초음파 진단장치를 이용한 축우의 번식효율증진에 관한 연구 II. 무발정 젖소에서 초음파검사 및 progesterone 농도측정에 의한 난소 구조물의 비교평가

손창호,강병규,최한선,강현구,백인석,서국현,Son, Chang-ho,Kang, Byong-kyu,Choi, Han-sun,Kang, Hyun-gu,Paik, In-seok,Suh, Guk-hyun 대한수의학회 1998 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.38 No.3

The accuracy of ultrasonography for determining the presence of a functional corpus luteum in subestrous dairy cows was investigated, using a radioimmunoassay for progesterone in plasma. Luteal status (high or low progesterone concentrations) was diagnosed in 534 cows, using B-mode transrectal ultrasonography. Accuracy of ultrasonography was 96.3% and 88.8% in the cows with and without functional corpus luteum, respectively. In 362 cows diagnosed with functional corpus luteum by ultrasonographic examination, 20 cows were diagnosed with the non-functional corpus luteum by analysis of plasma progesterone concentrations (false positive). In 172 cows with non-functional corpus luteum by ultrasonographic examination, 13 cows were diagnosed with the functional corpus luteum based on plasma progesterone assay (false negative). Most of the corpus luteum with well-defined border and homogeneous echotexture were diagnosed with functional corpus luteum. All cows that were not detected a corpus luteum by ultrasonographic examination were diagnosed as non-functional corpus luteum. The corpus luteum of cows that were diagnosed with false positive appeared homogeneous echotexture and above 15 mm in diameter, but the corpus luteum was the non-functional corpus luteum within Day 5 (Day 0 is ovulation day) or after Day 19. The corpus luteum of cows that were diagnosed with false negative appeared heterogeneous echogenicity and below 15 mm in diameter, but the corpus luteum was the functional corpus luteum after Day 5 or around Day 17. It was concluded that accuracy of ultrasonography was excellent for determining the presence of a functional corpus luteum in subestrous dairy cows. The corpus luteum that was diagnosed with false positive or false negative was the developing or regressing states. Thus, ultrasonography was required a serial examination of two or three times accurately diagnosing these corpus luteum.

진도개에서 분만후 자궁수복의 연속적 초음파상

손창호,강병규,최한선,김기원,강현구,신창록,박인철,Son, Chang-ho,Kang, Byong-kyu,Choi, Han-sun,Kim, Ki-won,Kang, Hyun-gu,Shin, Chang-rok,Park, In-chul 대한수의학회 1999 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.39 No.3

This study was undertaken to determine the normal appearance of the postpartum uterine involution. Postpartum changes in uterine shape, architecture, echogenicity and diameter were monitored with ultrasonography in 11 Korea Jin-do dogs. Serial ultrasonographic examination was done daily during the first week, 3 days interval from 8 to 30 days, and weekly from 31 to 100 days postpartum, respectively. Of 11 postpartum bitches, 10 bitches (90.9%) had normal involution and 1 bitch (9.1%) had subinvolution of the placental sites (SIPS) by gross findings, vaginal discharges, and by ultrasographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. The excretory period of vaginal discharges in 10 normal bitches of uterine involution was finished completely at $20.2{\pm}4.6$ days (Mean${\pm}$SD) postpartum, but in 1 SIPS at 50 days postpartum. The short axis shape of the uterus was initially often flaccid-appearing. It varied from circular to crescent shaped to polygonal. This lasted until $16.5{\pm}3.7$ days postpartum, during which time the short axis uterine shape gradually changed to circular. Also, the long axis shape of the uterus was created a beaded appearance of the horns until $29.9{\pm}3.2$ days postpartum. After 30 days, it was appeared as tubular shape without distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. The ultrasonographic image of the postpartum uterus consisted of four echogenicity distinct layers. Uterine wall was represented the very hyperechoic serosa, hypoechoic myometrium, hyper echoic endometrium and anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity until 7 days postpartum. The individual uterine layers were most prominent during the first week postpartum, and they became progressively less distinct throughout the course of uterine involution. Anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity was detected until $25.0{\pm}6.4$ days postpartum, after which time it was not reliably detected. The uterine diameter was decreased not only in the placental sites frorm $24.1{\pm}2.5mm$ at 1 day to $15.4{\pm}1.4mm$ at 7 days postpartum, but also in the interplacental sites $14.9{\pm}1.5mm$ at 1 day, $10.6{\pm}0.8mm$ at 7 days postpartum. There was a general trend of decreasing uterine diameter, which occurred more rapidly at the placental sites. At 31 days pastpartum, these diameter reached almost same size, after that time, they could be not distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. At 87 days postpartum, the uterine diameter was $5.6{\pm}0.6mm$ both placental and interplacental sites, and the uterine horns were uniform hypoechoic, tubular structures without enlargement. Therefore, complete involution of the uterus occurred at that time. It was concluded that normal postpartum uterine involution in Korea Jin-do bitches appeared to be completed around 87 days postpartum by gross findings such as vaginal discharges, and by ultrasonographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. Also ultrasonographic characteristics of the postpartum uterine involution were described. Therefore, these result suggest that ultrasonographic assessment is a reliable method for diagnosing the SIPS and uterine dysfunction, such as pyometra in bitch.

