장풍운전 構成의 觀相學的 접근

김병권(Kim Byeong-kweon) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2000 한국민족문화 Vol.15 No.-

This research is intended to find out the relationship between characters' physiognomy and plot of Jang-pung-un-jeon. The physiognomy is a way that we predict the doom in the future or detect the poverty and wealth, and high and low, a cultural convention of our Korean people. In Jang-pung-un-jeon we can often find instances that a character's ability or future is judged through physiognomy. The doom of lang-pung-un predicted by a physiognomist who watches his physiognomy is presented in the beginning part of the work. Its content corresponds to Jang-pung-un's life that develops in the work. Two facts can be reasoned from this. First, Jang-pung-un-jeon reflects Korean people's physiognomy, one of traditional cultural conventions. Second, It is supposed that the writer conceived Jang-pung-un-jeon's story of the protagonist's life by physiognomy, and created the work based on it. Therefore we can infer that physiognomy, a cultural convention of predicting a character's future is used as a way constructing Jang-pung￢un's life in lang-pung-un-jeon. The result of this research can lead to giving a help for an old story writer to discover the way or the principle to construct events of his or her work, and furthermore for the theorization of Korean novel construction matter before the theory of the modern novel.

퇴계문학(退溪文學)의 지각논(知覺論) 수용(受容) 연구(硏究)

김병권 ( Kim Byeong-kweon ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2016 퇴계학논총 Vol.28 No.-

A main theme in Toegye`s poems is the nature with water flowing, wind blowing, and birds flying. How should we read and feel Toegye`s poems? This question should be addressed based on Toegye`s experiences of creating poems. Toegye stated that he created poems to share his experience of the naturally occurring pleasure that was derived from the nature around Dosanseodang(陶 山書堂). This indicates that the naturally occurring pleasure was perceived in Toegye`s mind, which, importantly, motivated him to create poems. Thus, Toegye`s poems should be understood from a perspective of a theory of perception. First, what is the mind? Toegye profoundly considered the mind as entirely empty and calm in a similar way that a mirror reflects things. The mind described as empty and calm is related to the structure of the mind, while the mind portrayed as reflective is related to the function of the mind. In this respect, the mind is the main agent of perceiving things. Next, what is the pleasure that naturally occurs to the mind? Toegye emphasized the importance of exploring Li(理) in study because if people perceive Li(理), they will not have any obstacles in their way. Although the pleasure may simply be derived from the beauty of things, more profoundly, it may also be Li(理) on grounds of contemplating and perceiving things the way they are. Last, how can the mind perceive Li(理) the way it is? Toegye believed that if things are attached to the mind, the mind no longer has the spirit of brightness and calmness. These things attached to the mind are worldly desires. To make the mind clear and lucid, worldly desires should be discarded. When Jing(敬) is maintained, Li(理) becomes clear and worldly desires decrease. Thus, to maintaining Jing(敬) is to perceive Li(理) the way it is. In all, in his poems Toegye expressed Li(理) that he perceived from the nature, which was the pleasure itself that naturally occurred to his mind. Essentially, Toegye`s studies concerned the way in which he perceived Li(理), and such perception of Li(理) was also expressed in his literacy work. Thus, it seems that Toegye`s studies and literature did not comprise two different areas, but centered around a single theme of perceiving Li(理).

신라 노래 <풍요>의 문화적 담론 읽기

김병권 ( Kim Byeong-kweon ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2018 퇴계학논총 Vol.31 No.-

