「자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률」시행 이후 장외파생상품 거래 규제의 문제점과 개선방안

이헌영(Lee, Hun Young) 한국증권법학회 2012 증권법연구 Vol.13 No.1

More than 3 years have passed since Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act("FSCMA") was effective on February 4, 2009. There was a huge change in restrictions on OTC derivative transactions between before and after the enactment of FSCM A. Before the enactment of FSCMA, each financial law such as Bank Act, Securities Exchange Act etc. governed OTC derivative transactions by the relevant financial institutions. However, after the enactment of FSCMA, FSCMA became a comprehensive law which governs every aspect of OTC derivative transactions. Then, financial institutions found some legal issues while they have made OTC derivative transactions under FSCMA regime. For example, the priority between FSCM A and Foreign Exchange Transaction Act("FETA") is still unclear. FETA continues to govern OTC derivative transactions between resident and non-resident or such transactions linked to foreign currencies. Furthermore, a foreign exchange broker under FETA does not need to obtain a license under FSCMA even though it conducts a brokerage of a OTC derivative transaction. This is not consistent with the policy that all businesses related to derivative transactions should be governed by FSCMA. Furthermore, in the process of giving licenses for OTC derivative transactions by the financial regulatory body, some conditions are imposed to restrict the scope of the allowable OTC derivative products. This erodes the designated license units for OTC derivative transactions stipulated under the enforcement decree of FSCMA. Such practice is not consistent with the minimum equity capital requirement for each specific license unit under FSCMA. The relevant regulatory bodies should pay attention to these legal issues related with OTC derivative transactions and resolve these issues as soon as possible to avoid confusions by financial institutions.

장외파생상품 의무청산의 현황과 법적 개선과제

이헌영(Lee, Hun Young) 한국증권법학회 2015 증권법연구 Vol.16 No.3

After the crisis from sub-prime mortgage and the bankruptcy of Lehman-Brothers Group around 2008, G20 decided to impose restrictions on OTC derivatives market. One of such restrictions is the mandatory clearing of OTC derivative transactions through Central Counterparty(“CCP”). In case of Korea, the relevant law (i.e. the revision of Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, “FSCMA”) was enacted on March 5, 2013. and Korea Exchange(“KRX”) obtained the license of CCP under FSCMA on September 11, 2013. Finally, the mandatory clearing of KRW interest swap transactions through CCP started from June 30, 2014. Now more than one year has passed after the commencement of mandatory clearing of OTC derivative transactions in Korea, we found several important legal tasks to improve present mandatory clearing system. The most serious issue is the scope of the transactions to be mandatorily cleared through CCP. Under the present provision in FSCMA, it seems that eligible transactions by investment trusts or insurance companies etc. shall be also cleared through CCP. The provisions with respect to the limitation of obligation by a CCP member is not so sophisticated, ether. The protection of a client margin given to KRX through a member of CCP shall be clearly specified through enactment of law or its enforcement decree. In case of client clearing, it is important to make it clear under the relevant regulations whether client faces member’s credit or KRX’s credit. Finanlly, it is desirable that close-out netting opinions with respect to CCP member’s clearing and the client clearing through CCP member shall be provided by CCP(i.e. KRX). For the smooth development of mandatory clearing in Korea, above legal issues shall be reviewed thoroughly and appropriate measures shall be taken as soon as possible.

최종 분만후 10년이상 경과된 40세이상 경산부의 분만양상

이승희 ( Seung Hee Lee ),김재훈 ( Jae Hoon Kim ),송종철 ( Jong Chul Song ),이경훈 ( Kyung Hoon Lee ),이종건 ( Jong Kun Lee ),김수평 ( Soo Pyung Kim ),이헌영 ( Hun Young Lee ) 대한주산의학회 1993 Perinatology Vol.4 No.3

자궁경부 종양에서 p53, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen(PCNA), c-myc 및 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor(EGFR)의 발현

한구택 ( Ku Taek Han ),이형근 ( Hyung Kun Lee ),유순원 ( Sun Won Yoo ),송영훈 ( Young Hun Song ),최원영 ( Won Young Choi ),유기성 ( Ki Sung Ryu ),나종구 ( Jong Gu Rha ),송승규 ( Seung Kyu Song ),이헌영 ( Hun Young Lee ),김수평 ( S 대한산부인과학회 1997 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.40 No.12

