SPECT/CT에서 서로 다른 에너지의 방사성동위원소 사용시 영상보정기법의 유용성 평가

신병호,김승정,윤석환,김태엽,임정진,우재룡,오소원,김유경,Shin, Byung Ho,Kim, Seung Jeong,Yun, Seok Hwan,Kim, Tae Yeop,Lim, Jung Jin,Woo, Jae Ryong,Oh, So Won,Kim, Yu Kyeong 대한핵의학기술학회 2013 핵의학 기술 Vol.17 No.2

본 연구에서는 각기 다른 에너지의 방사성동위원소를 이용하여 CT를 기초로 한 attenuation correction (AC)과 scatter correction (SC)을 적용했을 때 영상의 질을 비교분석하고 영상보정기법의 유용성에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. Resolution 평가를 위해 사용된 spatial resolution phantom 내부에 물을 채우고 각각의 동위원소 $^{99m}Tc$ (140 keV, 2.22 kBq), $^{201}Tl$ (70 keV, 2.22 kBq), $^{131}I$ (364 keV, 2.22 kBq)을 line에 주입하여 제작하였다. Contrast 평가를 위해 이용한 Jaszczak phantom은 배후방사능과 열소원통의 비율이 1:8이 되도록 각각의 동위원소를 주입하여 제작하였다. GE Infinia Hawkeye4 SPECT/CT (GE Medical System, USA)로 영상을 획득하고, non-correction (NC), AC, SC, AC와 SC가 동시에 적용된(ACSC) 4가지 조건으로 OSEM (2 iterations, 10 subsets)을 이용하여 영상을 각각 재구성하였다. FWHM값은 paired samples t-test를 통하여 유의수준 관계를 분석하였고, percent contrast (%)값은 MATLAB (Ver.7.0)$^{(R)}$과 MRIcro$^{(R)}$를 이용하여 각각의 수치를 비교하였다. $^{99m}Tc$의 resolution test에서 NC, AC, SC, ACSC를 각각 적용했 을 때 FWHM (mm)값은 각각 $4.97{\pm}0.46$, $4.73{\pm}0.27$, $49.7{\pm}0.39$, $4.60{\pm}0.26$, $^{201}Tl$에서는 $5.26{\pm}0.28$, $5.14{\pm}0.21$, $5.25{\pm}0.25$, $5.05{\pm}0.23$, $^{131}I$에서는 $6.24{\pm}0.73$, $5.84{\pm}0.57$, $6.24{\pm}0.69$, $5.98{\pm}0.52$의 값을 얻을 수 있었다. 각 방사성 동위원소의 결과 값에서 NC와 비교하여 AC, ACSC를 적용했을 때 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였고(P<0.05), SC만을 적용했을 때는 유의한 차이가 없음을 보여주었다(P>0.05). Contrast test에서는 percent contrast(%) 를 4개의 원통에 대한 값을 구했고, NC와 비교했을 때 AC, SC, ACSC의 percent difference (%)가 $^{99m}Tc$은 24.73, 38.10, 67.31, $^{201}Tl$은 30.90, 51.82, 86.02, $^{131}I$에서는 18.60, 46.26, 73.67의 차이를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르면 $^{99m}Tc$, $^{201}Tl$ 과 같은 낮은 에너지를 가진 핵종에 대해서는 ACSC를 동시에 적용한 영상에서 resolution 향상이 가장 크게 나타났지만, $^{131}I$ 같은 높은 에너지의 핵종에서는 AC만 적용되었을 때 ACSC를 적용했을 때보다 영상의 질이 더 향상됨을 알 수 있었다. 그러므로 SPECT/CT 검사 시 사용되는 핵종의 에너지에 따라 적절한 영상보정기법을 적용한다면 정확한 진단을 위한 최적의 영상을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Purpose: To optimize correction method for SPECT/CT, image quality consisting of resolution and contrast was evaluated using three radioisotopes ($^{99m}Tc$, $^{201}Tl$ and $^{131}I$) and three different correction methods; attenuation correction (AC), scatter correction (SC) and both attenuation and scatter correction (ACSC). Materials and Methods: Images were acquired with a SPECT/CT scanner and a conventional CT protocol with an OESM reconstruction algorithm (2 iterations and 10 subsets). For resolution measurement, fixed radioactivity (2.22 kBq) was infused into a spatial resolution phantom and full width at half maximum (FWHM) was measured using a vendor-provided software. For contrast evaluation, radioactive source with a ratio of 1:8 to background was filled in a Flanged Jaszczak phantom and percent contrast (%) were calculated. All the parameters for image quality were compared with non-correction (NC) method. Results: As compared with NC, image resolution of all three isotopes were significantly improved by AC and ACSC, not by SC. In particular, ACSC showed better resolution than AC alone for $^{99m}Tc$ and $^{201}Tl$. Image contrast of all three radioisotopes in a sphere with the largest diameter were enhanced by all correction methods. ACSC showed the highest contrast in all three radioisotopes, which was the most accurate in $^{99m}Tc$ (85.9%). Conclusion: Image quality of SPECT/CT was improved in all the radioisotopes by CT-based attenuation correction methods, except SC alone. SC failed to improve resolution in any radioisotopes, but it was effective in contrast enhancement. ACSC would be the best correction method as it improved resolution in radioisotopes with low energy levels and contrast in radioisotope with low energy levels. However, in radioisotope with high energy level, AC would be better than ACSC for resolution improvement.

