북서태평양에 서식하는 살오징어(Todarodes pacificus) 계군 분석에 대한 고찰

김정연,문창호,윤문근,강창근,김경렬,나태희,최은정,이충일,Kim, Jeong-Yun,Moon, Chang-Ho,Yoon, Moon-Geun,Kang, Chang-Keun,Kim, Kyung-Ryul,Na, Taehee,Choy, Eun Jung,Lee, Chung Il 한국해양학회 2012 바다 Vol.17 No.4

This paper reviews comparison analysis of current and latest application for stock identification methods of Todarodes pacificus, and the pros and cons of each method and consideration of how to compensate for each other. Todarodes pacificus which migrates wide areas in western North Pacific is important fishery resource ecologically and commercially. Todarodes pacificus is also considered as 'biological indicator' of ocean environmental changes. And changes in its short and long term catch and distribution area occur along with environmental changes. For example, while the catch of pollack, a cold water fish, has dramatically decreased until today after the climate regime shift in 1987/1988, the catch of Todarodes pacificus has been dramatically increased. Regarding the decrease in pollack catch, overfishing and climate changes were considered as the main causes, but there has been no definite reason until today. One of the reasons why there is no definite answer is related with no proper analysis about ecological and environmental aspects based on stock identification. Subpopulation is a group sharing the same gene pool through sexual reproduction process within limited boundaries having similar ecological characteristics. Each individual with same stock might be affected by different environment in temporal and spatial during the process of spawning, recruitment and then reproduction. Thereby, accurate stock analysis about the species can play an efficient alternative to comply with effective resource management and rapid changes. Four main stock analysis were applied to Todarodes pacificus: Morphologic Method, Ecological Method, Tagging Method, Genetic Method. Ecological method is studies for analysis of differences in spawning grounds by analysing the individual ecological change, distribution, migration status, parasitic state of parasite, kinds of parasite and parasite infection rate etc. Currently the method has been studying lively can identify the group in the similar environment. However It is difficult to know to identify the same genetic group in each other. Tagging Method is direct method. It can analyse cohort's migration, distribution and location of spawning, but it is very difficult to recapture tagged squids and hard to tag juveniles. Genetic method, which is for useful fishery resource stock analysis has provided the basic information regarding resource management study. Genetic method for stock analysis is determined according to markers' sensitivity and need to select high multiform of genetic markers. For stock identification, isozyme multiform has been used for genetic markers. Recently there is increase in use of makers with high range variability among DNA sequencing like mitochondria, microsatellite. Even the current morphologic method, tagging method and ecological method played important rolls through finding Todarodes pacificus' life cycle, migration route and changes in spawning grounds, it is still difficult to analyze the stock of Todarodes pacificus as those are distributed in difference seas. Lately, by taking advantages of each stock analysis method, more complicated method is being applied. If based on such analysis and genetic method for improvement are played, there will be much advance in management system for the resource fluctuation of Todarodes pacificus. 본 종설논문은 살오징어의 기존 및 최근에 새롭게 적용되고 있는 계군 분석방법들을 비교 분석하여 각 분석방법의 장단점과 분석방법간의 상호보완에 대하여 고찰하였다. 살오징어는 북서태평양의 넓은 지역을 회유하는 어종으로 생태계 및 상업적으로 중요한 자원이다. 살오징어는 해양환경변화의 생물학적 지표로서의 가능성을 평가 받고 있으며, 장단기적인 어획량 및 분포역의 변화가 환경 변화와 함께 나타난다. 예를 들어, 1987/1988 무렵에 발생한 기후체제전환 이후 한류성 어종으로 분류되는 명태의 어획량은 급감하여 현재까지 그 영향이 지속되고 있는 반면, 살 오징어 어획량은 크게 증가하였다. 현재까지 명태 어획량의 감소에 대하여 남획과 기후변화에 초점이 맞추어진 해석이 있으나, 뚜렷한 원인 분석은 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그 이유 중 한 가지는 계군 분석에 근거한 생태, 환경적 측면에 대한 정확한 원인 분석이 이루어지지 않고 있는 것과 관련이 된다. 계군은 유사한 생물학적 특징을 가진 개체들이 제한된 영역 내에서 유성생식과정을 통하여 동일한 유전자 풀(gene pool)을 공유하는 집단으로, 동일 계군을 형성하는 개체들은 산란에서 자원으로 가입 후 다시 재생산 과정에 이르기까지 시간 및 공간적으로 각기 다른 환경의 영향을 받을 수 있다. 따라서, 종에 대한 정확한 계군 분석은 자원의 효과적인 관리 및 급격한 변화에 대한 중요한 대응 방안의 역할을 할 수 있다. 살오징어 계군 분석에 적용된 주요 방법은 크게 4가지로 형태학적 방법, 생태학적 방법, 표지방류법, 유전학적 방법이 있다. 형태학적인 방법은 분석방법이 가장 간단하고 다수의 개체를 비교적 쉽게 분석할 수 있지만 각 형질들은 성장기간 동안 환경에 의해 영향을 많이 받게 되어 개체간의 차이가 생긴다. 생태학적 방법은 주로 개체의 생리적인 변화와 분포 및 회유상태, 기생충의 기생상태나 종류 및 기생률 등을 분석, 산란장의 차이를 알아보는 연구이며, 현재 활발히 연구되고 있는 방법으로 유사한 환경에서 생활하는 집단을 알 수 있지만 유전적으로 같은 집단인지는 알기 어렵다. 표지방류법은 직접적인 방법으로 계군의 회유 및 분포, 산란장의 위치를 파악할 수 있지만 수거가 어렵고 초기 단계에는 표식을 하기 어렵다. 수산생물의 계군 분석을 위한 유전학적 방법은 자원관리학적 연구에 관한 기본적 정보를 제공해 왔다. 계군 분석을 위한 유전학적 방법은 이에 사용하는 유전자 마커(marker)의 감도에 따라 결정되며, 유전자 마커의 다형성이 높은 것을 선택해야 한다. 계군 분석을 위한 유전자 마커로는 오랜 기간 동안 동위효소 다형이 사용되어졌으며, 최근에는 mitochondria, microsatellite와 같이 DNA 염기배열 중에서도 변이성이 높은 영역을 선택하여 마커로 이용한 연구가 증가되고 있다. 기존의 형태학적 방법, 표지방류법, 생태학적인 방법들은 살오징어의 생활사, 회유경로, 산란장의 변화 등을 밝혀내어 계군을 파악하는데 많은 기여를 하였지만 여전히 각 해역에 분포하는 살오징어의 계군을 파악하기에는 어려움이 있다. 최근에는 기존의 계군 분석이 지닌 장단점을 비교 분석하여 복합적인 방법의 계군 분석이 이루어지며, 이러한 정보들을 바탕으로 유전학적 방법을 보완한다면 살오징어 자원의 변동에 대한 관리 방안을 마련하는데 도움을 줄 것이다.

