주요조경수목의 크기 예측 " 모델 "에 관한 연구 : 느티나무, 스트로브잣나무, 백목련을 대상으로

김남춘,최준수,문석기 한국조경학회 1988 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.16 No.1

최근 급격히 증가하는 조경공사의 추세에 비추어 볼 때 특성수목과 규격을 편중되게 사용하며, 시간 경과에 따른 수목의 크기 변화로 인해 외부공간의 공간배분이 달라짐을 고려하지 않고 단기적의 효과만을 목적으로 지나치게 밀식하는 경향이 있어 시공후 5년, 10년, 20년 후에는 선택적으로 수목을 제거하여야 하는 추가적인 관리부담을 끼치므로 배식 설계의 문제점으로 지적되고 있다. 본 연구는 주요조경수목의 수형예측모델을 개발하기 위한 1단계의 연구로써 시간경과에 따른 수목의 크기변화를 미리 에측하여 식재간격을 결정하거나 식재군의 수관연락선(Skyline)의 형태를 인식하는데 기초자료로 활용되도록 하는 것에 연구목적을 두었다. 본 연구의 수행결과 다음과 같이 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 1) 느티나무와 스트로브잣나무, 백목련에 대해 수령과 근원 혹은 충고직경, 수고, 관수폭, 기하고와 근원 혹은 흉고직경과의 관계를 파악하고자 회귀분석한 결과 높은 회귀계수를 보임으로써 높은 정도의 관련이 있음을 나타내었다. 2) 시간경과에 따른 수종별 크기의 변화는 수고의 경우 스트로브잣나무, 느티나무, 백목련의 순서로 생육 속도가 빨랐고, 수관폭의 경우에는 식재후 10년이 되기까지는 수종간 큰 차이가 없으며, 20년후에는 느티나무의 등가율이 제일 크게 나타났다. 기하고에 있어서는 느티나무의 경우 수령이 증가함에 따라 가지가 아래로 처짐으로 인하여 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 3) 조경수목의 식재간격은 성목시 수관폭의 70∼100%로 하는 것이 일반적인 이론인데, 각 수종별로 많이 사용하는 규격을 식재한 후 10년, 20년 후에 30%가 겹치는 식재간격일 때 10년후에 30%가 겹치게 되며, 4.8m 일 때 20년후에 30%가 겹치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 스트로브잣나무는 3.2m일 때 10년후에는 30%가, 4.2m일 때 20년 후에 30%가 겹치게 되며, 백목련의 경우는 3.3m일 때 10년 후에 30%가 겹치며, 4.2m 일 때 30%가 겹치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 10년 후까지는 수종간에 차이가 없으나 20년 후를 고려하면 느티나무의 식재간격은 다소 넓어져야 한다고 생각된다. Size characteristics of three widely used landscape trees were analized to establish a methodology of size prediction as time Passes. Tree height, tree width, stem diameter(breast or surface), canopy length and tree age were measured directly and indirectly(by using photograph), and the data were analized by using regression analysis through PC-SAS. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Zelkova serrata MAKINO showed relatively slow growth rate and the tree form was changed as aged. Size predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below : Surface diameter = 0.8293 x AGE Tree height = 0.4109(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0039(0.7273 x AGE)$^2$Tree width = 0.3240(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0024(0.1293 x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1337(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0020(0.7293 x AGE)$^2$2. Pinus strobus L. showed relatively fast growth rate and the tree form did not change much as aged. Size predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below. Breast diameter = 0.756 x AGE Tree height = 0.7695(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0164(0.75\ulcorner x AGE)$^2$Tree width = 0.4331(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0079(0.75\ulcorner x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1365(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0032(0.75f x AGE)$^2$ 3. In case of Magnolia denudata DESROUX, tree form was determined relatively earlier than the other two species. Si2e predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below : Surface diameter = 0.88 x AGE Tree height = 0.5412(0.88 x AGE) - 0.0110(0.88 x AGE)$^2$ Tree width = 0.3752(0.88 x AGE) - 7.0061(0.88 x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1110(0.88 x AGE) - 0.0022(0.88 x AGE)$^2$ This study aimed to find a way to predict size change of landscaping plants. This methodology will be applied to a wide range of landscape plants to provide practical data to landscape designers.