초음파 진단장치를 이용한 축우의 번식효율증진에 관한 연구 I. 무발정 젖소에서 기능성황체를 평가하기 위한 직장검사와 초음파검사의 진단정확성

손창호,강병규,최한선,강현구,오기석,신창록,Son, Chang-ho,Kang, Byong-kyu,Choi, Han-sun,Kang, Hyun-gu,Oh, Ki-seok,Shin, Chang-rok 대한수의학회 1996 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.36 No.4

The accuracy of rectal palpation and ultrasonography for predicting the presence of a functional corpus luteum in subestrous dairy cows was investigated, using the result of a radioimmunoassay for progesterone in plasma. Luteal status (high or low progesterone concentrations) was diagnosed in 820 cows, using rectal palpation and B-mode transrectal ultrasonography, and the results of rectal palpation and ultrasonography were compared in $2{\times}2$ contingency table with plasma progesterone concentrations. A $2{\times}2$ contingency table analysis allowed the calculation of sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for rectal palpation and ultrasonography. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of a positive test and predictive value of a negative test were 81.9%, 67.5%, 79.0% and 71.4% for rectal palpation, and 96.3%, 88.8%, 94.5% and 92.4% for ultrasonography, respectively. The percentages of observed agreement and expected agreement between rectal palpation and ultrasonography were 71.8% and 57.1%, respectively. An evaluation of agreement between rectal palpation and ultrasonography, the value of Kappa was 0.34. It was concluded that a ultrasonography was more sensitive and specific than rectal palpation in predicting the presence of a functional corpus luteum. Therefore, ultrasonographic examination is a reliable method for assessing the functional status of ovarian structures in subestrous dairy cows.

진도개에서 임신일령에 따른 임신구조물의 초음파상 II. 태아 및 태아외구조물의 측정에 의한 임신일령의 추정

손창호,신창록,강병규,최한선,Son, Chang-ho,Shin, Chang-rok,Kang, Byong-kyu,Choi, Han-sun 대한수의학회 1996 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.36 No.1

