Roma 여신과 황제들-아우구스투스와 하드리아누스의 프로파간다를 중심으로

신명주 한국서양고대역사문화학회 2019 서양고대사연구 Vol.55 No.-

In the ancient Mediterranean world, Dea Roma was worshipped as the personification and deification of the Roman state. It is more probable to find the origin of dea Roma in the Greek world than in Rome. Greeks had a tradition of personifying city states, worshipping foreign invaders for diplomatic purposes and worshipping Tyche, the city goddess who protects the fortune of a city or community. Augustus chose dea Roma as a proper concept to express his new state system and cultural feeling. He officially allowed provincial people to worship himself and dea Roma together in provinces. We have the temple for Augustus and Roma in Ancyra still today. In the Augustan age, dea Roma did not have an official cult in Rome, but was more often personified, used to refer to the state and even deified in the poetries of Horatius, Propertius and especially Vergilius. Dea Roma appeared in Ara Pacis Augustae as the symbol for Roman glory and peace. In Gemma Augustea, dea Roma who sat beside Augustus, played a role to strengthen the divinity of Augustus allusively. Dea Roma began to have formal cult in Rome when Hadrianus built the temple of Venus Felix and Roma Aeterna on the Velian hill in the 2nd century C.E.. This temple was one of the biggest temples in Rome. Hadrianus participated in the design of this temple and his philhellenic tendency was apparent in it. Hadrianus showed his vision for unifying the empire by locating prominently featuring Venus and Roma, the most Romanic Goddesses in this Greek-style temple. Augustus used the image of dea Roma to verify and strengthen his newly established power of as emperor implicitly. Hadrianus used dea Roma for operating strengthened power of emperor more freely in the Roman Empire. Maxentius was a rival member of the tetrarchy and aligned himself with dea Roma for the political purpose of maintaining a priority for the city of Rome and to secure the loyalty of its citizens. After his defeat, dea Roma was also worshipped in the new capital, Constantinopolis. The concept of eternal Rome (Roma Aeterna) has been maintained until now. Roma 여신은 로마라는 정치체의 의인화 현상으로, 로마의 세력이 강해지는 공화정 중기 이후부터 그리스와 소아시아 지역을 중심으로 그 숭배가 두드러졌다. 그 기원은 로마 자체보다는 도시 국가에 대한 의인화 전통과 함께 티케 여신에 대한 숭배, 헬레니즘의 지배자 숭배 전통을 가지고 있었던 그리스 세계에서 찾는 것이 타당해 보인다. Roma 여신은 스스로 만들어낸 새로운 정치 체제와 문화적 감정을 선전하고자 했던 아우구스투스에게 매우 유용한 존재였다. 아우구스투스는 속주에서 속주민들이 자신과 Roma 여신을 함께 경배하는 것을 공식적으로 허락했으며, 안키라에는 오늘날에도 Roma-아우구스투스 신전이 남아있다. 로마시에서는 여신으로서 공식적인 숭배를 받지는 않았지만, Roma의 의인화와 신격화는 특히 베르길리우스를 비롯해 호라티우스, 프로페르티우스 등 아우구스투스 체제에 협조적이었던 시인들의 작품에서 다수 나타난다. 도상학적으로도 Roma 여신은 로마의 평화와 영광을 상징하며 아우구스투스의 평화 제단의 부조 한 면을 차지하고 있다. 겜마 아우구스테아에서도 여신은 아우구스투스 바로 옆에 앉아 아우구스투스의 신성함을 암묵적으로 강화해주는 역할을 한다. 기원후 2세기 중반, 하드리아누스 황제는 벨리아 언덕에 베누스-Roma 신전을 건설함으로써 Roma 여신을 정식으로 로마시에 입성시킨다. 이 신전은 당시 로마에서 가장 큰 규모를 자랑했으며, 설계에 직접 개입했다고 전해지는 하드리아누스가 자신의 그리스적 성향을 여실히 드러낸 건물이기도 했다. 하드리아누스는 그리스적 양식의 신전 안에 가장 로마적인 여신들, 즉 베누스와 Roma를 자리 잡게 함으로써 자신이 가지고 있던 제국 통합의 비전을 보여주었다. 아우구스투스가 Roma 여신의 이미지를 새로이 수립한 황제권력을 암묵적으로 확인하고 강화하는 데 이용한 데 비하여, 하드리아누스는 이제 견고해진 황제권력을 로마제국 내에서 좀 더 자유롭게 운용하는데 Roma 여신을 이용했던 것이다. 이후 4제 통치 하의 경쟁 속에서 로마시의 수위권을 유지하고 시민들의 충성을 얻으려 했던 막센티우스 역시 Roma 여신의 이미지를 효율적으로 이용했다. 제국의 수도가 콘스탄티노폴리스로 옮겨간 이후에도 Roma 여신에 대한 숭배는 계속 유지되었으며, 영원한 로마라는 개념 역시 현대까지도 지속되었다.