비탈면의 조기식생녹화를 위한 식물배합에 관한 연구

김남춘,석원진,남상준 한국조경학회 1998 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.26 No.3

This study was to make a effective seed mixture types with Korean native plants by researching te seed timing of suitable woody plants and competitive germination results of various plants for the purpose of cut-slotes revegetation. The results are summarized as follows. 1. In field polystand experiment, comparative among severalcomposition combination for early coverage shows good condition. 2. In combination for early-coverage, mixture of native woody plants only seeded in May and June shows over 90% coverage. It was not inferior to the other mixture types. So mixture of Albizzia Julibrissin, Cymbopogon doeringii, Alnus hirsuta and Indigfera pseudo-tinctoria is able to use to mixture type. 3.In case of combination for scenic beauty, Rhus chinensis shows low germination in the mixture for scenic beauty. But 90 days after seeded in May, it recorded maximum 44 cm height, seeded in June recorede 18 cm height. 4. Lespedeza crytobotrya shows good elongation in the combination for early coverage and scenic beauty, but that effects on elongation of other plants. So, it demands close investigation about suitable mixing rate of plants. 5. Alnus hirsuta, Pinus thunbergii, Betula platyphylla, Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora have been rarely germinated. So, the mixture of these plants wasn't adequate to use for revegatation.

기획특집 4 - 그린네트워크와 도시녹화 - 도시녹화 및 생태공원 조성을 중심으로 -

김남춘,Kim, Nam-Chun 환경보전협회 2009 환경정보 Vol.31 No.384

사면 녹화 공사용 자생목본식생의 파종 적기에 관한 연구

김남춘 한국조경학회 1997 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.25 No.1

This study was conducted to find out the hydroseeding timing of woody plants. Five native plants were used for this experiment and were seeded on the cut slopes by hands in April, May, June, September and October. In order to identify the best seeding time, germination percentage, ground cover rate and plant height were investigated. There was a difference in germination percentage and ground cover rate depending on the seeding time. The results are summerized as follows 1. Characteristics of germination : Seeding was best carried out in spring(May, June) or autumn(September). In spring, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya shows quick germination and rapid growing which can be compared with herbaceous plants using in the hydroseeding. As for Pinus thunbergii, there was little difference in germinatin according to different seeding timing. But Evodia daniellii, Parthenocis년 tricuspidata and Alnus hirsuta seem to need seed treatments to improve the seed germination. 2. Ground cover rate : The most rapid growing plant is Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and the next is Amorpha fruticosa. The other plants show extreamly low ground cover rate, so they seem to be surpressed by herbaceous plants which will be mixed for erosion control. 3. Plant height : On 8 weeks later after seeding, the Lespedeza cyrtobotrya which was seeded in June recorded 17.1cm plant height. It will be enouch height to compete with herbaceous plants. As the Parthenocissus tricuspjdata seeded in May shows 27cm plant length, it can be used more frequently on seeding works if the seed germination were improved. In sum, seeding is best carried out in May. When deciding seeding rate for the purpose of hydroseeding, it will be necessary to adjust the woody plants germination percentage according to seeding timing.

주요 초본식물의 비탈면 파종적기에 관한 연구

김남춘 한국조경학회 1997 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.25 No.2

This study was conducted to find out the hydroseeding timing of several herbaceous plants for the slope revegetation works. Four native plants and five introduced grasses were used for this experiment and were seeded on the cut slopes by hands in April, May, June, September and October. To identify the best seeding timing, germination percentage, ground covering rate, number of tillers and plant heights were investigated. There were wide differences in germination and ground covering rates of native plants are lower than those of cool-season foreign grasses and they show different germination rates according to seeding timing. Among them, Arundinella hirta var. ciliata shows the most apparent germinatin pattern according to seeding timing. 2. Seeding timing : Native plants tend to germinate well in May and June and cool-season foreign grasses in May and September. But Native plants show extremely low germination rates in autumn, so it is necessary to adjust the seeding rates when seeding in autumn. When seeding in May, it will be possible to use native plants-seed-mixture without using introduced foreign grasses. In sum, the best seeding timing of cool-season foreign grasses are May and September, and warm-season foreign grass is May and June. The best seeding timing of native plants seem to be in May and June.