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 9 pregnant Korea Jin-do dog from days 15 to 60 to determine the size of gestational structures throughout pregnancy. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (Day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. Extra-fetal structures were measureable from days 17 to 49. Outer uterine diameter increased from $7.0{\pm}0.7$ ($mean{\pm}SD$)mm at day 17 to $54.0{\pm}2.2mm$ at day 49 and inner chorionic cavity diameter increased from $3.0{\pm}0.7mm$ at day 17 to $37.5{\pm}0.6mm$ at day 49. Uterine wall thickness increased from $2.8{\pm}0.4mm$ at day 17 to $8.3{\pm}0.5mm$ at day 49, placental thickness increased from $1.0{\pm}0.1mm$ at day 22 to $5.7{\pm}0.2mm$ at day 49 and length of chorionic cavity or zonary placenta increased from $5.5{\pm}1.3mm$ at day 20 to $52.3{\pm}2.2mm$ at day 49. Inner chorionic cavity diameter, outer uterine diameter and placental length each increased at a linear rate through day 37, after which time, each had a marked plateau in growth. Of the extra-fetal structures, inner chorionic cavity diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age until day 37. Fetal structures were measureable from days l7 to 60. Crown-rump length, increased from $3.0{\pm}0.7mm$ at day 22 to $118.7{\pm}3.1mm$ at day 49, fetal body diameter increased from $4.0{\pm}0.7mm$ at day 25 to $55.8{\pm}1.7mm$ at day 60 and fetal head diameter increased from $4.3{\pm}0.6mm$ at day 26 to $29.8{\pm}0.8mm$ at day 60. Of the fetal structures, fetal head diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age from day 37 until day 60.

Relationship between corpus luteum size as determined by ultrasonography and milk progesterone concentration during the estrous cycle in dairy cows

손창호,강병규,최한선,Son, Chang-ho,Kang, Byong-kyu,Choi, Han-sun The Korean Society of Veterinary Science 1995 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.35 No.4

젖소 16두를 대상으로 발정주기중 황체의 크기와 progesterone 농도 사이의 상관관계를 알아보기 위하여 황체의 크기를 초음파 진단장치로 측정하였다. 검사우 16두중 9두는 낭종양 황체(corpus luteum with cavity) 나머지 7두는 정상 황체 (corpus luteum without cavity)를 가지고 있었다. Progesterone 농도측정을 위한 우유의 채취 및 초음파 검사는 배란일 부터 배란후 12일 까지는 매 2일 간격으로 그리고 14일 이후부터 다음 배란일 까지는 매일 실시하였다. 발정주기중 황체의 크기와 progesterone 농도는 낭종양 황체 및 정상 황체를 가지고 있는 소들 사이에서 유의성 있는 차이가 없었다. 황체의 크기와 progesterone 농도 사이의 상관관계는 황체발육기(Days 2~8)때 낭종양 황체를 가지고 있는 소가 0.71(p<0.0001), 정상 황체를 가지고 있는 소는 0.74 (p<0.0001) 이었고, 황체퇴행기 (Days -6~0) 때는 0.73(p<0.0001)과 0.76(p<0.0001) 이었으며 전체적으로는 0.70(p<0.0001) 이었다. 이처럼 발정주기중 황체의 크기와 progesterone 농도 사이에는 밀접한 상관관계가 있어서 초음파 진단장치에 의한 황체크기의 측정은 progesterone 농도를 추측할 수 있는 수단으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Ultrasonography was used to measure the corpus luteum area for determining the relationships between corpus luteum size and milk progesterone concentration during the estrous cycle in 16 dairy cows. Cows were classified retrospectively into cows that had corpus luteum with(n=P) and without(n=7) cavity. Ultrasound examination and collection of milk samples for progesterone assay were performed with 2 day intervals from Days 0 to 12, and then daily from Day 14 to the day of the next ovulation. The means for corpus luteum area and for milk progesterone concentration during the estrous cycle were not significantly different between cows that had corpus luteum with and without cavity. The correlation coefficients between corpus luteum area and milk progesterone concentration during luteal development (Days 2 to 8) were 0.71(p<0.0001) and 0.74(p<0.0001) for corpus luteum with and without cavity, respectively, during luteal regression(Days -6 to 0 relative to the next ovulation) 0.73(p<0.0001) and 0.76(p<0.0001), respectively. The correlation coefficients combined fur both stages of estrous cycle and both luteal statuses were 0.70(p<0.0001). These results indicate that corpus luteum area is significantly correlated to milk progesterone concentration, and ultrasonographic assessment of the corpus luteum is a reliable method fur estimating peripheral progesterone concentrations during the estrous cycle in cows.

