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      • Bertrand Russell의 論理的 原子論(Logical Atomism)의 特色과 問題點에 관한 硏究

        김춘태 安東大學 1988 安東大學 論文集 Vol.10 No.1

        As we know well, Russell is one of the most famous philosopher in the 20th century. He adopts a logical and analytic method in his philosophical investigation. Russell`s philosophical methods differ from Hume`s because he adopts a psychological approach to his philosophical problems. This thesis is an attempt to show and what kind of philosophy Russell has built with this logical and analytic method of his, and it is hoped that while doing so, this thesis will also be able to show some of the characteristics of the method and its bearing on philosophy in general. Russell tells us that his logical Atomism is very largely concerned with explaining certain ideas which he learnt from his friend and former pupil Ludwig Wittgenstein, therefore we see that Russell owe to him very much in his philosophical thoughts. Russell`s philosophy, as he himself remarks, is a result from the study of philosophy of mathematics and mathematical logic. He is firmly convinced of the legitimacy of analysis as the only possible way to solve philosophical problems. Thus Russell advocates a scientific philosophy and believes that whatever can be known can be known by means of science, thus, denying any special way of knowing peculiar to philosophy. This point is what is most characteristic of Russell`s views. Afterward, the logical side of Russell`s analysis is adopted by the Vienna circle and the logical positivists, but Russell does not agree with their exclusive concentration on semantics and syntax.

      • B. Russell의 倫理的 立場에 관한 考察

        김춘태 安東大學 1984 安東大學 論文集 Vol.6 No.1

        Bertrand Russell (l872~1970) is one of the most famous philosophers in analystic philosophy. Thus he used analytic method in dealing the ethical problems. Russell`s views of ethics are largely described 「The Elements of Ethics」 which is an essay written by him. He argued that the most fundamental notions in ethics are the notions of intrinsic good and evil. These are wholly independent of other notions, and the goodness of bandness of a thing cannot be inferred from any of its other qualities, such as its existence or non-existence. Hence what actually occurs has no bearing on what ought to occur, and what ought to occur has no bearing on what does occur. The next pair of notions with which we were concerned were those of objective right and wrong. The objectively right act is the act which a man will hold that he ought to perform when he is not mistaken. This is that one, of all the acts that are possible, which will probably produce the best results. Thus in judging what actions are right we need to know what results are good. When a man is mistaken as to what is objectvely right, he may nevertheless act in a way which is subjectively right; thus we need a new pair of notions, which we called moral and immoral. A moral act is virtuous and deserves praise; an immoral act is sinful and deserves blame. A moral act is one which the agent would have judged right after an appropriate amount of candid reflection, where the appropriate amount of reflection depends upon the difficulty and importance of his decision. Russell then considered the bering of determinism on morals. He argued that if determinism is true, there is a sense in which no act is possible except the one which in fact occurs; but there is another sense, Which is the one relevant to ethics, in which any act is possible which is contemplated during deliberation.

      • B, Russell의 分析哲學의 考察

        김춘태 安東大學 1982 安東大學 論文集 Vol.4 No.1

        This thesis is an attempt to show how and what kind philosophy Russell has built with logical and analytical method of his, and it is hoped that while doing so, this thesis will also be able to show some of the characteristics of the method and its bearings on philosophy in general. Russell`s philosophy, as he himself remarks, is result from study of philosophy of mathematics and mathematical logic. He is firmly convinced of the legitimacy of analysis as the only possible way to solve philosophical problems. Thus Russell advocates a scientific philosophy and belives that, whatever can be known can be known by means of science, thus denying any special way of knowing peculiar to philosophy. This point is what is most characteristics of Russell`s views, and in this way. Russell may be regarded as one of the founders of a new philosophy, ie the scientific and analytic philosophy of the present century, now we may sum up his view points as follow; (1) Theory of description; fundamental to this theory is the notion that the grammatical structure of a sentence may not actually reveal its logical structure; that the sentence may appear to be about or to assert anything at all. (2) Truth functional proposition; Russell divides propositions into two kinds: atomic and molecular. Roughly Speaking atomic propositions are contain just one verb or relational term. Molecular proposition are built up of atomic ones, as their name implies, by means of such links between them as `and, `or, `if then, and `not,. Atomic propositions may be said to be the smallest units which can be called propositions. (3) Logical Atomism; The basic thesis of logical atomism is that if one could construct an ideal language, that language would be isomorphic to the structure of reality, or, at the very least, we could adequately describe the real strutcure of the world with it. Two groups are said to be isomorphic to each other when they correspond to each other in form, when each element in one has a counterpart in the other, and when the results of any operation performed in the one group corresponds to the result of that operation performed on the corresponding part of the other group.