한국고유지피식생의 도로사면녹화 활용방안

김남춘,Kim, Nam-Chun 한국조경수협회 1991 造景樹 Vol.5 No.11

外岩里 민속마을의 聚落景觀과 外部空間構造에 관한 硏究

김남춘,김남미 단국대학교 1996 論文集 Vol.30 No.-

This study is conducted to comprehand the cultural landscape and the structural characters of Oe-am-ri folk village which is located 8㎞ east of Onyang city. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The theory of Pung-su is the most important philosophical background of Oe-am-ri's cultural landscapes. The village is surrounded by four mountains which are belived to protect themselves. 2. Scenic characteristics of Oe-am-ri folk village are artificial stream and stone wall. Water from artificial stream can be utilized for fire extinguishment and house hold usage. It could also provide water for brooklet or ponds. Stones used for walls are so uniform in color and form that give strong visual impression. 3. Most prominent characteristics of the back garden in this village was that they used natural slopes rether than artificial slopes. 4. Landscapes of TypeⅠare decorative and some artificial. outdoor spaces in TypeⅡand TypeⅢ were basically for daily house hold usage with minimum effect of decoration. outdoor spaces in TypeⅠwere the large in size and belonged to upper class, while those of TypeⅡ were medium in size and belonged to middle class. TypeⅢ has the small outdoor spaces and belonged to lower class. 5. Most frequent plant materials are fruit trees. They are mainly planted in the back gardens to provide fruits as well as to landscape, while other ornamental trees are mainly planted in front or gardens for just landscaping purpose.