진도개에서 혈장 progesterone 농도측정에 의한 배란시기 및 교배적기의 추정

손창호,강병규,최한선,이나경,신창록,한호재,윤용달,Son, Chang-ho,Kang, Byong-kyu,Choi, Han-sun,Lee, Na-kyung,Shin, Chang-rok,Han, Ho-jae,Yoon, Yong-dal 대한수의학회 1997 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.37 No.4

The aim of this study was to assess the estimates of the time of ovulation and mating derived by plasma progesterone concentration. The 40 mature Korea Jin-do bitches were monitored to determine the plasma progesterone concentrations from proestrus to parturition. Gestation length in the 30 pregnant bitches was $63.9{\pm}2.3$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) days in multiparous bitches and $61.8{\pm}3.6$ days in primiparous bitches when Day 0 was timed from the first day of male acceptance, and $61.4{\pm}1.8$ days and $61.3{\pm}2.7$ days when Day 0 was timed from the day of first mating, respectively. Also, gestation length was $63.1{\pm}1.4$ days, $62.4{\pm}1.1$ days and $61.5{\pm}0.9$ days in multiparous bitches, and $62.6{\pm}1.4$ days, $62.4{\pm}2.0$ days and $61.6{\pm}2.3$ days in primiparous bitches when Day 0 was timed from the day that plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0ng/ml, respectively, and $53.8{\pm}3.1$ days and $54.8{\pm}2.6$ days when Day 0 was timed from the last day of male acceptance, respectively. In 30 pregnant bitches, plasma progesterone concentration was $0.2{\pm}0.2ng/ml$ in multiparous bitches and $0.7{\pm}0.8ng/ml$ in primiparous bitches at the first day of vulval bleeding, $1.9{\pm}1.0$ and $3.3{\pm}2.7ng/ml$ at the first day of male acceptance, $7.0{\pm}4.0$ and $9.3{\pm}6.2ng/ml$ at the day of first mating, and $25.1{\pm}6.3$ and $22.8{\pm}10.3ng/ml$ at the last day of male acceptance, respectively. When Day 0 was timed from the day of parturition, plasma progesterone concentration at Day -62, Day -63 and Day -64 was $4.7{\pm}2.7ng/ml$, $3.5{\pm}2.2ng/ml$ and $1.7{\pm}0.9ng/ml$ in multiparous bitches, and $5.3{\pm}4.4ng/ml$, $3.2{\pm}3.7ng/ml$ and $2.0{\pm}1.9ng/ml$ in primiparous bitches, respectively. When Day 0 was timed from the day that plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 3.0ng/ml after the first day of vulval bleeding, plasma progesterone concentration at Day 61 and Day 62 was $2.7{\pm}2.2ng/ml$ and $1.4{\pm}1.9ng/ml$ in multiparous bitches, and $3.4{\pm}5.2ng/ml$ and $3.7{\pm}5.6ng/ml$ in primiparous bitches, and $0.8{\pm}0.7ng/ml$ and $0.9{\pm}0.4ng/ml$ at Day 63, respectively. It was that bitches were mated when plasma progesterone concentraion was 1.9 to 14.2ng/ml and 3.5 to 20.0ng/ml in multiparous and primiparous bitches, which was between first day before ovulation and fourth day after ovulation. And pregnancy rate was 92% (23/25). From these data, ovulation was estimated to occur the day when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 3.0ng/ml after the first day of vulval bleeding. It was estimated that mating time was the day when plasma progesterone concentration was between 1.9 and 20.0ng/ml, and best time for mating was between 3.0 and 8.0ng/ml of plasma progesterone concentration.

