CISG상 장애에 관한 사례연구

오현석,Hyon-sok Oh 한국국제상학회 2015 國際商學 Vol.30 No.2

CISG 제79조 면책의 사유로서 장애는 그 개념이 어떤 국내법에서도 찾아볼 수 없으며 표현 자체에 불확실성이 내재되어 있다. 이로 인해 각 국 법원은 자국의 유사한 법적 개념 으로부터 추론하여 불이행당사자의 면책여부에 대한 판결을 내리고 있다. 그러나 CISG의 주석에 따르면 장애는 각 국가에서 규정하고 있는 불가항력, 이행곤란, 목적달성불능과는 다른 개념으로 보고 있다. 이처럼 CISG의 장애가 추구하는 목적을 현실에 적용시키기에는 다소 한계가 있다. 한편 CISG에 의하여 규율되는 사항으로서 CISG에서 명시적으로 해결되 지 아니하는 문제는 CISG 제7조에 따라 국제사법의 일반원칙에 따라 해결할 수 있다. 국제사법의 일반원칙으로서 PICC는 장애에 대응되는 법리로 불가항력과 이행곤란을 규정 하고 있다. 특히 PICC는 이행곤란의 객관적이고 명확한 기준을 제시함으로써 면책기준에 관한 해석상의 혼란을 피하고 있다. 또한 불가항력과 이행곤란을 불이행과 이행의 장에서 구분하여 규정함으로써 그 효과를 계약의 해소와 계약의 유지라는 이분법적으로 접근하고 있다. 본 연구는 CISG의 장애와 PICC의 불가항력과 이행곤란을 비교 ․ 분석함으로써 CISG와 PICC의 상호관계에 관한 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal notions about impediment. There are different legal notions about it such as force majeure, hardship, frustration in domestic legal system. Research design, data, methodology : This paper compares the legal requirements between ‘impediment’ in CISG and ‘force majeure and hardship’ in PICC and then present relationship among these legal notions. The analytic data are CISG, PICC and related legal cases and specially review about applicability of cases. Results : The most of the related research results have come to the conclusion that‘impediment’ of CISG is interpretative problems. Although CISG intend to unify international sales contract laws, it makes more confused result to use impediment. The PICC make the matter of impediment clear. Conclusions : If there are satisfied the legal requirements of ‘impediment’, it could be exempted form liability for failure to perform any of his obligations. The legal requirements are uncontrollability, unforeseeability and unavoidability. These requirements have to be piled up one on another. The PICC enact force majeure and hardship separately and also the PICC can be expected to serve as legal instruments for the interpretation and gap-filling of CISG article 79.

베트남의 상사중재법제와 중재절차

오현석(Hyon sok Oh) 한국국제상학회 2014 國際商學 Vol.29 No.4

본 논문은 2012년에 개정된 베트남 국제중재센터(VIAC) 중재규칙을 중심으로 베트남 법제상 중재절차의 전체적인 구조 및 주요한 개정사항 등을 검토해 보았다. 나아가 KCAB 국제중재규칙과도 비교하여 VIAC 중재규칙의 취지와 문제점 및 실무적 유의점 등을 살펴보았다. 2012년 VIAC 중재규칙은 전반적인 측면에서 국제적 수요와 요구에 부응하여 세부적인 규정들을 정비하는 방향으로 개정되었다. 다만 다음과 같은 실무적 유의점들을 생각해 볼 수 있겠다. VIAC 중재규칙은 외국적 요소(foreign element)가 없는 경우, 분쟁의 본안에 적용할 준거법으로서 베트남법이 적용되어야 함을 원칙으로 하고 있는데, 이는 중요한 문제점이라고 볼 수 있다. 예컨대, 외국인이 투자한 베트남 법인간의 중재사건인 경우 베트남법이 적용될 가능성이 상당히 크다. 외국적 요소의 존재에 관한 명확한 해석기준을 제시하지 않았다는 측면에서는 실무적인 주의가 필요하다고 본다. 또한 VIAC 중재규칙의 경우, 신속절차와 긴급 중재인제도에 관하여는 명문의 규정을 두고 있지 않다. 이러한 제도들이 전부 도입되지 않은 VIAC 중재규칙은 국제적 활용성 및 국제적 정합성이라는 측면에서 일정한 한계가 있을 가능성이 있다. Purpose : The purpose of this paper is to introduce the international commercial arbitration system in Vietnam and to review the arbitral procedure in Vietnam. Research design, data, methodology : Research methodology taken in this paper is literature and comparative legal researches. This paper analyzes Vietnamese international arbitration system by analyzing various proceedings of Vietnam International Arbitration Centre (VIAC) arbitration rules of 2012. It, also, studies specific VIAC arbitration rules in comparison with KCAB International Rules or ICC Arbitration Rules. Results : On 17 June 2010, the Vietnam National Assembly passed the Law on Commercial Arbitration No. 54/2010/QH12, which took effect on 1 January 2011 and replaced the Arbitration Ordinance of 2004. VIAC also operates in accordance with the Arbitration Law and its own Rules of Arbitration. VIAC will likely to refuse cases where parties have specified the application of arbitration rules other than VIAC's. The recent addition by VIAC of a limited number of foreign arbitrators to its panel of arbitrators from which disputing parties may choose is a positive sign that Vietnam is trying to strengthen access to and the flexibility of arbitration in Vietnam. Conclusions : This paper suggest that the choice of law applicable to an arbitration proceeding depends on whether a dispute involves a "foreign element" under the VIAC Rules. It is the most important problem facing international stream of arbitration systems.