도로비탈면 녹화에 사용되는 주요 초목식물의 지하부 생육이 토양안정에 미치는 효과에 관한 연구

김남춘 한국조경학회 1990 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.18 No.2

비탈면에 초목식생이 도입되면 훼손된 인위비탈명의 지표면 녹화를 이룰 뿐 아니라 비탈면의 지표면유거수의 거동에 상당한 영향을 미치어 토양표층의 면상침식이나 불안정한 상태의 토사유출의 억제에 상당히 효과적이며, EH한 토층 깊숙이 뿌리를 내리는 일부 식물에의해서는 표층분양의 만지에도 상당한 효과를 지닌다고 불수 있다. 본 연구의 결과 이러한 기능들에 대한 식물들의 효과들이 상대적으로 비교될 수 있었으며, 이들을 혼파처리시 변화되는 경관의모습을 예측할 수도 있었다. 주요 실험내용별 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1.초기조성속도 외래도입초종들 중에서 한지형 잔디들이 우수하였으나 여름철을 지나면서 부터는 그 세력이 급격히 약화되었다. 반대로 난지형잔디들과 자생식물들은 초기조성속도는 느리나 dufmadfm 지나면서 왕성한 생육을 함으로써, 혼파처리시에 이러한 식물들의 장 . 단점을 이용하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단된다. 2. 초종별지성부 및 지하부이 생장량을 비교 분석한 결과 지상부는 Weeping lovegrass 와 쑥 등의 건중량이 많았으며, 지하부의 생장에 있어서는 쑥의 건중량이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났으며, 그 다음이 Weeping lovegrass, 비수리, Creeping redfescue 등이었다. 또한 외래도입토종중 Creeping redfescre와 Tall fescue는 지하부와 지상부의 발달이 비교적 균형을 이루고 있었으며, 식근성 뿌리구조를 지닌 비수리는 비록 근중량은 쑥보다 적으나 깊이 뿌리가 형성 되는 특징이 있었으므로 지표면붕양에는 가장 억제효과가 있는 식물로 생각된다. 3. 초종별 뿌리의 전단력을 조사한 결과 초기에는 Italian ryegrass가 우세하였으나 시간이 경과하면서 부터는 Weepihg lovegrass, 비수리, 쑥 등의 뿌리 전단력이 증대되는 것으로 나타나 이들이 혼합된 혼파처리구들은 높은 측정치들을 기록하였다. 따라서 초기에 조성속도가 빠른 한지형잔디들이 지표면을 피복하도록 하고 여름의 고온기와 장마시기에는 뿌리전단력이 우수한 이러한 초종들로 지표면이 피복되도록 하는 것이 이상적이라 생각된다. 4. 혼파처리간의 토사유출량을 비교한 결과 토사 유출 억제효과는 한지형과 나지형잔디들의 혼합형(MixtureIII)과 자생처리구(MixtureV), Italian ryegrass와 자생식물의 혼합형(MixtureIV)등에서 비교적 낮은 수치를 토사유출량을 기록하였다. 이러한 결과는 자생식물들이 비록 초기생육속도는 외래도입초종에 떨어지지만 토사유출의 억제효과면에서는 이들 외래초종에 필적할 수 있음을 나타낸다고 할 수 있겠다. This study describes on the erosion control effects of the several grasses and its mixtures for the man-made slopes. The grasses used for this experiment include cool-season grasses such as Festuca rubra L. (Creeping redfescue), Poa pratensis L. (Kentucky bluegrass), Lolium perenne L. (Perenial ryegrass), Lolium multiflorum LAM. (Italian ryegrass), Festuca arundinacea Schrel. (Tall fescue), and warm-season grasses such as Eragrostis curvula Schrad. (Weeping lovegrass), Zoysia japonica Steud. (Zoysiass) and native plants (Artemisia princeps var. orientalis Hara, Lespedeza cuneata G. Don, Arundinella hirta var. ciliata K.) This study was conducted at Dan-kook University from April, 1988 to Octover, 1989. The results are summurized as follows; 1.Cool-season grasses covered the ground quickly in early stage, and weekened slowly during sumer season. Warm-season grasses and native-plants covered the ground slowly in early stage, but during summer season they grew vigorously, so outweighed cool season grasses. 2. The amount of aboveground growth of weeping locearass and underground growth of Artemisia prinoepts are quite differant from others. Since Arumdinella hirta has deep root system, it is thought to very useful protection of unstable for hrdro-seeding. Because cool-season grasses are useful for quick coverage, and native plants or warm-season grow well during summer season with the better compatability to weeds. 3.Mixture III(cool-season and warm-season grasses), mixtureIV(native spp. and Italian ruegrass), and mixtureV(native spp.) resulted in better control of erosion control on man-made slopes. Native spp. has equivallent capacity of erosion control compared to several foreign grasses.

대형건물 실내조경 설계의 개선방안 제시를 위한 기초 연구

김남춘,박성은 단국대학교 1997 論文集 Vol.31 No.-

The purpose of this study was to suggest a scheme of improvement in interior landscape design on the base of survey from user's recognition and satisfaction to interiorscaping, popularity to indoor, and the type and the level of management. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Most people thought purpose of interior plantscaping as decoration of indoor space. It could be infered from that careful planting design of indoor plants and proper use of a container as well as other materials for decoration must be considered. 2. The satisfaction to interiorscape was higher in the buildings that have atrium than the others with no atrium. People answered positively in the evaluation of the scale of interior landscaping, growing condition of plant, and utility of other material. 3. The interior landscaping were divided into three types. Type I provide characteristic space by using plant materials as decoration material of indoor structure, while typeⅡ seems to include both concepts(Type Ⅰ : Type Ⅲ) partially. TypeⅡ seems to satisfy people more than type Ⅰ and typeⅢ. However, type Ⅰ showed higher total interiorscape index value than the other two types, because of the variety and the size of plant materials, and the scale of interior landscaping. 4. People prefer upright plant such as Cycas revoluta, Dracaena fragrans, Schefflera octophilla etc. The plants were utilized more frequently in interior planting are Ficus benjamina, Chrysalidocapus lutescens, Dracaena deremensis "Warneckii", Rhapis humillis, Rhapis excelsa, Monstera adanoii etc.

도시 숲 이용의 극대화 방안 연구

김남춘,이동근,신경준,주백,이병준,김정완,구민규,김재욱,김은영,송원경,옥주희,성현찬 경기연구원 2005 위탁연구 Vol.2005 No.12