      • Wittgenstein의 言語哲學에 관한 考察

        김춘태 安東大學 1983 安東大學 論文集 Vol.5 No.1

        The twentieth century, more than any other period, has become deeply and sharply conscious of the connection between philosophical problems and language. No one has contributed more to this new awareness than Ludwig Wittgenstein has. To understand the connection between philosophy and language, it would be the shortest way to understand Wittgenstein himself, since he holds the key to modern philosophical activity. In general, commentator on Wittgenstein tend to divide his works into those of earlier period and of later one. The earlier period is said to be the period during which he worked out tie ideas which he had produced in his Tractus Logico-philosophicus, the theory of which may be called logical atomism. The following points may summarize his earlier thoughts. 1. There is one and only one correct way of thinking about the world. 2. The ultimate constituents of the world are a unique set of atomic facts whose combinations are pictured or mirrored in the relations among symbols in a logically perfect language. 3. A proposition may be analyzed in one and only one way into a set of simple atomic proposition, of which the original proposition is a truth function. This, of course, means that every proposition has one and only one sense and that sense will be the state of affairs pictured or mirrored in the proposition. These are what we call "the picture theory of language." According to this theory, the world can be described completely by knowing all these atomic propositions and their truth functions. In his later period, which may be confined to the period of the philosophical investigation, Wittgenstein set out to show that most of what he had done in the Tractatus Logico-philosophicus was incorrect. One basic theme or philosophical investigations is that philosophers have been trapped by a false picture or paradigm of the world. They search for certainty, unity, and the essential properties of things and, because they have predetermined their goal and they require in advance that things show this order and unity, they either ignore whatever they bend and twist what is recalcitrant until it does fit. Wittgenstein suggested that language has countless functions. The number of them is indefinite because we always invent new ways of using it; but if one has one`s eves steadily fixed on any one of these functions as the function of language, then one will ignore the other. What results from this is a theory of descriptions, a theory of the real structure of language, a theory which holds that some uses of language are important but others are not fruitful and do not matter, a theory which assimilates the countless uses of language to just one use which is really important. Wittgenstein`s such a viewpoint has excercised a great deal of influences on the "logical Positivism" and "ordinary languagh philosophy."

      • B.Russell의 倫理思想에 관한 硏究(2)

        김춘태 安東大學 1986 安東大學 論文集 Vol.8 No.1

        In this paper 1 intend to examine B.Russell`s Ethical thought. Russell argues that the first step in ethics is to be quite cleare as to that we mean by good and bad, only that can we return to conduct, and ask how right conduct is related to the production of goods and the avoidance of evils. In dealing with these problems, he was deeply influenced by G.G. Moore. Russell`s fundamental meaning about ethical conception in his moral philosophy has a distinct difference between his early thought and his late. At his early days he held that he attitude of ethical objecti isme the good itself denote a simple and indefinable quality. That is to say, good and bad are qualities which belong to objects independently of our opinions, just as much as round and square do. Thus, it is important to realize that when we say athing is good in itself, and not merely as a means, we attribute to the thing a property which it either has or dees not have, quite inde-pently of our opinion on the subject, or of our wishes or other people`s. Nevertheless, if we to try define good and had, we commit naturalistic fallacy. But at the late Stage of his thought, Russell amended his objectivism toward the ethical subjectivism that the word "good" can be defined in the connection with "desire". So he defines good is satisfaction of human desire he holds that an actionis right when, of all that are possible, it is the one which will probably have the best result after an appropriate reflective thought, while another is wrong.

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