고대 로마 물 공급의 공공성과 트라야누스 수로(Aqua Traiana)

신명주 한국서양고대역사문화학회 2023 서양고대사연구 Vol.66 No.-

The existence of Roman aqueducts, which were created to supply drinking water to all urban residents, shows the Romans' concept of water as a public resource. The Romans shared the idea that healthy water, was essential for people's health, an idea which originated in Greece, and they thought that securing healthy drinking water was a prerequisite for people to live together. When the city of Rome, initially using the water of the Tiber River, gradually expanded and needed more water, politicians in the republican period constructed aqueducts to supply it. In addition to the simple motive of supplying drinking water for urban residents, many political and economic interests were complicatedly intertwined in the construction of aqueducts. However, emperors who did not have to directly engage in family rivalries considered it a favorable duty for the ruler to provide healthy water to the public. Underlying it was a social consensus that water was a common resource that had to be managed publicly. The Aqua Traiana, one of the imperial aqueducts named after the emperor, was consecrated along with the Thermae Traiani(Baths of Trajan) in 109 C. E.. Aqua Traiana connects Lake Braccianoandits water source region, to the Transtiberina region, west of the Tiber in Rome. Based on inscriptions, it seems that it supplied water not only to the Transtiberina region, but also to all regions of Rome. The Thermae Traiani on Oppius Hill, east of the Tiber, were also supplied with water through Aqua Traiana, The Thermae Traiani can be said to be an example of bread and circuses policy, in which the emperor, who had secured abundant water resources, used them to build a place to provide entertainment for the public. The recent excavation of the structures below the Thermae Traiani and the exploration of the water source of the Aqua Traiana suggest the possibility that these structures were not the works of Trajan alone. It is possible to hypothesize that the Flavian family, especially the Emperor Domitian, may have contributed to the initial plans for construction. In the case of Aqua Traiana, it is possible that a small local aqueduct in the Vicarello region was expanded into a grand urban project began by Domitian and completed by Trajan. Even when the dynasty was replaced, the tendency of favorable water-related policies continued, and this was the force that made Rome remain a city of water. In addition, various interdisciplinary approaches to research on Aqua Traiana relating not only historians and archaeologists, but also waterworks company, speleologists, documentary film makers, and geoscientists, suggest future research directions in the field of ancient history and archaeology.

Indian citrus ringspot virus의 ELISA 진단 시스템 구축

신명주,권영철,노현수,이현숙 한국식물병리학회 2012 식물병연구 Vol.18 No.3

Indian citrus ring spot virus (ICRSV) is known to cause a serious disease to citrus, especially to Kinnow mandarin, the popular cultivated citrus species in India. In this study, we developed diagnostic systems based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to generate antibodies against ICRSV coat protein, we overexpressed the coat protein in Escherichia coli using the pET15b expression vector containing an optimized ICRSV coat protein gene. The recombinant ICRSV coat protein was overexpressed as soluble form at 37oC upon IPTG induction. The protein was purified to 95% in purity by Ni-NTA column chromatography. The purified protein was immunized to rabbit for the generation of polyclonal antibody (PAb). The PAb showed a specific immunoreaction to recombinant ICRSV coat protein in western blot analysis and ELISA. Diluted rabbit antisera (10,000 fold) could detect less than 10 ng and 5 ng of the target protein in western blot and ELISA analysis, respectively. 0

공무원연금제도 개선방안에 대한 주관성 연구

신명주,이제영 한국콘텐츠학회 2020 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.20 No.10