< Pungyo(風謠) >, the focus of this study, is one of the Hyangga(鄕歌), which was sung by people in the Silla Dynasty. Pungyo was written in Yangjisaseok(良志使錫) of Samgugyusa(三國遺事). According to Yangjisaseok, the Silla people offered a monk with Buddhist alms needed for Buddhist services and carried mud needed to make a statue of the Buddha. Pungyo was sung when the people carried mud. In this respect, in order to understand literary values of Pungyo, it is important to conduct a contextual reading of Pungyo from a Buddhist perspective. Words used in Pungyo were understood in Buddhist contexts. ‘To come’ seems to indicate a rebirth from a past life to a current life within the eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. ‘Sadness’ indicates a feeling of sufferings, which come from the four phases of life (i.e., birth, old age, sickness, and death) and being ignored. These sufferings are experienced by the common people who have not reached spiritual enlightenment. ‘Practicing Buddhist-merits(功德)’ means to engage in practice(修行) to remove any delusions(妄想) on one’s mind and be enlightened. Thus, Pungyo was sung with the hope of being enlightened by practicing Buddhist merits of self-effacement(無我) and endurance(忍辱) to remove sufferings. Based on these meanings of the words in Pungyo, two discourses are implied. First, the author of Pungyo constructed a discourse that spiritual enlightenment, which arises after removing sufferings, is derived not from ‘fortune(福德)’ of offering worldly goods, but from ‘Buddhist-merits(功德)’ of being aware of self-effacement and controlling anger. Second, the author constructed the other discourse that singers of Pungyo were encouraged to engage in practice(修行) in order to be enlightened and remove sufferings by singing it in a manner similar to working, relaxing, sitting, lying, chanting Buddhist prayers, or mediating(參禪). Sakyamuni taught that Buddha can be one of the common people if unenlightened, while one of the common people can be Buddha if enlightened. Pungyo is a work which expressed a discourse in a literary form with the purpose of enlightening the common people, who experience sufferings, based on Sakyamuni’s teaching. One of the literary values of Pungyo lies in the common people’s singing it and engaging in practice with the hope of being enlightened.

「욱면비면불서승(郁面婢念佛西昇)」의 불교문화적 담론 연구

김병권 ( Kim Byeong-kweon ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2019 퇴계학논총 Vol.34 No.-

The Samguk Yusa includes Buddhist folk tales that were delivered by word of mouth in the Silla era. These folk tales are important data for analyzing how Buddhism’s popularization and cultural imagination were related to the Silla people’s expectations for the future. The current study focuses on Wukmyenbiyembwulsesung(one of the folk tales in Samguk Yusa), which was created on ground of Buddhism's Mita faith. The protagonist is a female servant named Wukmyen. In her past life, she was a cow in Buseoksa which carried Buddhist texts. Thanks to carrying Buddhist texts, she was reborn as a servant In the human world. By enduring her master's contempt and practicing Buddha-chanting, Wukmyen was able to reach the Buddha Land. From a Buddhist perspective, this study analyzed meanings of cultural discourses of Wukmyenbiyembwulsesung, focusing on the process of reincarnation (birth, death and rebirth) and the Silla people’s aspiration to go to the Buddha Land. Wukmyen’s story is a hypothetical one that was mainly used to enlighten the people about reincarnation and the Buddha Land. It also reflects the Buddhist doctrine that true freedom and eternal happiness can be achieved by realizing the purity of one’s self, enduring contempt, and practicing selflessness. The real world consists of conflict between the other and the self across time and space. To have freedom and happiness in the world, one should endure contempt and practice selflessness. Thus, the meanings of cultural discourses of Wukmyenbiyembwulsesung have important implications to the contemporary world.

퇴계(退溪)의 문학(文學)에서 유인(幽人)의 생활(生活) 담론(談論) 연구(硏究)

金秉權 ( Kim¸ Byeong-kweon ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2020 퇴계학논총 Vol.36 No.-