冷戰下 中立勢力의 傾向

申炳浩 중앙대학교 법학대학 1963 法政論叢 Vol.16 No.-

在來市場의 近代化 設計

辛炳浩 한국마케팅연구원 1974 마케팅 Vol.8 No.10

소비자가 지각하는 백화점 의류판매원의 평가속성

신병호,홍병숙 한국유통학회 2000 流通硏究 Vol.5 No.1

관계마케팅 파라다임에서 판매원은 단순히 판매뿐 아니라 고객에게 가치를 창조해 주고 장기적인 관계를 발전시키는 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구는 판매원에 대한 선행연구에서 다루어지지 않았던 소매상황에서 의류판매원의 평가 속성을 파악하고, 이의 측정도구를 우리나라 상황에 맞게 개발하고, 그 속성의 중요도를 파악하는데 있다. 아울러 백화점 의류판매원 속성 평가에 영향을 미치는 소비자 변인으로 소비자 지식과 제품관여 및 인구통계적 특성의 영향을 살펴보았다. 백화점 의류판매원의 속성차원은 개별면접과 선행연구를 바탕으로 개발되었으며, 이를 백화점 고객을 대상으로 실증 조사하였다. 그 결과 우리나라 백화점 의류판매원의 평가속성은 서비스 마인드, 판매노력, 수수한 인상, 판매유도기술 및 제품지식의 5차원으로 밝혀졌다. 백화점 고객은 의류판매원의 서비스 마인드를 가장 중요시하였으며, 그 다음으로는 판매노력, 제품지식, 수수한 인상, 판매유도기술의 순으로 중요시하는 것으로 나타났다. 소비자 지식, 제품관여 및 인구통계적 변인은 소비자의 의류판매원 속성 지각에 부분적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과에 근거하여 학문적, 경영적인 시사점을 제시하였다. From the perspective of relationship marketing, salespeople acts important role by creating values and developing, establishing long-term relationship with customers. This study is designed to suggest validated measure of evaluating retail salespeople in department store setting in an effort to facilitate active future studies. For this purpose, this study investigated attributes of retail salespeople based on series of personal interviews and literature reviews, and validated its measurement via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, this study explored consumers' rating of the importance of attributes related to some selected consumer variables (consumer knowledge, product involvement, and demographic variables). The findings of this study revealed five dimensions of retail salespeople attributes: Service Mind, Sales Efforts, Product Knowledge, Comfortable Impression and Sale Inducing Skill. Customers of department stores put importance of salespeople attributes in this order. Some dimensions of consumer knowledge and product involvement do affect consumers' rating of retail salespeople attributes. Theoretical and managerial implications were suggested based on empirical results.

斷油의 原因에 대한 考察

申炳昊 陸軍士官學校 1981 한국군사학논집 Vol.21 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the causes of interruption in petroleum supply. To import petroleum Korea has the system which is equipped with a series necessary facilities, equipments, organizations and policies to accommodate the supply of petroleum from the petroleum producing country. Interruption in petroleum supply is either caused by functional defects of such system or intentional restriction or suspension of the system. Classifying the causes of interruption in petroleum supply in relation with petroleum supply system, the following can be resulted; 1. In case functional defects of the system are present: A. Destruction of petroleum related facilities B. Suspension or restricted usage of the line of transportation C. Disorder or collapse of polices and organizations 2. In case functions of the system are intentionally restricted or suspended: A. Deterioration of relationship with petroleum producing countries B. Utilization of petroleum as a weapon by petroleum producing countries C. Resource preservation policy of petroleum producing countries D. Others Among situations and / or reasons to induce the causes of interruption, war in petroleum producing countries, their political and economic interest, and the foreign relationship with them are the decisively influencing factors.

대구경 관로의 배수시간 산정을 위한 수치해석 기법

신병호,최두용,정관수 대한상하수도학회 2017 상하수도학회지 Vol.31 No.6

Multi-regional water supply system, which installed for supplying multiple water demands, is characterized by large-sized, long-distance, tree-type layout. This system is vulnerable to long-standing service interruption when a pipe breaks is occurred. In this study, a numerical method is proposed to calculate drainage time that directly affects time of service interruption. To begin with, governing equations are formulated to embed the delayed drainage effect by the friction loss, and to resolve complicated connection of pipelines, which are derived from the continuity and energy equations. The nonlinear hydraulic equations are solved by using explicit time integration method and the Newton-Raphson method. The developed model is verified by comparing the result with analytical solution. Furthermore, the model’s applicability is validated by the examples of pipelines in serial, in parallel, and complex layout. Finally, the model is utilized to suggest an appropriate actions to reduce the deviation of draining time in the C transmission line of the B multi-regional water supply system.