하천형 저수지 팔당호의 육수학적 특성: 수문과 수환경 요인

신재기 ( Sin Jae Gi ),황순진 ( Hwang Sun Jin ),강창근 ( Kang Chang Geun ),김호섭 ( Kim Ho Seob ) 한국하천호수학회 2003 생태와 환경 Vol.36 No.3

This study aimed to determine the relationship between rainfall-discharge patterns and major aquatic environmental factors in a river-type reservoir. Specifically, daily monitoring was conducted in Paltang Reservoir from January 1999 to December 2001. Observation of the daily changes of the environment factors showed that natural meteorological factors and hydrological factors causing the change of water discharge had a major effect on the aquatic environment. Rainfall was the main source of hydrological changes, with its frequency a possible direct variable governing the range of discharge changes. Rainfall was weak in November~ May and heavy in June~October (heavist in summer). The range of water discharge was greatest during summer(July to September) and lowest during winter(january to February). A principal component analysis (PCA) showed that aquatic environmental factors could be classified into three different types in the pattern of annual variation. First, type I included water temperature, turbidity, water color and organic matter(COD), which increased with increasing water discharge. Second, type Ⅱ consisted of DO and pH, which decreased with increasing water discharge. Third type Ⅲ included conductivity, alkalinity and chloride ion, which showed middle values with increasing water discharge, Monthly variation of aquatic environments explained by the first two dimensions of PCA suggests that aquatic environments explained by the first two dimensions of the PCA suggests that aquatic environments of Paltang Reservoir may have annual cycle typical of river-type reservoirs depending on hydrological factor such as water discharge.