Expression of four biologic markers known as p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA), c-myc, and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), was studied immunohistochemically in 121 cases of cervical tissues, which included 15 cases of normal cervical tissues, 50 cases of squamous intraepithelial lesions(SIL), and 56 cases of invasive carcinomas. This study was designed to elucidate the roles of these factors in the genesis and progression of cervical neoplasia and to identify their association with clinical parameters such as cell type, tumor size, lymph node involvement, squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) antigen level, and prognosis. In additon, this study evaluates the differences of coexpression rates in normal cervical tissues, SILs, and invasive carcinomas. (1) The intensities of p53, c-myc, and EGFR expression and the rates of PCNA, c-myc, and EGFR expression in cervical SILs and invasive carcinomas were significantly higher than those in normal tissues (p<0.05 and p<0.01). But there were no significant differences between SILs and invasive carcinomas in both of intensities and rates of p53, PCNA, c-myc, and EGFR expression. (2) The intensities and rates of p53, PCNA, and c-myc expression in the invasive carcinomas did not correlate with clinical parameters including cell types, tumor sizes, lymph node involvements, see antigen, and prognosis. But only the intensity and rate of EGFR expression were significantly higher in cases with tumor size larger than 3 cm when it was compared with cases with tumor sizes smaller than 3 cm(p<0.01), in cases with lymph node involvement when it was compared with cases without lymph node involvement(p<0.05), and in cases with SCC antigen levels more than 2.5 ng/ml when it was compared with cases with SCC antigen levels less than 2.5 ng/ml(p<0.05). (3) C-myc immunoreactivity was significantly correlated with EGFR overexpression(p<0.01). (4) The rates of simultaneous expression of four factors were decreased significantly in normal tissues and significantly increased in invasive carcinomas(p<0.01). The coexpression rate of two factors or more was 6.7% in normal tissues, 62.7% in SILs, and 70.0% in invasive carcinomas and the simultaneous expression rate of three factors or more was none in normal tissues, 34.0% in SILs, and 47.5 % in invasive carcinomas. These results show that the immunohistochemical detection of p53, PCNA, c-myc, and EGFR expression will be useful in differentiating the normal tissues and cervical neoplasia. The results of simultaneous immunohistochemical detection of these four factor expression also suggest to contribute a better understanding of the genesis of cervical carcinoma and that coexpression of more factors indicate more aggressiveness in cervical neoplasia, and show that simultaneous detection of these factors can be used in the early detection of cervical neoplasia and to predict malignant transformation of cervical lesions.

지방간의 임상적 고찰

김영건(Young Kun Kim),이복희(Bok Hee Lee),박헌진(Hun Jin Park),이헌영(Heon Young Lee),안정기(Jeong Ki Ahn),강원권(Won Kwon Dang) 대한소화기학회 1989 대한소화기학회지 Vol.21 No.1

N/A The clinical, laboratory and pathological features were evaluated in 44 patients with fatty liver, those were proved by nedle biopsy. The following results were obtained. 1) The mean age of the patients was 40.2 ± 11.8 years old, and the most prevalent age group was 4th decade (40.9%). The male and female ratio was 3.4:l. 2) Suspected etiologies were obestity (61.4%), alcohol (18.2%), crytogenic (13.6%), Diabetes Mellitus (6.8%), and prednisolon (2.3%), in order of frequency. 3) Clinical symptoms were asymptomatic (50%), fatigue and/or weakness (43%) and anorexia (16 %) etc. 4) Degrees of fatty infiltration on biopsy specimens revealed mild (18.2%) moderate (45.5%) and severe (36.4%). 5) Degrees of ultrasonographic findings (20 cases) resemble those degree of biopsy findings and positive rate was 80%. 6) Liver scan showed mottlings in 44% of patients and 28% of patients had no abnormal findings. 7) HBsAb positive cases were 61.4%, and no HBV markers found in 31.8% of the patients. 8) Diagnoses without liver biopsy were NANB hepatitis about half of the patients and only 20% of cases were suspected as fatty liver. 9) At the time of diagnosis, hypertriglyceridemia revealed at rate of 75% (30/40 cases) and the differences of the levels of serum TG, ALT and AST according to the degrees of fatty infiltration were not presented significantly. 10) The differences of the TG, ALT and AST levels between before and after treatment were noted significantly. 11) The significant relationships between degrees of fatty liver and degrees of obesity were observed (Grade I and II: p<0.05, I and III: p<0.01).