정신분열증의 大腦機能偏倚 에 관한 연구 : Motor and Sighting Dominance 運動 및 視界優位性을 中心으로

이형영,신병호 大韓神經精神醫學會 1987 신경정신의학 Vol.26 No.1

Because the collection of handedness data is only slightly upsetting to patients, this study has been frequently used to investigate the lateralization of cerebral function in schizophrenia. However although there have been frequent reports of cerebral lateralization in schizophrenic patients the findings have yielded inconsistent results. In order to evaluate the characteristic of cerebral lateralization in schizophrenic patients in Korea the authors studied the patterns of motor and sighting dominance of 107 schizophrenic patients of the Na ju National Mental Hospital. We used 125 healthy personnels of Chonnam National University Hospital as controls. In this study handedness was surveyed with ten-item questionaire adopted from Crovitz and Zener (1962), eye preference with three tests used by dymamometer, a potentially more sensitive index of cerebral lateralization ; the method used by Merrin (1984). The results were as follows : 1) In handedness distribution, there was marginally signifcant difference between schizophrenics and controls as a whole (X²:5.33, df:2, 0.05<p<0.1), showed right-sidedness in controls and mixed-and left-sidedness in schizophrenics. 2) There was significant difference between non-paranoid schizophrenics and controls in handedness (X²: 8.28, df: 2, p<0.05), showed more rightsidedness in controls and mixed-and leftsidedness in non-paranoid schizophrenics. 3) There was no significant difference between each sex groups of schizophrenics and controls in handedness. 4) Handscores were significantly lower in schizophrenics than controls (t: 2.60, p0.01), showed leftward preference in schizophrenics compared with controls in handedness. 5) In eye dominance, there was no significant difference between schizophrenics and controls (X²:4.64, df:2, p>o.1). 6) In the relative ratio (right/left) of hand-grip strengh, there was no significant difference between schizophrenics and controls (t: 1.32, p>0.1) and between paranoid-and non-paranoid-schizophrenics (t: 0.17, p>0.1). 7) The ratio of hand-grip strength was significantly higher in females than males in both schizophrenics and controls (schizophrenics : t : -2.11, p<0.05, controls : t : -3.03, p<0.01).

리스크 관리를 통한 ROI 와 비용 오차의 통 계적 분석

신병호 ( Byung-ho Shin ),김경환 ( Kyong-hwan Kim ),코지마츠토무 ( Tsutomu Kojima ),이상범 ( Sang-bum Lee ) 한국정보처리학회 2005 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.12 No.2

소프트웨어의 사용영역이 확대되고 개발 규모가 거대화되고 복잡해 짐에 따라 소프트웨어의 품질과 생산성이 중요해지고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 프로젝트의 리스크를 식별하고 그에 따른 파장을 최소화하는 리스크 관리는 소프트웨어 개발 프로세스의 핵심 관리 기술로 부상하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 소프트웨어 개발 관리 프레임 워크 상의 리스크 관리를 연구하여 보다 정형화된 리스크 관리 프로세스를 제안하고, 그에 따른 비즈니스상의 효과를 보여준다. 또한 리스크 요인과 프로젝트 혼란 사이의 통계적 예측 식을 제시한다.

모형 슈미트 햄머에 의한 콘크리트의 조기강도 추정

신병호 ( Sin Byung Ho ),김상우 ( Kim Sang Woo ),황인성 ( Hwang Yin Seong ),전충근 ( Jeon Chung Keun ),신병철 ( Sin Byung Cheol ),한천구 ( Han Cheon Goo ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2001 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.5 No.2

In this paper, tests are carried out in order to estimate the compressive strength of concrete at early age based on the relationships between rebound number of P type schmidt hammer and compressive strength. According to test results, estimation eguation of compressive strength derived from rebound number is determined F_c=6.5R_n-75,which having more than 0.9 of correlation coefficient. It is very effective method to determine frost damage at early age and removal time of the forms, if the estimation equation of compressive strength with P type schumidt hammer is applied to quality control of concrete. And also, estimated compressive strength obtained from the equation between the rebound number and compressive strength derived from this study shows higher than that of provided data from manufacturing company of P type schumidt hammer about 60% under same rebound number.

P형 슈미트 햄머에 의한 콘크리트의 조기 강도 추정

신병호(Sin Byung Ho),김상우(Kim Sang Woo),황인성(Hwang Yin Seong),전충근(Jeon Chung Keun),신병철(Sin Byung Cheol),한천구(Han Cheon goo) 한국구조물진단유지관리학회 2001 한국구조물진단학회 학술발표회논문집 Vol.- No.-