This article draws a discourse of value rationality to pursue a cohesive community by reviewing Teogye’s poem, titled 天淵翫月(Cheonyeonwanwol) and analyzing it based on his theory of mind. In his poem, a metaphor is used to compare the clear moon symbolizing Toegye’s theory of mind and the moon blocked by the cloud describing any personal avarice such as obsession and greed. The theory of mind is based on two concepts: a structure of innocent mind and perception regarding how people perceive this structure as a matter of principle. These two essential concepts contribute to establishing the behavioral ethics of studying a structure of mind and perceiving a principle. The behavioral ethics suggested by Toegye should be continuously exercised to prevent any personal avarice from differentiating between the two ideological hegemony. Then the innocent mind can be upheld by these efforts. Like the clear moon shining on the land, people following these behavioral ethics can enjoy an essential pleasure without worrying about personal avarice and ideological conflicts. Toegye’s life and pursuit of purpose can be inferred in his poem. Toegye, in his life, actually pursued his behavioral ethics, studying a structure of mind and perceiving a matter of principle by communicating with members of his community. He also had efforts to keep a lookout for personal avarice and to avoid differentiating between ideological conflicts. The poem, titled 天淵翫月 (Cheonyeonwanwol), reflecting an essential pleasure caused by his exercising behavioral ethics, implies how the transitional stage to transforming mechanized and digitalized society overcomes ideological conflicts and establishes a cohesive community.

퇴계의<유정문(幽貞門)>창작 원리 연구

김병권 ( Byeong Kweon Kim ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2007 퇴계학논총 Vol.13 No.-

The aim of this study is to trace the origin and to find the source of Toegye`s poetry in relation to the thinking system of the Book of Changes(周易). Yoo Jung Moon(幽貞門) is a name of the gate in Dosan Seodang(陶山書堂). Yoo Jung(幽貞) means that the man who renounces the world can be honest and can be lucky. This meaning is the origin of Yoo Jung Moon). His work literately represents his pleasure in Dosan. Because he loves a mountain and water, he thinks Dosan is a good place to renounce the world. Therefore his pleasure is a mental training in Dosan. Chentackligye(天澤履卦) of the Book Changes means that we have to follow the natural laws inside, to civilize and to comfort the people outside. And we have to realize strong morality. This study on Yoo Jung Moon will contribute to understanding the creative principle of Korean literature as well as Toegye`s works.

퇴계 문학의 역학사상적(易學思想的) 연원(淵源) 연구

김병권 ( Byeong Kweon Kim ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2010 퇴계학논총 Vol.16 No.-

Toegye(退溪) named the middle room of Dosanseodang Wanlakjae(<玩樂齋>), and wrote a poem titled Wanjakjae. This piece of poetry points, as those by Yeomgye do, to the pleasure of perceiving the secret principles of Taegeuk. Finding the origin of and understanding the works of Toegye`s literature will richly be benefited from the clues provided by the research to examine the relation between the essence of the pleasure of perceiving the secret principles of Taegeuk and literary creation. Yeomgye drew Taegeukdo(<太極圖>) and wrote Taegeukdoseol(<太極圖說>), its explanation, while Toegye presented his own view of it in A Commentary on Taegukdoseol(<太極圖說 解說>). Taegeukdo expressed the agreement of the cosmic principles of all things and the moral nature of men through drawing. Taegeukdoseol stressed the need of the mind training by men of virtue for realizing of ``Jung-jeong-in-eui``(中正仁義), while A Commentary on Taegukdoseol stressed ``Gung-li-jin-seong``(窮理 盡性), which means an exhaustive study of reason and the exertion of one`s character. We can understand the idea of the science of divination through Toegye`s understanding of ``Jung-jeong-in-eui`` and ``Gung-li-jinseong``. The pleasure Toegye expressed through the individual pieces of Dosanjabyeong(『陶山雜詠』) has an organic relation to the idea of the science of divination which perceives the secret principles of Taegeuk. That organic relation can be identified through a specific analysis of the work. The idea of the science of divination with which Toegye trained his mind for the realization of the morality of human being and the understanding of the rules of all things can contribute to the investigation of the aesthetic origin and character of the literature on landscapes, which he wrote from the pleasures at Dosans.