위내시경으로 진단된 소화성 궤양환자 1501명에 대한 임상적 관찰

김영건(Young Kun Kim),이복희(Bok Hee Lee),김성철(Sung Chul Kim),박헌진(Hun Jin Park),안정기(Jeong Ki Ahn),이헌영(Houn Young Lee) 대한소화기학회 1988 대한소화기학회지 Vol.20 No.3

N/A The epidemiology and clinical aspect of peptic ulcer is ever-changing along with changes in environment. Therefore, we had a clinical analysis in 1501 patients, who were diagnosed as peptic ulcer with gastroscopy in Chungnam National University Hospital from January 1984 to June 1988. The results were as follows: 1) Of the total 8912 cases of endoscopy, the numbers of patient with gastric ulcer were 784(8.8%), with duodenal ulcer, 591(6.6%) and with combined ulcer, 126(1.4%) 2) The mean age of patients with gastric ulcer was 50.9+14.9, and that with duodenal ulcer was 41.76+13.8. 3) The ratio of males to females was 3.7: 1 in gastric ulcer group and 2.4: 1 in duodenal ulcer group. 4) The most common stympom was epiagastric pain, 48.3% of gastric ulcer patients and 47.2% of duodenal ulcer patients, And the patients with hematemesis and/or melena were 19.5% of gastric ulcer patients and 12.9% of duodenal ulcer patients 5) During the period 1984-1988, the annual proportion of gastric ulcer were 58.8%, 51.4%, 53.3%, 50%, and 50.7%. And that of duodenal ulcer were 36.5%, 39.4%, 38.2%, 40.5%, and 41.1%. 6) The patients with multiple ulcers were 26.5% of gastric ulcer group and 15.7% of duodenal ulcer group. 7) The patients of 78.1% of total peptic ulcer was in active stage, 11% in healing stage, and 10.9% in scarring stage. 8) In 30.8% of gastric ulcers, the size of ulcer was within 1.0 to 1.4 cm and in 31.6% of duodenal ulcers the size of ulcer was less than 0.4 cm. 9) The most common site of gastric ulcer was angle of stomach (42.7%), and that of duodenal ulcer was bulb (98.6%). 10) The proportion of patients with combined ulcer of stomach and duodenum was 8.3% of total patients and that of channel ulcer was 3.1%.

자궁경부암 유전자 치료를 위한 재조합 p53 아데노 연관 바이러스 플라스미드 ( pAAVCMVp53 )의 제조

신봉영(Bong Young Shin),한유진(You Jin Han),조규남(Kyou Nam Cho),안웅식(Woong Shick Ahn),김진우(Jin Woo Kim),이준모(Jun Mo Lee),남궁성은(Sung Eun Namkoong),김수평(Soo Pyung Kim),이헌영(Hun Young Lee),김승조(Seung Jo Kim),김종국(Chong 대한산부인과학회 1998 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.41 No.11

N/A Objective: Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified in the majority of invasive cervical cancer patient and has been found to contribute in a significant way to the genesis of human cervical cancer. HPV has two transforming genes that encode the oncoproteins E6 and E7, E6 can form complexes with p53 and promote p53 degradation, E7 inhibit retinoblastoma protein (RB). The p53 protein is as a phosphoprotein which co-immunoprecipitated with the SV40 T-Antigen. The wild type p53 protein is capable of suppressing the tumorigenic phenotype and regulating cell cycle. Adeno-associated virus(AAV) is a linear single stranded DNA parvovirus which is dependent upon cotransfection by a second unrelated virus to undergo productive infection. It has been well documented that AAV DNA integrates into cellular DNA as one to several tandem copies joined to cellular DNA through the termini. In order to introduce wild type p53 through AAV virus into a cervical cancer patient for gene therapy, we had constructed recombinant p53 adeno associated virus plasmid (pAAVCMVp53). Methods: pAAVCMVp53 was created new AAV-vector system, pRc/CMVp53 including p53 cDNA and AAV-derivative vector, pASPA-AAV-CMV-polyA were made to HindIII/blunt fragments. Eluated 1.8 kb fragment of wild type p53 cDNA was ligated to pAAV-CMV-polyA, 4.9 kb fragment deprived hASPA cDNA. Result: Recombinant AAVCMVp53 was constructed by using pRc/CMVp53 andpASPA-AAV-CMV-polyA. This pAAVCMVp53 was confirmed by various restriction enzyme-digestions and Southern-blotting. This new vector system will be studied on expression, stability in cervical cancer cell lines and animals. Conclusion: This system will be one of the useful vector system for cervical cancer gene therapy.

