WTO분쟁해결기구와 TRIPS협정 - TRIPS공공영역의 분쟁해결제도화

유준구(Yoo Joon koo),성재호(Sung Jae ho) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2008 성균관법학 Vol.20 No.2

  With the advent of the TRIPS Agreement, international disputes about governmental regulation of intellectual property rights are now subject to adjudication within WTO dispute settlement mechanism. The focus of this paper on TRIPS Agreement begs the larger question of whether the WTO mechanism to settle trade disputes between nations takes sufficient account of so-called "public domain" of TRIPS Agreement in general. The question of how to promote and institutionalize global public domain affirms in a world of sovereign states with divergent norms and preferences, reflecting differences in economic development levels, increasingly confronts the international policy agenda. It raises issues not only for political decision-making but also for judicial interpretation of existing international agreements. The study begins with delineating characteristics and conflicts of TRIPS Agreement taking into backgrounds the UR negotiation and it also distinguishes application of GATT dispute mechanism to the TRIPS Agreement comparing the past GATT with the newly-designed WTO system. This study examines the nature, not only of the WTO as an institution, but of WTO obligation. It posits that WTO obligations remain mixed with a bilateral contract nature and a collective or consitutional type and offers how the TRIPS public domain have fared in the WTO dispute settlement process. The paper wraps up the suggestions on how the WTO system could be improved to give more prominence to public domain of intellectual property rights.

유엔 무기거래조약(ATT) 채택의 의의와 시사점

유준구(YOO Joon Koo) 대한국제법학회 2013 國際法學會論叢 Vol.58 No.2

대다수 상품에 대한 글로벌 무역은 국제적으로 규율되고 세심하게 통제되는 반면 무기에 대한 국제거래는 국제통상질서 밖에 머물러 있어, 현재 무기의 국가 간 거래에 있어 법적 구속력을 갖고 보편적으로 적용될 수 있는 국제적 기준이 부재한 상태였다. 이러한 법적 진공상태로 말미암아 직접적인 무기사용으로 인한 인명살상이 매일 2,100명, 연간 742,000명 이상에 달하고 특히 아동과 여성에 인명피해가 심각하다. 재래식 무기의 확산은 또한 인권의 유린, 국제인도법을 파괴하고, 무력 분쟁을 심화하거나 지연시킴으로써 국가 및 지역적 안전을 위협하고 있는 현실이다. 무기거래조약은 확실히 대다수의 국가들의 지지를 통해 논의가 진전되었고 많은 국가들이 무력 충돌로 인한 인명피해를 막기 위해 강력한 내용을 담은 조약 체결을 희망하였다. 그러나 여전히 무기의 종류, 거래행위, 의사결정방법에서 상당한 입장차이가 존재하고 있다. 따라서 무기거래조약의 성공을 위해 국제사회 및 국가들에게 남겨진 과제는, 과연 채택된 무기거래조약이 조약 본래의 목적을 발전시킬 수 있느냐와 동 조약이 단순히 현상유지를 위한 도구, 아니면 무력충돌을 줄일 수 있는 유용한 수단이 될 수 있느냐의 질문의 답을 준비하는 것이다. The global trade in most consumer goods is internationally regulated and carefully controlled. In contrast, the global trade in arms and ammunition is not. Currently, there are no legally binding robust, and universally applicable criteria governing the transfer of weapons across borders. This leads to the fact that more than 2,000 people are killed everyday due to armed violence. This lack of international regulation has profound implications for the lives and livelihoods of millions of women, men, and children through the world. Proliferation of conventional arms also contribute to human rights violation, breaches of international humanitarian law, to intensifying and prolonging armed conflicts, and to threaten national and regional stability. The process Arms Trade Treaty(ATT) has unquestionably demonstrated that the majority of countries do in fact support a strong treaty that would potentially make a difference in the lives of those suffering from armed violence and armed conflict. However, there are still very discrepancies on the issues of weapons categories, types of transactions, and decision making procedures. Thus, for the successful implementation of the ATT, the ultimate question for states is whether this adopted ATT text help, or hinder, the further development of these norms and this is a useful tool for those seeking to legitimize the status quo or for those seeking substantial reductions of armed violence and conflict.