The purpose of this study is to suggest practical ways to improve the 5th Government Employees Pension System(GEPS) in the near future. This article surveyed the civil servants cognition in three different levels(validity, feasibility, efficiency) by Q methodology. The value and mean of GEPS in the validity level, procedure and participants of GEPS reform process in the feasibility level, and contribution rates, benefit rate, replacement rate of GEPS in the efficiency level were analyzed. There is no successful policy without securing compliance and acceptance of implementation organization and target group. So next 5th GEPS reform could proceed successfully when it took into account civil servant’s-who is the implementation group and target group- thought about variances of the 3 levels of GEPS. 이 연구는 향후 제5차 공무원연금체제를 개선하기 위한 실질적인 제안을 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이 연구를 당위성, 실현성, 능률성 차원에서 공무원들을 대상으로 하여 인식을 조사하였고, Q방법론을 사용하였다. 당위성 차원에서는 공무원연금체제의 가치와 수단을 검토하였고, 실현성 차원에서는 공무원연금체제의 과정과 참여자, 능률성 차원에서는 공무원연금체제의 기여율, 지급률, 대체율 등을 분석하였다. 집행조직과 정책대상 집단의 순응과 수용이 확보되지 않은 상태에서 정책은 성공할 수 없다. 따라서 다가올 제5차 공무원연금개혁은 정책집행 집단이면서 동시에 정책대상 집단인 공무원의 사고를 3가지 차원에서 고려할 때 공무원연금정책이 성공적으로 이루어질 수 있을 것이다.

GPS 반송파를 이용한 이동체의 3차원 위치측정

신명주,서대완,이영재,지규인,박찬국 한국항공우주학회 2000 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

뇌간에 발생한 신경절교종

신명주,양국희,김태성,최중언 대한신경외과학회 2002 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.32 No.3

Ganglioglioma comprises about 2% of all intracranial neoplasm, however, it is rarely originated from the brain stem. We report a case of ganglioglioma arising from the brain stem. A 15-year-old girl presented with gait disturbance and dysarthria. Magnetic resonance image revealed a high signal intensity mass with cystic cavities in the right cerebellum and the brain stem. The patient underwent subtotal resection and microscopic examination revealed a ganglioglioma. It is suggested that ganglioglioma should be included in the differential diagnosis of posterior fossa tumors, even located in the brain stem. Key words:Ganglioglioma;Brain stem;Magnetic resonance imaging.

위드 코로나 시대, 시민성교육 방향 탐색

신명주,신현주 한국사회안전 범죄정보학회 2022 한국범죄정보연구 Vol.8 No.2

The purpose of this article is to suggest the orientation of citizenship education in the age with Corona. For this study, the consciousness of secondary teacher about the proper time to educate citizenship, important citizenship and necessary value in citizenship were surveyed. Using the data collected by questionaire, Frequency analysis and chi-square test were performed. The result of this study, the direction of the citizenship education which has to be stressed in the era with Corona was proposed as follows. First, citizenship education should be changed and the proper time to educate citizenship is primary school period. Second, ‘participation and communication’ which was the fourth important value in pre-Corona era become perceived more important than ‘traditional belief and acceptance of value’. which was recognized the most important value in pre-Corona era. Third, education for the digital citizenship is more needed than global and national citizenship in the era with Corona. 이 연구는 위드 코로나 시대에 필요한 시민성교육의 방향을 제시하였다. 이를 위해 현직 중등학교교사들을 대상으로 시민성교육의 시기, 중요시되어야 할 시민성, 시민성 중 필요한 가치 등에 대해 의식조사를 실시하였다. 조사분석은 기초적인 빈도분석과 응답자의 일반적 특성에 따른 교차분석을 하였다. 연구결과 위드 코로나 시대 유의미하게 강조되어야 할 시민성교육의 방향은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 위드 코로나 시대에는 기존의 시민성교육에 대한 변화가 필요하며, 초등학교 시기에 교육하는것이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타난다. 둘째, 위드 코로나 시대에는 코로나 이전 가장 중요한 가치로 여겨졌던 ‘전통적 신념・가치수용’ 가치보다 네 번째로 중요하게 여겨졌던 ‘참여와 소통’의 가치가 가장 중요한 것으로 인식되는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 현대사회의 다양한 시민성 중 위드 코로나 시대에는 디지털시민성에 대한 교육이 더 필요한것으로 인식되고 있다.