제지폐수열 회수로부터 에너지 절감 및 온실가스 감축에 관한 실증연구

김도훈 ( Do Hun Kim ),강성효 ( Sung Hyo Kang ),김찬호 ( Chan Ho Kim ),이헌영 ( Heon Young Lee ),조일형 ( Il Hyoung Cho ) 한국수처리학회 2017 한국수처리학회지 Vol.25 No.1

Papermaking wastewater contains significant quantities of thermal energy. Consequently, heat recovery in papermaking wastewater can provide paper process with an additional source of renewable energy as steam. Wastewater heat recovery system is achieved by taking wasted energy in wastewater through specially designed shell & tube heat exchangers with a multi pre-filtration system (the so-called ENSAVER system). The feasibility study presented in terms of applications and performance assessments including temperature difference by heat transfer & exchange, energy saving, environmental and economic aspects. The temperature difference between the inlet and outlet wastewater was 6.73±1.83℃, while the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet clean water was 8.68±2.52℃. The temperature and heat efficiencies were 68.6±16.8% and 86±2.1%, respectively. Especially, the obtained heat efficiency was high compared to commercial heat recovery system in which the heat efficiency of < 60% was achieved in industrial wastewater. It was shown that the proposed heat recovery system reduced natural gas costs by 400±112 million won/y and greenhouse gas emissions by 1,069±299 t/y of CO₂. It could be sure to provide energy saving by employing a wastewater heat recovery system (ENSAVER). Using simulations with a regression model, a quantitative relationship between various variables (X₁: Inflow rate (m³/h) in wastewater, X₂: Inlet wastewater temperature (℃), X3: Outlet wastewater temperature (℃), X4: Inlet clean temperature (℃), and X5: Outlet clean water temperature (℃) and response Y (Reducing the amount of CO₂ GHG emission (tCO₂/y)) was established. It is observed that there are tendencies in the linear regression fit, and the model explains the experimental range studied adequately. The fitted regression equation showed a good fit (R²=99.56%) of the model.

증례 : 소화기 ; 특발성 간경변증을 동반한 POEMS 증후군 1예

고광훈 ( Kwang Hun Ko ),정재훈 ( Jae Hoon Jung ),문희석 ( Hee Seok Moon ),성재규 ( Jae Kyu Seong ),김석현 ( Seok Hyun Kim ),이병석 ( Byung Seok Lee ),이헌영 ( Heon Young Lee ) 대한내과학회 2011 대한내과학회지 Vol.80 No.5

POEMS 증후군은 다발성 신경병증(polyneuropathy), 장기 종대(organomegaly), 내분비장애(endocrinopathy), 단클론성 감마글로블린병증(monoclonalgammopahty), 피부 병변(skin lesion)을 주 양상으로 발현되는 드문 증후군으로, 본 예에서 는 특발성 간경변증을 동반한 POEMS 증후군 환자를 경험 하였기에 보고하는 바이다. POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin lesion) is rare multisystem disease of unknown cause with varying clinical manifestations. Although there is no established definition for this syndrome, the common classical features are considered to be secondary to the plasma cell dyscrasia with the production of a monoclonal component. Anasarca, including ascites, peripheral edema, and pleural effusion, occurs frequently in POEMS syndrome, but cases with idiopathic liver cirrhosis are rarely reported. We experienced a 73-year-old female with POEMS syndrome whose main problem was massive ascites. It is the first report of idiopathic liver cirrhosis in a patient with POEMS syndrome in Korea.

ALVEOLAR SOFT-PART SARCOMA

朴炳文(Park Byeong Mun),李憲永(Lee Hun young) 대한정형외과학회 1976 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.11 No.2