전공의 외래교육은 수련 후 진료수행능력 요구를 충족시키는가? - 일부 대학병원 가정의학과 전공의 외래교육 프로그램을 중심으로 한 평가 -

유준서(Joon-Seo Yoo),송윤미(Yun-Mi Song),김주용(Joo-Yong Kim),김융언(Yoong-Eun Kim),박지원(Ji-Won Park),정휘수(Hwee-Su Jung) 한국의학교육학회 2001 Korean journal of medical education Vol.13 No.2

Background: In family practice residency program, education of common health problems in community primary care is the most important. This study was performed to evaluate whether the trainees of current tertiary hospital family practice residency programs could sufficiently experience common health problems in community primary care. Methods: Each of three conveniently chosen tertiary hospital family practice centers in seoul was matched with one family practice clinic by its location. Whole patients visited the three family practice clinics on one specific day of June, 2001 (primary care group) and the patients seen by the trainees of tertiary hospital family practice residency programs (tertiary care group), whose number was the same as that in matched family practice clinic, were included in this study. Demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained. Results: In primary care group, the proportions of patients younger than 15-year (31.62%) or older than 65-year (21.79%) were significantly higher than those in tertiary care group. Laboratory tests (34.24%:2.99%) and referral (11.79%:0.85%) were significantly more common in tertiary care group. The most common health problem assessed by physician and chief complaint of patients in primary care group was respiratory illness, while digestive illness was the most common in tertiary care group. Conclusion: Age distribution, performance rate of laboratory tests and referral, chief complaints, and the health problems in primary care group were significantly different from those in tertiary care group. Trainees in family practice residency program needs to be provided more chances experiencing common health problems in community primary care.