한국 주변해역에 서식하는 살오징어(Todarodes pacificus)의 형태 및 유전학적 계군분석

김정연,윤문근,문창호,강창근,최광호,이충일,Kim, Jeong-Yun,Yoon, Moon-Geun,Moon, Chang-Ho,Kang, Chang-Keun,Choi, Kwang Ho,Lee, Chung Il 한국해양학회 2013 바다 Vol.18 No.3

본 연구는 2011년 9월에서 12월까지 동해(북부, 중부, 남부), 서해, 동중국해의 해구에서 각각 채집된 살오징어의 계군을 형태 및 유전학 차이를 이용하여 구분하였다. 형태학적 차이에 따른 계군분석은 평균성숙외투장(20-22 cm)을 기준으로 하여 발생시기를 구분하였고, 유전학적 특성에 따른 계군은 mtDNA COI 영역의 염기변이에 의한 유전자 다양성을 이용하여 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과 평균성숙외투장을 기준으로 동해 북부는 발생시기가 하계군, 나머지 집단(동해 중부, 동해 남부, 동중국해 북부, 서해 북부)은 추계군으로 크게 2개의 계군으로 추정되었다. 유전자 분석결과 살오징어 mtDNA COI 영역에서 총 49개의 haplotype을 확인하였다. TCS 분석결과 haplotype 유전자형 네트워크가 star-like형태이며, 모든 집단에서 유전적 다양성(haplotype diversity, h)이 높고(h=0.661~0.841), 반면에 염기 다양도(nucleotide diversity, ${\pi}$)가 낮게 나타난 점으로 미루어보아 국내 서식 살오징어의 경우 최근에 급속한 집단의 분화가 이루어진 것으로 판단된다. Pairwise Fst를 이용한 집단분석결과 비록 모든 집단간의 유전적 차이가 낮게 나타났지만(Fst = 0.001~0.043) 평균성숙외투장 기준으로 같은 추계군으로 분류된 집단(동해 중부, 동해남부, 서해 북부)간에는 유전적 차이를 확인할 수 있었다(P<0.05). Stock identification of Todarodes pacificus collected in the East Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea during the period from September to December in 2011 was analyzed by morphometric characters and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene nucleotide variations. Frequency distributions of mantle length was analyzed by morphological method with measuring size of T. pacificus. Then each stock was estimated to confirm their maturation for mean mantle length comparing with mean mature mantle length 20-22 cm. According to morphologic stock identification, it is estimated that the northern part of East Sea is categorized as summer stock and the rest parts, including mid /southern part of the East Sea, northern part of the East China Sea and northern part of the West Sea were autumn stock. For genetic analysis, a total 49 haplotypes were defined by 33 variable nucleotide sites. From the extensive haplotype diversity, limited nucleotide diversity and star-like shape of haplotype network, T. pacificus appears to have undergone rapid population expansion from an ancestral population with a small effective population size. Although pair-wise Fst estimates which represent genetic difference among groups were low, there are relatively remarkable difference of Fst between middle and southern part of the East Sea. Although middle part of the East Sea and southern part of the East Sea were situated at the East Sea, genetically separated groups were appeared.