전략물자 수출통제의 현황과 전망에 관한 고찰

오현석(Oh, Hyon Sok),양정호(Yang, Jung Ho) 한국무역상무학회 2009 貿易商務硏究 Vol.42 No.-

Over the last several years, regarding to the strategic items, the international community has seen governments make more formal commitments to adopt and implement effective export controls to counter the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction(WMD). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540(that is「S/RES/1540」) stands as the most important of these commitments. Many UN members already have export control laws and regulations in place to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Many members also participate in a variety of formal and informal international arrangements to coordinate their export control efforts. Nonetheless, each of these countries has its own unique legal framework for export controls. This generates considerable diversity in the construction of the specific national legal authorities. Over the last few years, however, a consensus over what constitutes the key elements of effective legal authorities for export controls has begun to emerge. Evidence for this development comes in the identification of best legal authorities or principles at several multilateral conferences on export controls.

인공지능의 지식재산권 보호에 관한 연구

오현석(Sok-Hyon Oh) 한국인터넷전자상거래학회 2018 인터넷전자상거래연구 Vol.18 No.1

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the invention and literary work of artificial intelligence can be the subject of intellectual property rights such as patent rights and copyright, and to prepare the legislative guidelines for the revision of the law in the future. In today`s age, boundaries of each field are broken down and are looking for new things by convergence. We are trying to integrate with other fields to find original new ideas, and there is artificial intelligence in this age. Under current intellectual property laws, artifacts are not attributed to artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is creating things that are equal to or better than human inventions and works. Only humans are making inventions and works without much mental effort using these artificial intelligences. Therefore, intellectual property law should be changed according to changes of the age and technology. Through this research, it is necessary to secure the legal stability of patent rights and copyrights by attributing inventions and works created by artificial intelligence to artificial intelligence.

電子貿易에서 制度上 認證시스템의 問題點에 관한 考察

오현석(Oh Hyon Sok) 한국무역상무학회 2004 貿易商務硏究 Vol.23 No.-

Electronic transaction using electronic documents be carried without direct person to person meeting, there is the possibility to use other's identity illegally without notice and to verity authenticity of transaction. It is very hard to find out that the electronic documents on the process of submitting is forged documents or not and also has much difficulty in maintaining transmitting secret. Therefore, to solve such problems on electronic transactions, certification system with cryptography skill are inevitably necessary. Also there is needed legal base in the electronic document as functional equivalent of the paper document. Recently there are so many commercial certification service provider(CPS) such as Identrus, Bolero, TEDI but their establishment of CPS, certification process, guideline and so on are different each CPS. Therefore, this kind of situation can make user confuse. To introduce and develop the electronic certification in the international electronic commerce not domestic electronic commerce, it need to authorize and operate certification authority under the uniform regulation base. But, because the laws and guidelines that related to electronic certification system are different among the nations and international organizations, it need to compare laws and guidelines. In conclusion, the most important thing to resolve problems surrounded certification and develope certification system in the international electronic commerce make uniform rule of international electronic certification to recognize internationally from each nation or at least, need to harmony laws and guideline in each nations.

국제상거래법상 Force Majeure와 Hardship에 관한 고찰

오현석(Hyon Sok OH) 韓國貿易商務學會 2016 貿易商務硏究 Vol.69 No.-

There is legal relation between both parties after contract formation. The parties are liable for performing each duties but a party is not liable for a failure to perform the duties if party proves that the failure was due to the force majeure. The forec majeure has different concepts and legal principles such as change circumstance, hardship, frustration, impediment and so on. Therefore, it need to analyze a historical background and their presence in various domestic legal systems. Although the CISG describes Art.79 impediment instead of using the force majeure, the impediment has several interpretative limitation. The CISG pursue to harmonize divergent legal concepts and principles from various national laws and legal systems but the harmonization of legal systems make the impediment more confused. The article goes on to analyzes about limitation of the impediment and reviews to examine the force majeure and hardship in PICC. Thus both parties of international contract insert hardship clause in order to prevent the problem of judgment in a court or a court of arbitration under impediment of CISG.