관계형 데이터베이스에서 효율적인 테이블 튜닝 연산 방법

신명주,김용성 차세대컨버전스정보서비스학회 2016 디지털예술공학멀티미디어논문지 Vol.3 No.1

In relational database, it is mainly due to inefficient SQL statements that a process occupies the CPU excessively. A processing method for SQL statements with a little data does not cause a serious problem. But in case of the processing with lots of data, it can cause a serious problem in a performance of database system. Though queries produce the same result, the response times of each query can vary depending on the forms of SQL statements. Even though an index is created adequately, it can cause poor performance by using an SQL statement without an index. Also, using unnecessary index brings poor performance of a database system and waste of storage. Therefore, it is important to select and use an index through SQL tuning. In this paper, a test about the efficiency of indexes and the performance of join query with a row size, a process scope of attributes of query condition, and the distribution of data are performed. A guide for index creation in relational database is also proposed. 본 논문에서는 관계형 데이터베이스에서 테이블의 행의 크기, 질의 조건의 속성에 대한 처리 범위, 자료 분포도에 따른 인덱스 효율과 조인 질의시 수행 성능을 평가하여 인덱스 생성 지침을 제시하였다. 이를 위해 질의 선택률과 인덱스 유무를 평가 기준으로 평가하는데 목적이 있다. 실험결과적으로, 인덱스는 테이블의 행의 크기가 클수록 그리고 질의 조건의 속성에 대한 질의 선택률이 많을수록 검색 효율이 떨어졌으며, 단일 테이블에서의 단순 질의와 분할된 테이블에서의 단순 이퀴조인 질의시의 검색 효율을 비교할 때, 질의 조건의 속성에 대한 동등질의나 범위질의 모두 분할된 테이블에서의 단순 이퀴조인 질의 할 때 검색 효율이 떨어졌다. 이러한 실험 결과들을 종합해보면 인덱스는 응용프로그램의 개발 완료 후에 사용된 질의문들을 토대로 인덱스 생성관계, 액세스 경로를 최적화하기 위해서 SQL 튜닝을 수행해야 하며, 이를 통해 데이터베이스의 성능을 향상시키는 과정에서 본논문에 제시한 인덱스 생성 지침과 활용 지침이 매우 유용한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Roma 여신에 대한 연구

신명주 한국서양고대역사문화학회 ( 구 한국서양고대사학회 ) 2019 서양고대사연구 Vol.54 No.-

로마 가족 내에서의 부모-자녀 관계 : 공화정 말, 제정 초를 中心으로 From the Late Republic to the Early Empire

申明珠 한국서양고대역사문화학회 ( 구 한국서양고대사학회 ) 1999 서양고대사연구 Vol.7 No.-

The purpose of this study is to examine the features of the Roman family, especially parents-children relationships in Roman society from the second century BC to the second century AD. It has been thought that the Roman family was the extended family consist of several conjugal families and all members in this extended family were unconditionally subject to the authority of the oldest male of the family. This image was due to two facts. It was one thing that the words familia and domus which meant "family" in Roman society imply the extended family. It was the other that the authority of man who is sui iuris (patria potestas) affected all his descendants including children, grandchildren and so on during his life time. However, recent studies in the Roman sepulchral inscriptions and the ruins of Roman houses revealed that many of Roman families were nuclear families consist of one couple and their children. Romans thought the family as not only the reproduction unit but also the bond of affection and "haven in a heartless word" High infant mortality and frequent child exposure were the realities of Roman society, but it does not mean that Roman parents were not attached to their children. Roman fathers were thought as arbitrary and despotic rulers of their children because of the character of patria potestas. Patria potestas meant the full control of his descendants including the power of life and death(vitae necisque potestas) and the monopoly of property. This legal authoritarianism was the reality of the Roman family. However, it does not seem that patria potestas exercised in full extent like the power of life and death and there existed only authority and obedience between Roman fathers and sons. Romans knew that the basics of the family are not only authority but also affection and devotion. We can find the familial affection and devotion in the notion of pietas. Fathers-sons relationships in Roman society implied reciprocal responsibility, affection and discord as in another society. Roman fathers took the direct role in the education of their sons or had a strong sense of responsibility about it. They chose the golden mean between severity and indulgence to direct their sons. Romans favored sons to succeed the family's name, but Roman daughters had equal rights of their fathers' property with their brothers in the law. We can find many examples of the fathers' care and affection for their daughter in Roman materials. In the eye of the law, Roman mothers had not the same authority as that of Roman fathers. However, we can't judge mothers-children relations only by the law. It was socially granted that mothers were respected by their children and took part in the upbringing of them. The inheritance between mothers and children had appeared in earlier times, but had legal force in the second century AD. Nurses appeared frequently in the Roman high class, but it was the ideal for Romans that the mother took care of her children with her own hands. The image of the widowed mother who was responsible for the education of her sons was the ideal in Roman society. It was concerned with the fact that Roman mothers could live longer with their children than Roman fathers owing to the difference of the age of marriage. Roman mothers often exercised strong influence on adolescent sons. The bonds between mothers and daughters might have been strong, though they didn't reveal clearly because all materials were written by males. Parents-children relationships in Roman society were not unilateral but reciprocal. The strong authority of fathers was the reality in the Roman family, but we can see the affectionate bonds between Roman parents and children. It reveals the fact that the family in past times was understood with complexity, not simplicity.