팔당호에서 수중 탁도의 일 변동과 고탁수의 입자 분포

신재기 ( Sin Jae Gi ),강창근 ( Kang Chang Geun ),황순진 ( Hwang Sun Jin ) 한국하천호수학회 2003 생태와 환경 Vol.36 No.3

Daily monitoring was conducted to elucidate the changes in turbidity and distribution of particles in the turbid water of a river-type reservoir (Paltang Reservoir) from 1999 to 2001. Water turbidity and the particle distribution of turbid water were principally affected by meteorological factors particularly rainfall patterns and hydrological factors such as inflow and outflow. The mean concentration of turbidity was constant each year, with the concentration of less than 10NTU accounting for 85%. Seasonal characteristics were remarkable, with winter and spring having <5 NTU, autumn 5~10 NTU, and summer >20NTU. Unlike hydrological changes, maximum turbidity was observed from late July to early August and continuously increased from 1999 to 2001. In particular, the maximum turbidity of reservoirs remarkably increased toward the lower part of reservoir in 2001. Discharge and turbidity increased or decreased slowly in 1999; in contrast, turbidity rapidly increased in the early rainfall period of 2000 and 2001 but later decreased as discharge increased. In the particles of turbid water, clay ingredients were more densely distributed and more dominant in all stations. Of the total particles in turbid water, clay constituted 63.9%~66.6% and silt 33.4~36.1% to account for a combined total of 98.1~100%. Sand made up less than 1.1%. The turbidity of river-type reservoir was also found to be mainly affected by the biomass of plankton in a non-rainfall period. During a rainfall period, however, the quantity and relative ratio of inorganic particles depending on the soil components affected turbidity.

시화호 유역에서 배수시스템별 하천수의 비옥도 비교

신재기 ( Sin Jae Gi ),황순진 ( Hwang Sun Jin ),김동섭 ( Kim Dong Seob ),강창근 ( Kang Chang Geun ) 한국하천호수학회 2003 생태와 환경 Vol.36 No.3

The fertility of stream water in major streams of the Lake Shihwa Watershed was compared using water analyses and algal growth potential test (AGPT) in typical drought seasons from December 2001 to April 2002. The water quality varied considerably depending on streams. These streams were very rich in inorganic nutrients that the nutrient levels and characteristics of each stream could be easily determined. Through AGPT, 63.6% of growth was observed in the average values of each stream, with non-growth accounting for 36.4%. AGPT results showed that 40.9% of the 22 stations were in hypertrophic condition and 54.5% in eutrophic condition. AGPT values were significantly correlated with TIN, NH₄, and SRP (P<0.001); compared to other nutrients, however, they were more related to SRP and NH4. Moreover, the values increased with high concentration of N and P and low N/P ratios. Nonetheless, the values were more dependent on P concentration than N concentration. This suggests that the effect P on the water quality of lake situated in downstream may serve as a potential indicator of phytoplankton development. Depending on the drainage pattern of streams, the wastewaters of wastewater treatment plant (WwTP) and untreated wastewater (UTW) were found to have 53.4% and 46.6%, respectively, of TIN, 51.9% and 48.1% of NH₄, 62.8% and 37.1% of NO₃, 62.6% and 37.4% of SRP, and 44.1% and 55.9% of SRSi. The AGPT value was 51.1% in WwTP wastewater and 48.9% in UTW wastewater, the concentration of WwTP wastewater was slightly higher. For untreated wastewaters flowing into the constructed wetland and into the lake, TIN accounts for 43.0% and 57.0%, respectively, of nitrogen components, NH₄ 44.4% and 55.6%, NO₃ 39.6% and 60.4%, SRP 53.5% and 46.5%, and SRSi 52.3% and 47.7%, respectively. The AGPT value was 58.0% in the constructed wetland and 42.0% in Lake Shihwa; the concentration in streams flowing into the wetland was slightly higher. Therefore, persistent and large development of phytoplankton in Lake Shihwa cannot be prevented unless a measure to hytoplankton control is implemented. This is because the concentration of nutrients in specific streams flowing into the lake is very high, even though the inflow of water is low.