퇴계(退溪) 문학(文學)의 학문적(學問的) 지향(志向) 연구

김병권 ( Byeong Kweon Kim ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2014 퇴계학논총 Vol.24 No.-

Toegye Yi Hwang`s scholarship has been evaluated as Neo-Confucianism in succession to the doctrines of Chu-tzu. Chu-tzu`s scholarship was a crucial source for Toegye to create his poems, as shown in a wide range of his work. As Toegye`s scholarship gained a considerable academic influence, the Toegye school was formed as one of the main schools during Chosun Dynasty. Toegye valued to pursue the natural law and followed Chu-tzu`s scholarly methods. For Toegye, a primary goal for scholarship was to achieve reasoning, seek the human nature, and aspire to the heavenly mandate. Research on Toegye has not only been diffusing in Korea, but also been widespread all around the world including Japan, Taiwan, China, and the US. Toegye discovered the order of nature through one clump of grass on the street and a spring in the mountain, exploring his values that he attempted to follow. He also contemplated the order of nature and sought to the human nature through fishes and kites. Toegye`s Dosanjobyoung included his representative poems that he create in the pursuit of scholarship in the Dosanjobyoung. Thus, for Toegye, scholarship and literature merged together. Toegye`s literature has substantial research values by itself. By extension, studies will need to aim for modernization and globalization of Toegye Study. Finally, researchers should explore how Toegye expressed his thoughts in the process of his creation of literary work.

< 천연완월(天淵翫月) >에 표현한 퇴계(退溪)의 화열(和悅) 연구

김병권 ( Byeong Kweon Kim ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2015 퇴계학논총 Vol.26 No.-

Toegye stated that the pleasure derived from nature itself spontaneously led him to compose poems. The pleasure expressed in Toegye’s poems was one that cannot be attained through exploration but from spontaneity. This pleasure does not come from human avarice but from natural law. By extension, nature can offer sheer pleasure to people if they become free from the boundaries between human avarice and natural law. The purpose of the study is to analyze a Toegye’s poem, titled Cheonyeonwanwol. In this poem, a person’s mind covered with dust is likened to personal avarice, whereas the moon, which renews itself every night, symbolizes actively changing nature. Clearness and trueness represent perfection achieved in natural law, which is likened to a person’s mind without any avarice. Also, pursuing secular bonds in the mundane world is to seek human avarice. In the poem, a recluse stands for a person free from worldly avarice, mirroring the poetic narrator, Toegye himself. In sum, Cheonyeonwanwol expressed the pleasure that Toegye, who lived in seclusion, derived from natural law. Ultimately, Toegye teaches readers a lesson that individuals should throw away their avarice and discipline themselves, keeping away from secular bonds, in an attempt to seek natural law.

<천연대(天淵臺)>에 표현한 퇴계(退溪)의 즐거움 연구

김병권 ( Byeong Kweon Kim ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2012 퇴계학논총 Vol.19 No.-

Yi Hwang, whose pen name is Toegye, spent his latter years in Dosan-Seowon, devoting himself to research and teaching, and composing poems about Dosan-Seowon and its landscape. Toegye`s 26 verses with five words to each line and 18 verses with seven words to each line have been passed down in his book, Dosan-Jabyeong. As Toegye stated, his works were written to document heartfelt pleasure by itself. Thus, the poems in Dosan-Jabyeong are crucial for research on essences of Toegye`s pleasure experienced by living in nature. Cheonyeondae, one of the Toegye`s poems written in Dosan-Jabyeong, is analyzed in the present study. In this poem, Toegye explored the order of nature in the beautiful scenary of Cheonyeondae, internalized it, and then recited Myeongseong three times. His recitation of Myeongseong is one of the workings of the human mind, through which the human nature can be understood. Human beings are given the human nature by the heavens, and it works to accomplish the perfection of the moral self and to form a ideal society. The human nature, however, sometimes becomes blind with avarice and darkened by greed. It is through the workings of the mind that people are aware of the darkened mind and regain the brightened one. Through the workings of the mind, human beings can achieve an integration of the heavens and the man, which is the coincidence of the order of nature and the human nature. Myeongseong, which enables people to attain an integration of the heavens and the man, leads to Toegye`s heartfelt pleasure by itself. Myeongseong is one of the workings of the human mind for the perfection of the moral self and for the formation of an ideal society. Thus, the pleasure expressed in Cheonyeondae is to regain the human nature by feeling a sense of oneness with the order of nature through learning and discipline.