데이터마이닝을 통한 방위산업기술 분석 연구

손창호(Changho Son) 한국산학기술학회 2018 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.19 No.10

최근 우리나라의 방위산업은 고도의 발전을 해왔고 국방비 중에서 국방 R&D 예산도 점차적으로 증가하고 있다. 하지만 방위산업기술에 대한 객관적인 분석 없이는 효과적인 국방 R&D 활동이 제한적이고 자칫 국방예산이 비효율적으로 사용될 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 현재 주로 실시하고 있는 전문가들의 의견을 반영한 정성적인 방위산업기술의 분석에 더해서 정량적인 방법으로 방위산업기술을 객관적으로 분석함으로써 국방예산의 효율적 사용과 더 나아가서는 세계시장에서의 경쟁 우위를 달성하고자 하였다. 더구나 4차 산업혁명의 키워드 중의 하나인 빅데이터 분석 방법을 국방산업기술에 적용해서 객관적이고 체계적으로 국방산업기술의 특성과 공백기술을 파악하기 위한 특허분석 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 여러 국방산업기술 중에서 화력분야의 기술에 적용하여 사례분석을 수행하였다. 그 과정은 우선 방위산업진흥원의 방위산업기업의 분류에서 화력에 관련된 10개 국내 기업의 특허를 Kipris를 통해서 수집하고 이 중에서 IPC 코드를 활용하기 위해서 이를 전처리하여 데이터 매트릭스를 구축하였다. 그리고 R 프로그램을 활용하여 데이터마이닝 기법 중에서 각 항목 간 연관성을 파악할 수 있는 연관규칙마이닝을 수행하였다. 이를 통해서 화력분야의 각 기술에 대한 지지도, 신뢰도, 향상도 값을 도출하고 이를 해석하여 결론을 제시하였다. 따라서 본 논문은 막대한 국방예산의 효율적인 사용과 국방산업기술의 경쟁력 제고에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이라고 판단된다. Recently, Korea"s defense industry has advanced highly, and defense R&D budget is gradually increasing in defense budget. However, without objective analysis of defense industry technology, effective defense R&D activities are limited and defense budgets can be used inefficiently. Therefore, in addition to analyzing the defense industry technology quantitatively reflecting the opinions of the experts, this paper aims to analyze the defense industry technology objectively by quantitative methods, and to make efficient use of the defense budget. In addition, we propose a patent analysis method to grasp the characteristics of the defense industry technology and the vacant technology objectively and systematically by applying the big data analysis method, which is one of the keywords of the 4th industrial revolution, to the defense industry technology. The proposed method is applied to the technology of the firepower industry among several defense industrial technologies and the case analysis is conducted. In the process, the patents of 10 domestic companies related to firepower were collected through the Kipris in the defense industry companies" classification of the Korea Defense Industry Association(KDIA), and the data matrix was preprocessed to utilize IPC codes among them. And then, we Implemented association rule mining which can grasp the relation between each item in data mining technique using R program. The results of this study are suggested through interpretation of support, confidence lift index which were resulted from suggested approach. Therefore, this paper suggests that it can help the efficient use of massive national defense budget and enhance the competitiveness of defense industry technology.

포항가속기연구소의 전력사용량에 대한 분석

손창호(C. H. Son),손윤규(Y. G. Son) 대한전기학회 2006 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.7

Pohang accelerator Laboratory is from 1994 analyzed electric power amount used for about 10 years. It is one of equipment that consume electric power of greate electric power to single test equipment. Accelerator Laboratory institute investigates the consumption rate of energy that is spent to each building could divide by linear accelerator and save ring and analyzed about the equipment utilization rate and average electric power. Countermeasure that this treatise can forecast power loss of electric power by equipment through analysis of electric power amount used and heighten the utilization rate of equipment wishes to do comparative analysis.

Ranque- Hilsch 보텍스 튜브의 에너지 분리 과정에 대한 수치적 고찰

손창호(Chang Ho Son) 대한설비공학회 2008 설비공학 논문집 Vol.20 No.1

A numerical simulation has been conducted to investigate the physics of the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube. Even though currently available turbulent models cannot predict such complex flow accurately, it was expected that the simulation would enlighten underlying physics qualitatively. The balance of energy on a fluid particle moving along some typical streamlines through shear work and heat transfer was investigated to explain the physics of energy separation process. It was found that the heat transfer cancels major part of the energy separation done by shear work. It was also found that the most of energy separation occur near inlet and hot outlet.

Effective Use of Units for Search Operations in Restricted Areas

Changho Son(손창호),Kangwon Kim(김강원) 대한산업공학회 2017 대한산업공학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.11