안정동위원소 분석을 이용한 남해 연안으로 유입된 열대성 잘피와 온대성 잘피 서식처에서의 대형저서동물의 먹이망 구조 분석

신동훈(Donghoon Shin),황강석(Kangseok Hwang),박현제(Hyun Je Park),최창근(Chang Geun Choi),강창근(Chang-Keun Kang) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2016 한국해양환경·에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.5

한반도 근해의 해류와 해수특성 : Ⅲ . 한국 동해 중부 극전선역에 출현하는 수괴의 화학적 특성 Ⅲ . Chemical Characteristics of Water Masses in the Polar Front Area of the Central Korean East Sea

조규대,강창근,양한섭,김성수 한국수산학회 1991 한국수산과학회지 Vol.24 No.3

東海 中部 極前線域에 있어서 동계와 하계에 각종 수괴의 수직분포특성과 이 수괴들의 화학적성질에 대해 연구하였다. 동계의 경우, 水溫躍層은 북쪽 바깥 정점들이 남쪽 연안 정점들에 비해 더 깊은 수층에 존재하고, 이 躍層의 상부에는 對馬暖流水가, 하부수층에는 東海固有水가 분포하고 있다. 그러나, 하계에는 수직적으로 對馬暖流 表層水, 中層水, 北韓寒流水 및 東海固有水가 분포하고, 東海固有水는 동계보다 다소 상부수층에 존재한다. 하계에 T-S diagram으로는 北韓寒流水 계통의 수괴, 對馬暖流, 中層水 및 東海固有水의 혼합수를 구분할 수 없었으나, T-O₂ diagram으로는 구분이 가능했다. 한편, 동계 수온과 AOU는 좋은 역의 직선 관계를 보이며, AOU의 수직분포는 생물·화학적과정보다는 주로 물리적 혼합과정에 의해 결정됨을 시사한다. 하계에는 對馬暖流 表層水에서 AOU값이 가장 낮고, 東海固有水에서 가장 높으며, 北韓寒流水 및 對馬暖流 中層水의 AOU값은 위 두수괴 사이의 값을 보인다. 그러나, 北韓寒流水塊의 해수는 對馬暖流 中層水보다 溶存酸素 농도가 약 1∼2㎖/ℓ높은데도, 이 두수괴의 生物·化學的 酸素要求量 (AOU)은 비슷하였다. 일반외양수의 경우와 같이, 燐酸鹽은 AOU와 정의 직선관계이지만, 그 기울기(ΔP/ΔAOU)값은 외양역의 1/3㎍-at/㎖보다 다소 작으며, 이는 표층수중 溶存酸素가 아래층으로 분자확산되어 AOU값이 낮아지기 때문이라고 생각된다. 특히, 하계 100m 이심층에서는 그 비값이 1/2.0㎍-at/㎖으로 훨씬 낮으며, 그 이유는 비교적 낮은 AOU값을 보이는 북한한류계통의 해수가 중층(100∼200m)에 나타나기 때문이다. 한편, 窒酸鹽과 燐酸鹽은 동·하계 모두 전 정점에 대해 상관계수 r=0.93 이상으로 좋은 정의 적선관계를 보인다. The vertical distribution and chemical characteristics of water masses were measured along two south-north transects in the polar front region of the central Korean East Sea. In February, a thermocline was present at depth between 50m and 100m at the southern sites of a landward A-transect, and its depth was gradually deepened northward. At an outside B-transect, a thermocline was observed at significantly deep depth of 300m to 400m at two northern stations(Stn. 10 and 11), though the depth of the southward stations was nearly identical to that at the northward stations on a A-transect. In September, there were vertically more various water masses, i.e. the Tsushima Warm Surface Water(TWSW) of more than 20℃, the Tsushima Middle Water(TMW) with a range of 12∼17℃, the North Korea Cold Water(NKCW) with 1∼7℃ temperature, the Japan Sea Proper Water(JSPW) of less than 1℃, and the mixed water. The North Korea Cold Water could be distinguishable from the other waters, especially from the mixed water of the Tsushima Middle Water and the Japan Sea Proper Water by the pattern of T-O₂ diagram. For instance, the North Korea Cold Water had higher oxygen by 1∼2㎖/ℓ than those in the mixed water, although both the two water masses ranged 1∼7℃ in water temperature. AOU value was the highest in the JSPW and the lowest in the TWSW. Also, AOU indicated a nearly linear and negative correlation with water temperature. However, AOU data for two masses, the NKCW and the TMW, in September departed remarkably from a regression line. Moreover, the ratio of (ΔP/ΔAOU) in September was about 0.45㎍-at/㎖ and higher than the value observed in the open sea. This high value could be elucidated by two factors; intrusion of the NKCW with high oxygen and molecular diffusion of dissolved oxygen from the surface into the lower layer. AOU would be a useful tracer for water masses in the polar front area of the Korean East Sea.