EU 통합 투자협정 추진의 쟁점과 시사점

유준구(Yoo, Joon Koo) 한국국제경제법학회 2013 국제경제법연구 Vol.11 No.2

2010년 FDI의 급격한 감소 이후 EU는 2011년 2,250억 유로의 FDI 유입으로 점차 투자여건이 회복되고 있으나 여전히 글로벌 금융위기와 유럽재정위기의 후유증을 경험하고 있다. 또한 2004년 EU 회원국의 확대 이후로 회원국간 경제력, 법·제도, 투자환경의 차이로 역내 투자자유화와 투자증진을 도모하여 글로벌 투자환경 변화에 적절히 대처해야할 상황이다. 이런 현실에서 2009년 12월 발효된 리스본조약은 EU의 통합과 글로벌 투자환경 변화에 대응하기 위한 적절한 계기를 제공하였다. 리스본조약의 발효로 FDI가 CCP의 포함하는 문제는 리스본조약의 이슈중 주목을 덜 받았으나 상당한 정책적 함의와 글로벌 경제에 중요한 영향을 주는 사안이다. 리스본조약에 이어 EU는 BIT의 지위에 관한 결정을 채택함으로써 적시에 리스본조약 목적을 구체화하기 시작했다. EU의 결정을 통해 기존 EU와 역외국가간의 BIT의 지위와 향후 체결 절차를 명확히 하였는바, 그 기본취지는 EU와 회원국간의 권한의 타협을 지향한 실용적인 선택이라 할 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 동 결정은 EU 회원국 간의 BIT에 대해서는 명시하지 않아 여러 법적 정책적 혼란을 초래하는 것도 사실이다. 즉 동 결정으로 인해 향후 EU의 국제투자협정 체결의 역할이 확대되고 기존의 회원국이 체결한 BIT를 대체함으로써 EU 차원의 단일 통합적인 국제투자협정으로 수렴될 것이 분명하지만, 동시에 회원국 간의 투자분쟁이나 투자자-국가 소송(ISD)과 관련한 ICSID의 가입문제나 EU회원국의 행위로부터 발생하는 투자분쟁에서의 EU의 책임문제 역시 함께 제기될 것으로 전망된다. After significant falls in 2010, The EU FDI flows more than doubled in 2011 and the EU can recover its status as the world’s leading host of foreign direct investment, attracting investments worth €225 billion from the rest of the world in 2011 alone. Still the EU has suffered from the global financial crisis and needs to necessary steps for economic recoveries. The Treaty of Lisbon finally entered into force on 1 December 2009, making a fortunate turn for European integration from an institutional crisis and effectuating a number of significant changes in the constitutional structure of the EU. The inclusion of foreign direct investment(FDI), inter alia, in the Common Commercial Policy(CCP) is the largest but still the least discussed change. In accordance of the CCP, the Regulation of establishing transitional arrangements for bilateral investment adopted by European Parliament and the Council timely clarifies as to the status of extra-EU BIT. It sets forth a pragmatic approach to reconciling the EU’s exclusive competence over the CCP with the current regime, taking into account the experience of Member States in negotiating international investment agreements. The Regulation anticipates a growing role of the EU in negotiating BIT on behalf of the EU as a whole, and indicates that EU BITs will gradually replace Member States BITs. It also provides for the Commission’s participation in future BIT disputes, although it is unclear whether if Regulation anticipates that the Commission will be actively involved in all future investment treaty disputes involving Member States or how this will take place in practice. Considerable uncertainties regarding the EU’s role on the investment treaty sphere remain. In particular, the Regulation does not address the status of intra-EU BITs, which has been the subject of several recent arbitrations. As regards extra-EU BITs, as the EU negotiates BITs with third countries, further complications like the possibility arbitrations under a EU BIT and a BIT concluded by a Member States; the EU’s status in the ICSID, and the EU’s responsibility for the conduct of Member States. will arise under public international law.

The International Protection of Geographical Indications

Yoo Joon Koo(유준구) 한국국제경제법학회 2009 국제경제법연구 Vol.7 No.1

UR협상당시에서와 마찬가지로 도하라운드 지적재산권 협상에서도 지리적명칭의 보호 문제는 선진국과 개도국 내지 선진국간 첨예한 대립이 있는 분야이자 이 협상의 결과가 전체 협상에 영향을 미치는 핵심적 이해 사항이다. TRIPS협상 당시 전통적으로 접근방식이 다른 지리적 명칭의 보호이론과 관련하여 각국은 첨예한 대립을 보였고 실제 타협 역사 전체 협상을 깨지 않으려 잠정적이고 불완전한 구조인 이중적 형태로 규정되었다. 지리적명칭의 보호논쟁은 역사적으로 상표권의 보호관점에서, '집단적 상표'로 보호하려는 EU의 관점과 상표인증이라는 사적인 권리로 바라보려는 미국의 이론을 중심으로 각국이 4개의 그룹으로 분화되어 있는 현실이다. 그러나 이러한 대립의 이면에는 시장개방과 자국시장을 보호하려는 각국의 중대한 통상이익이 있고 이 점은 와인과 주류에만 특별한 추가적인 보호를 규정한 것에서 극명하게 드러난다. 현재의 이중적 보호체제는 불완전한 구조이므로 향후 변화된 형태의 지리적 명칭의 보호체제가 성립될 것으로 보인다. 다만 이 논의에서 통일적인 일반 상표와 같은 보호이론이 반영되기는 어렵더라도 최소한 단지 추가적인 보호 대상을 확장하는 선에서 타협이 이루어지는 것은 바람직하지 않다고 본다. 그 이유는 지리적명칭은 본질적으로 그 자체가 상품이 아닌 상품을 특성을 구별하는 인간의 노력이기 때문이다. 이러한 우려는 점차 지리적명칭과 원산지표시가 불분명해지는 상황이 벌어지는 현실에서도 확인할 수 있다. This paper gives an account of the characteristics and conflicts of the GIs protection leading to current debates in the TRIPs council in respect to the extension issue related to multilateral register system on the trade perspectives. The study begins with delineating notions of international agreements and TRIPs definitions and different approaches in the common and civil law traditions represented by the US and EU. These discrepancies have been in accordance with different national legal traditions and within a framework of specific historical and theoretical perspectives concerning GIs and CIM. This study describes the WTO case that firstly dealt in the CIs protection on the above issues and proposals, addressing divergent positions on the scope of the extension in the TRIPs council. The opposition from two camps of four groups looks firmly, looted, however most of countries drift on polar to another since they are truly driven by trade interests. It shows that, complicated by the agricultural negotiations, the current GIs arguments cannot be evaluated in the matter of the 'North-South' or of simply like 'emigrant versus immigrant' divide. The paper wrap up the discussions by referring to the existing approaches within TRIPs or trade-off perspectives in the WTO are likely to result in the current status quo with an unstable "two-tiered system" or set back the whole New Round; the GIs regime should have been set out by one rail system without the additional protection at the first launch of the WTO.

