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산후 우울증에 대한 예측 및 임신 중 우울증의 회복 요인에 대한 연구
조현주 ( Hyun Ju Cho ),최규연 ( Kyu Yeon Choi ),이정재 ( Jeong Jae Lee ),이임순 ( Im Soon Lee ),박문일 ( Mun Il Park ),나중열 ( Jung Yeol Na ),이근영 ( Kun Yeong Lee ),이종민 ( Jong Min Lee ),권정혜 ( Jung Hye Kwon ) 대한주산의학회 2004 Perinatology Vol.15 No.3
목적 : 산후 우울증의 위험 요인을 밝히고 또 임신 중 우울증의 유발 요인과 차이가 있는지 그리고 임신 중 우울증으로부터 회복 요인이 무엇인지를 밝히고자 하였다. 방법 : 1차에서 임신부 310명을 조사하였고 이들을 산후에 추적 조사하여 총 5명의 자료를 얻었다. 산후 우울증을 예측하고 또 임신 중 우울증으로부터의 회복 요인을 밝히기 위해 종단적인 연구방법을 실시하였으며 통계분석은 위계적 중다회귀 분석과 다변량 분석을 사용하였다. 결과 : 산후 우울증(BDI 16점 이상)은 일반 임신의 22.7%이었고, 임신 우울은 11.5%이었다. 산후 우울증과 임신 중 우울증과 관련 있는 심리적 위험 요인간에는 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 산후 우울증은 임신 중에 측정한 심리적 변인들 중 임신 중 우울증에 의해서만 33%나 높게 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 임신 중 우울하였으나 산후 우울하지 않은 집단의 회복 요인으로 자존감의 상승, 배우자의 지지와 결혼 만족도의 호전과 관련되었다. 산후 우울증은 임신 우울증에 비해 두 배나 높은 비율을 보이며 우울증 정도에서도 심각성이 높았다. 결론 : 산후 우울증은 배우자의 지지 부족과 관련되며 또 배우자의 지지는 임신 중 우울증으로부터 회복하는 데에도 중요한 변인임이 밝혀졌다. 또한 불안정 애착이 우울증에 취약하기는 하지만 불안정 애착을 가지는 사람들도 부부 관계의 질이 좋아지면 우울증으로부터 회복될 수 있으며, 불안정 애착이 아니더라도 배우자의 지지가 떨어지면 우울증에 취약해 질 수 있음을 시사하였다. Objective : To discover the risk factor of postpartum depression and whether this is different from the induced factor of prepartum depression and to clarify what is the recovery factor from prepartum depression. Methods : In the first test stage, 310 pregnant women were examined and with their postpartum follow-up survey, materials from 85 people in total were retrieved. In order to predict the postpartum depression and find out the recovery factor from prepartum depression, longitudinal study was carried out. For the statistical analysis hierarchical regression analysis and MANOVA were used. Results : Postpartum depression (Beck Depression Inventory; BDI score of 16 or greater) was prevalent amongst 22.4% of pregnant women and prepartum depression was experienced by 10.5% in pregnant women. There were no significant on psychological variable factor of prepartum and postpartum depression. Only preatum depression redicted 33% for postaprtum depression. In the case of depressed during pregnancy but not depressed after pregnancy, recovery factor is related to increase in self-esteem, husband support and improvement in marital satisfaction. Postpartum depression showed twice higher depression ration than prepartum depression and it was serious in terms of degree of depression. Conclusion : Postpartum depression is related with lack of husband support that is recovery factor from prepartum depression. Also, unstable attachment is vulnerable to depression but even people with unstable attachment can be recovered from depression with better marriage relationship. Even people without unstable attachment if husband support is reduced then it is suggested that can be subject to vulnerability in depression.
탄소 나노튜브에 담지된 Pt, Pt-Ru 및 Pt-CeO<sub>2</sub> 메탄올 연료전지 촉매의 특성
황귀성,이임열,Hwang, Gui-Sung,Lee, Rhim-Youl 한국재료학회 2011 한국재료학회지 Vol.21 No.3
Nanosized Pt, Pt-Ru and Pt-$CeO_2$ electrocatalysts supported on acid-treated carbon nanotube (CNT) were synthesized by microwave-assisted heating of polyol process using $H_2Cl_6Pt{\cdot}6H_2O$, $RuCl_3$, $CeCl_3$ precursors, respectively, and were characterized by XRD and TEM. And then the electrochemical activity of methanol oxidation for catalyst/CNT nanocomposite electrodes was investigated. The microwave assisted polyol process produced the nano-sized crystalline catalysts particles on CNT. The size of Pt supported on CNT was 7~12 nm but it decreased to 3~5 nm in which 10wt% sodium acetate was added as a stabilizer during the polyol process. This fine Pt catalyst particles resulted in a higher current density for Pt/CNT electrode. It was also found that 10 nm size of PtRu alloys were formed by polyol process and the onset potential decreased with Ru addition. Cyclic voltammetry analysis revealed that the $Pt_{75}Ru_{25}/CNT$ electrode had the highest electrochemical activity owing to a higher ratio of the forward to reverse anodic peak current. And the chronoamperemetry test showed that $Pt_{75}Ru_{25}$ catalyst had a good catalyst stability. The activity of Pt was also found to be improved with the addition of $CeO_2$.