CISG상 계약당사자에게 공통적으로 적용되는 규정해석과 판결례에 관한 연구

오현석(Hyon-Sok Oh),심종석(Chong-Seok Shim) 한국무역학회 2013 貿易學會誌 Vol.38 No.5

국제상사계약상 신의성실의 원칙

오현석(Oh, Hyon Sok) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2012 성균관법학 Vol.24 No.2

This paper discusses the principles of good faith under the contract for the international sale of goods. In contract law, the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is a general presumption that the parties to a contract will deal with each other honestly, fairly, and in good faith, so as to not destroy the right of the other party or parties to receive the benefits of the contract. It is implied in every contract in order to reinforce the express covenants or promises of the contract. Article 7(1) of CISG, the principle of good faith is a general principle of the CISG. But the good faith provision in article 7(1) should be used only in interpreting the Convention. It is a principle that permeates the Convention, providing the policy basis for many provisions. In addition, provisions of the CISG reflect a foundation in good faith through its variants such as reasonableness and fair dealing. In the meantime, Article 1.7(1) of PICC supports the imposition of a positive obligation of good faith on contracting parties. It provides that each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade. The PECL and its good faith provisions are the product of a committee without law-making authority, and are designed as a statement of derivative general legal norms rather than a description of any existing body of law. Thus, the PECL lacks formal legal authority, although the drafters envision such authority arising through adoption or use of the Principles by legislatures, judges, arbitrators, and contracting parties. The importance of mutual confidence between parties to international sales transactions can hardly be underestimated. To ensure such confidence, all involved must possess an unambiguous understanding of the obligation to act in good faith. Unfortunately, formulating a clear picture of this obligation is not always easy given the varying constructions and inherent ambiguities which surround the notion of good faith. It is time when good faith becomes a principle recognised internationally. It will be the turning point of our juridical regime.

국제물품매매에서 손해배상청구권에 관한 비교법적 고찰

오현석(Hyon-Sok OH) 한국무역상무학회 2018 貿易商務硏究 Vol.77 No.-

This study compares the SGA and CISG to find out the difference of the criteria for calculating damages. and it intends to give some important points in trade practice. The damages is intended to compensate the victim for the breach of contract but there are differences between SGA and CISG as follow. First, the SGA and CISG have the same purpose of claiming damages. Both laws and regulations are subject to a full indemnification to compensate for the breach of the contract by the amount equivalent to the loss suffered by the victim. Second, in the general principle related to the calculation of damages, both law enforcement officials are required to be able to predict damages caused by breach of contract. In the case of SGA, however, a foreseeability test or remoteness of damages is required for the relationship between the contract violation and the loss. In other words, it can be said that the causal relation between the contract violation and the damage is strictly applied rather than the CISG. Finally, both laws and regulations of SGA and CISG have a big difference in criteria for calculating damages. In the CISG, after the contract is canceled, it is classified according to the existence of the alternative transaction and the damage amount is calculated based on the contract price. On the other hand, the SGA estimates the loss based on the market price at the delivery of the goods, reflecting the change in the market price instead of the contract price of the goods.

CISG상 물품 적합성의 묵시적 기준에 관한 고찰

오현석(Hyon-Sok OH) 한국무역상무학회 2021 貿易商務硏究 Vol.89 No.-

본 연구는 CISG 제35조 제2항 (가)호 및 (나)호에서의 ‘통상 사용목적’ 적합성과 관련하여 규정상의 의미 및 요건의 차이점 등을 비교 고찰하고자 하였다. 또한 당해 규정과 관련된 해석상의 문제를 선별하여 학설의 경향을 파악하고자 시도하였다. 특히 논의의 범위를 CISG상 물품적합성에 관한 묵시요건이라는 특정 부분으로 한정하였다는 점, 나아가 해석론적 쟁점과 관련한 구체적인 적용사례를 분석하였다는 점에서 선행연구와 연구적 차별성을 갖추고자 하였다. 먼저 본 연구에서는 CISG상 물품의 계약적합성 요건과 그 범위를 개괄적으로 살펴본 후, CISG 제35조 제2항 (가)호의 적합성 묵시요건으로서 통상 사용목적과 관련 사례를 검토한 후, (나)호의 적합성 묵시요건으로서 특별 사용목적과 관련 사례를 순차적으로 검토하였다. 이를 토대로 CISG 제35조 제2항의 해석상 문제들에 대한 실무적인 시사점 등을 고찰하였다. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the presumed implications the conformity of the goods to the terms of the contract under the CISG. In order to analyze, the paper reviews concepts, requirements and scopes of the Article 35(2) (a) and (b) by analyzing case law. According to one decision relating Article 35(2) (a), the New Zealand appeal court has held that the seller is to deliver goods to a particular jurisdiction and can infer that they will be marketed there is not sufficient to impose the standards of the importing jurisdiction in determining suitability for ordinary purposes under article 35(2)(a). The court indicated that the standards in the importing jurisdiction would have applied if the same standards existed in the seller’s jurisdiction, or if the buyer had pointed out the standards to the seller and relied on the seller"s expertise. Article 35(2) (b) describe that “Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform with the contract unless they: (b) are fit for any particular purpose expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract, except where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller’s skill and judgement.” The German court has held that a buyer did not reasonably rely on the seller’s skill and judgment where the buyer was itself an experienced importer of the goods. Also, the court has ruled that Article 35(2)(b) CISG only applies if there is a ‘technical gap’ between the parties if the seller is more knowledgeable than the buyer.