부영양화 해역의 해양세균의 분리 및 분리균의 생리적 성질에 관하여 : 1 . 부영양화 해역의 환경 및 세균상 1 . Environmental Factors and Marine Bacterial Flora in the Eutropic Coastal Waters

이원재,박희열,정희동,강창근 한국수산학회 1986 한국수산과학회지 Vol.19 No.6

연안 해역이 부영양화 해역으로 변하고 赤潮가 발생하여 악취를 내며 혼탁된 해수가 일정시간이 지나면 적조발생전의 해수상태로 되는 것 같이 보인다. 이러한 현상이 일어나는 원인구명의 기초조사의 하나로 1985년 7월부터 1986년 6월까지 마산만 해역을 대상으로 조사한 내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 채취된 156시료(해수 150, 이토 6 시료)중에서 291 균주의 해양세균을 분리하였다. 2. 채취된 156시료중 생균수는 10⁴-10^8cell/㎖이고, 수직혼합이 잘되는 2월의 경우(본 연구 기간중)는 표층이 1.04×10^6cell/㎖, 저층이 1.84×10^6cell/㎖이고, 수직혼합이 잘 되지않고 적조가 발생한 5, 6월에는 표층이 각각 2.66×10^7cell/㎖, 1.29×10^8cell/㎖, 저층인 경우 1.84×10^6cell/㎖, 8.64×10^8cell/㎖로 높은 분포량을 보였다. 3. 분리된 해양세균상을 보면, Pseudomonas spp.가 35%, Acinetobacter spp.가 25%로 우점종으로 나타났고, 적조가 발생했을 때의 세균상으로 Flavobacterium spp. 가 40%, Acinetobacter 35% 였다. 적조가 끝난뒤에는 Flavobacterium spp. 가 35%, Vibrio spp.가 25%, Acinetobacter spp.가 20% 순으로 나타났다. 4. 조사기간중 용존산소는 2.1∼6.13㎖/ℓ, 수온은 4.6∼30.1℃, 인산염은 1.06∼5.6㎍-at/ℓ, 규산염은 327.27∼3798.38㎍-at/ℓ, 아질산염은 1.09∼5.5㎍-at/ℓ였다. The marine bacterial flora of seawater at Masan Bay located in southern part of Korea was investigated to provide basic information about the origin of red tides in this area. The samples were collected at 5 sampling stations (see fig. 1) established once a month from July 1985 to June 1986. The results are summerized as follows: 1. Two hundred and ninety one strains of marine bacteria among 299 strains isolated were identified from 156 samples(150 seawater samples and 6 mud samples) collected in the study area. 2. During the study period, the dissolved oxygen ranged from 2.1 to 6.3㎖/ℓ; temperature of surface seawater ranged from 4.6 to 30.1℃; phosphate, silicate and nitrite ranged from 1.6 to 5.6㎍/ℓ, 327.27 to 3798.38㎍-at/ℓ, and 1.09 to 5.5㎍-at/ℓ, respectively. 3. Pseudomonas spp. were the most dominant bacterial species before red tides, Ancinetobacter spp. and Flavobacterium spp. during red tides, and Flavobacterium spp., Vibrio spp. and Acinetobacter spp. after red tides. 4. Viable counts marine bacterial flora ranged 10⁴∼10^8cell/㎖, and the most abundant viable counts of marine bacteria occured during red tides (10^7∼10^8cell/㎖).