고속 수렴성을 갖는 딥 러닝 기반 채널 부호 복호기

한석주(Han Seokju),하정석(Ha Jeongseok) 한국통신학회 2020 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2020 No.8

MMR을 이용한 문서 요약 시스템 설계 및 구현

변동률(Dong R. Byun),유준현(Joon H. Yoo),박순철(Soon C. Park),Callan and Carbonell 대한전자공학회 2002 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2002 No.11

국내에서 상용되고 있는 금속효부 도재용금합금의 경도와 도재 -금속간의 결합력에 대한 연구

李虎容(Ho Young Lee),辛聖浩(Sung Ho Shin),劉俊宣(Joon Seon Yoo) 대한치과의사협회 1978 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.16 No.2

급성 관상동맥 증후군 후 우울증의 예측인자

박상욱(Sang-Wook Park),배경열(Kyung-Yeol Bae),김선영(Seon-Young Kim),유준안(Joon-An Yoo),양수진(Su-Jin Yang),김성완(Sung-Wan Kim),김재민(Jae-Min Kim),신일선(Il-Seon Shin),홍영준(Young-Joon Hong),안영근(Young-Keun Ahn),정명호(Myung-Ho 대한생물치료정신의학회 2009 생물치료정신의학 Vol.15 No.2

Objectives: Depression after acute coronary artery syndrome(ACS) is common and associated with higher mortality, while little is known about predictors of the onset of depression. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and predictors of depression at the points of first hospitalization and 12 month after ACS. Methods: Eighty one patients with ACS were recruited from the heart center of a university hospital. Depression was categorized using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HAMD)>7. Data on sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, education, marital state, religion, accommodation and occupation), severity of ACS(Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score), disability(World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule Ⅱ-12), and personality(Big Five Inventory) were obtained. Results: Incident rates of depression were 25% and 23% at the first hospitalization and at 12 months after ACS, respectively. Predictors of depression were disability at the first hospitalization and neuroticism at 12 months after ACS. Conclusion: Depression was common after ACS in this sample. More intensive psychiatric care and intervention is needed for the high risk groups of depression.

치매선별 검사도구

이삼연(Sam-Yeon Lee),김재민(Jae-Min Kim),유준안(Joon-An Yoo),신일선(Il-Seon Shin) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2006 생물치료정신의학 Vol.12 No.2

Dementia is one of the main diseases that cause public health problems. In the period of fast graying of the population internationally, the prevention and cure of dementia is in need. The development of instrument which could screen dementia in the early stage is the first step for managing the dementia patient appropriately. The screening instrument for dementia has an advantage that it is possible to evaluate the conditions of dementia in a relatively short period of time. However, there is a problem in the reliability and validity of the evaluation result. In this review article, the authors introduce the screening instruments for dementia which have been used at national and international levels, discuss the limitations of the instruments, describe alternative strategies to overcome the limitations, and suggest points for future studies and efficient use.