Cu-C$u_2$O의 공정반응에 의한 구리와 알루미나의 직접접합
유환성,이임열,Yu, Hwan-Seong,Lee, Im-Yeol 한국재료학회 1992 한국재료학회지 Vol.2 No.4
본 연구에서는 $Cu-Cu_2$O의 공정반응에 의한 구리와 알루미나의 직접접합에 대하여 연구 하였다. $1.5{\times}10^{-1}$torr, $1015^{\circ}C$에서 산화시킨 후 $10_{-3}$torr, 107$5^{\circ}C$에서 접합시킨 시편의 접합력과 계면특성을 인장시험, SEM, EDS 및 XRD를 통하여 분석하였다. 3분 산화시켜 접합하면 우수한 접합강도를 보이며 산화시간이 이보다 짧거나 길면 결합력은 저하하였다. 과단은 알루미나 공정조직 계면에서 발생하였으며 파단후 $Al_2O_3$표면에는 Cu쪽에서 빠져나간 $Cu_2$O nodule의 존재하였는 바 접합력은 $Cu_2$O-A$l_2O_3$계면보다는 $Cu-Cu_2$O계면에 좌우됨을 보여주고 있다. 접합력은 접합시간에 따라 완만한 증가를 보였으며 CuA$l_2O_4$및 $CuAlO_2$의 반응생성물이 접합중 형성되었다. The direct bonding of Cu to $Al_2O_3$, employing the $Cu-Cu_2$O eutectic skin melt, is investigated. The bonding force and interface structure of samples prepared by oxidation at $1015^{\circ}C$ in $1.5{\times}10^{-1}$torr followed by bonding at 107$5^{\circ}C$ under $10_{-3}$ torr vacuum have been studied using peeling test, SEM, EDS and XRD. It has been found that the optimal strength is obtained for 3 minutes of oxidation while the adhesion force is decreased with oxidation shorter or longer than 3 minutes. The rupture occured at alumina-eutectic interface. Fractured surface of $Al_2O_3$covered with $Cu_2$O nodules pulled out of the Cu indicates that bonding strength is governed by $Cu-Cu_2$O interface and not by $Cu_2$O-A$l_2O_3$interface. The bonding force is slightly increased with bonding time and the reaction phases of CuA$l_2O_4$and $CuAlO_2$are formed at interface during the bonding.
메타크릴레이트계 4차 암모늄 유도체 고분자 전해질의 감습특
김태미,공명선,이임열,박정기,Kim, Tae-Mi,Gong, Myeong-Seon,Lee, Im-Yeol,Park, Jeong-Gi 한국재료학회 1993 한국재료학회지 Vol.3 No.6
고분자 전해질의 화학구조가 감습특성에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여 $C_{1}\sim C_{12}$의 알킬,benzy1, 2,2-diethoxy dthy1기가 치환된 메타크릴계 4차 암모늄 단량체들을 합성하였다. 이들의 감습용액을 0.15mm간격의 빗살 모양의 금전극이 인쇄된 알루미나 기판에 마이크로 주사기로 도포하여 광중합 후 상대습도에 따른 임피던스 변화를 측정하였다. 도포된 막의 두께가 증가하면 임피던스는 감소하고, 치환기의 탄소 길이가 증가할수록 임피던스는 증가하였다. $C_6\sim C_8$의 알킬기를 가지는 고분자 전해질의 감습특성은 30-90% RH 범위에서 18M$\Omega$-5K$\Omega$의 직선적인 임피던스 변화를 보였다. 또한 임피던스는 온도 의존성을 보여주며 온도가 증가하면 임피던스가 감소하며 온도 의존성 계수는 -0,45% $RH/^{\circ}C$이다. 히스테리시스는 $\pm$2%RH이내이며, 33%-85% RH 사이에서의 응답 속도는 약 35sec이었다. Methacryloxyethyl dimethyl alkyl($C_{1}\sim C_{12}$, benzyl and 2, 2-diethoxy ethyl) ammonium bromide monomers were prepared to investigate the relative humidity characteristics for polymer electrolytes with different chemical structures. They were coated on the alumna substrate printed comblike gold electrode by photopolymerization after micro-syringe injection. As the thickness of rhe humid membrane increased, the impendance decreased, whereas the impedance ~ncreased as the carbon cham of alkyl substituent in the monomer increased. The impendance of the polymeric electrolytes with $C_6\sim C_8$ substituents were varied from 19M$\Omega$ to 5K$\Omega$ for the range of 30-90% Mi. The temperature depedence coefficient in the range of 15-$35^{\circ}C$ was found to be -0.45% $RH/^{\circ}C$and the hysteresis falled within the range of $\pm$2% RH. The response time was 35 second for varying humldity from 33% to 85% RH.
Ti 및 Zr 증착에 따른 알루미나와 Inconel 600 간의 Ag-Cu 합금을 사용한 활성 브레이징 접합
이임열,조선욱 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1995 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.33 No.10
Alumina ceramics and Inconel 600 metal were bonded using conventional brazing filler metal of Ag-Cu alloy after Ti and Zr coatings onto alumina surface. Then the effect of metal coatings on the interfacial structure and metallurgical behavior at interface between the filler metal and Inconel 600 were investigated. It was found that a prior sputter coating of Ti or Zr was effecive in wetting even to the alumina surface of difficult-to-wet with Ag-Cu brazing alloy. The bonding shear strength employing Ag-Cu brazing alloy was found to be increased from zero to 12 MPa with 3 ㎛ Ti coating. Although this bonding strength was lower than that of 25 MPa for using active brazing metal of Ag-Cu-Ti, the active metal coating method prior to brazing with Ag-Cu alloy might give a benificial effect associated with a lower melting temperature of eutectic Ag-Cu alloy compared to Ag-Cu-Ti. And also it was found that the Ti coating and/or Ti segregation during brazing enhanced the separation of silver- and copper-rich liquid phaes in molten filler metal causing a coarse microstructure.