で、梁啓超は「国家が自ら[体制を]維持し、発展していくためにはいろいろな経費が必要である。国家の活動範囲が広ければ広いほど必要な経費もなお多くなる」と前提し、今日の世界はどの国を問わず経費が年々増える一方であるが、文明国である程その増加率はより速くなるので「今後我が中国が大国と肩を並びたくなければそれでよいのであるが、真に大国と肩を並びたければ、現在各大国の税金の比率を把握し、我が国の領土の面積と人口数に比して増加させなければならない」と主張する。つまり、当面の中国の国家的危機を克服し、欧米のようになるためには税制改革を通じて国庫の収入を増やさなければならないということである。梁啓超はこれがために国庫収入の大部分を占めている田賦をはじめ、鹽課を改革し、その他税目を整備して国民の生活に差し支えがない範囲で税源を確報し、さらには財政の地方分権化の傾向を乗り越えるために 釐金・常關稅などの雑税を廃止することを主張する。税源の中でもっとも多くを占めている田賦와 鹽課の改革方針を見てみると、基本的に地域差を廃止して同一な税率を付加してまた販路を認めてやることによって均質的原理によって処理することを目指している。梁啓超は税制改革を通じて国庫財政を確報する一方、財務行政の効率化を要求した。当時国家予算案システムが確立されていない現実から抜け出して税入と税出の均衡を合わせ、さらには中央政府の主導の下で国家の振興のために實業費、敎育費等には投資を増やして予算を運営することを主張した。このような見解は中央政府の主導の下で全国の財政を有機的に再整備しようすることで、彼ら指向する国民国家の一断面を示してくれるものであるといえよう。つまり、梁啓超の財政改革案は日本をはじめ欧米の列強をモデルにして危機に陥った淸朝の国家的危機を克服し国民国家へと生まれ変わるための熾烈な考えから出たもとであるといえよう。しかしながら「四億の人が四億の国を形成し、この国が滅びてもわれに損じることがなければ介しない」という現実のなかで、彼の理想を実現させるためにはより多くの日にちが必要であったのであろう。

[중국 근대] 중국 근대사 연구의 회고와 전망

鄭址鎬 역사학회 2010 역사학보 Vol.0 No.207

中國 合의 現代史的 展開 ― 農業集團化運動, 鄕鎭企業, 臺南幇을 중심으로

정지호 한국중국학회 2002 중국학보 Vol.45 No.-