24-36개월 아동의 조음 변이성 연구

김희윤(Hee Yun Kim),하승희(Seung hee Ha) 한국언어청각임상학회 2016 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.21 No.2

배경 및 목적: 24-36개월 아동의 단어 변이성과 음소 변이성을 자발화 상황에서 측정하여, 아동의 월령 집단 간 차이 비교를 통해 초기 음운 발달과정 중에 나타나는 조음 변이성의 특징을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법: 24-30개월과 31-36개월 일반아동 각 11명씩 총 22명의 자발화를 수집하여 단어 변이성, 음소 변이성, 자음정확도, 자음목록수를 구하였다. 자발화 수준에서 단어 변이성은 어절 단위로 분석하였고, 정조음과 조음오류를 모두 포함하여 단어 및 음소 변이성을 측정하였다. 두 월령 집단 간에 단어 변이성, 음소 변이성에서 차이가 유의한지 분석하였고, 단어 변이성 및 음소 변이성과 자음정확도 및 자음목록수 간에 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 결과: 30분간 아동이 산출한 발화를 기준으로 단어 변이성을 살펴보면 2세 전반에는 2회 이상 산출한 어절 중 51.55%가 다양한 형태로 산출되다가 2세 후반에는 36.45%로 단어 변이성이 감소하였다. 음소 변이성을 살펴보면 2세 전반에는 아동의 자음목록 중 69%의 음소가 다양한 형태로 산출되다가 2세 후반에는 52.45%로 음소 변이성이 감소하였다. 단어 변이성과 음소 변이성은 모두 자음정확도와 자음목록수 간에 음의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 논의 및 결론: 2세에 음운습득이 비약적으로 이루어지면서 안정적이고 일관된 조음 패턴을 나타낸다는 조음 특성을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구결과는 말소리 발달지연 아동이나 비일관적인 음운 장애를 보이는 아동의 조음 변이성 정도를 보다 객관적으로 비교하고 평가하는 데 사용될 수 있을 것이다. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the articulatory variability of word and phoneme production on spontaneous utterance samples in typically developing children age 24 to 36 months. Methods: Speech samples were collected from 11 children age 24 to 30 months and 11 children age 31 to 36 months. Word variability, phoneme variability, percentage of consonants correct (PCC), and consonant inventory were measured. Eojeol was a basic unit for analysis of word variability. Both correct articulations and error productions were in-cluded for the variability analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted to investigate whether word and phoneme variability measures were different between the two age groups and if there were relationships between articulatory variability measures and PCC and conso-nant inventory. Results: For the children age 24 to 30 months, 51.55% of Eojeols which were produced more than twice showed variable productions and 69% of consonants in the consonant inventory showed variability. For children age 31 to 36 months, word vari-ability and phoneme variability were 36.45% and 52.45%, respectively. Both variability measures showed significantly negative correlation with PCC and consonant inventory. Conclusion: This study suggests that 2-year-old children show progressively stable and consistent articulation patterns along with phonological acquisition. The results of this study have implications for evaluating the degree of articulatory variability in children who have inconsistent phonological disorders or childhood apraxia of speech.

Aging and Motor Variability across Timescales

Jacob J. Sosnoff,Jean M. Samson,Sung-Hoon Shin 한국체육학회 2009 International journal of human movement science Vol.3 No.2

Older adults are more variable in their movement than their younger counterparts. Variability occurs across multiple timescales. It has been speculated that different processes contribute to motor variability at unique timescales. It is possible that variability at different timescales may provide unique information about the influence of aging on the sensorimotor system. The purpose of the current investigation is to examine the influence of aging on motor variability across multiple timescales. In order to examine this question,seventy-eight individuals (37 young and 41 old) produced sub-maximal isometric force output five times a day for five consecutive days. Within trial variability was quantified with coefficient of variation. Across trial variability was indexed as the standard deviation of individual trial CV. Across day variability was indexed as the standard deviation of the across trial variability. Overall, older adults were found to have greater within trial, across trial and across day variability compared to young adults. Variability was found to be associated across all the timescales of investigation. Older adults were found to have stronger associations between within trial variability across sessions. The findings are supportive of the notion that older adults are less adaptable in their motor output. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms driving age-related differences in motor variability across timescales.

Obesity Increase the Blood Pressure Variability during Nocturnal Period

( Dong In Nam ),( Il Hyung Jung ),( Chung Kang ),( Sang Cheol Cho ),( Won Yu Kang ),( Sun Ho Hwang ),( Wan Kim ) 대한내과학회 2013 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.1

Background and Aim: Several studies have reported obesity increase the heart rate variability and a report showed that 24 hours (h) blood pressure variability was affected by body mass index (BMI). However, there was no study that evaluated the diurnal variation of impact of BMI on blood pressure variability. The aim of this study is to clarify the diurnal variation of effect of BMI on blood pressure variability. Method: We have enrolled 2044 patients consecutively and analyzed retrospectively. All patients underwent 24h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for appropriate clinical purpose. The blood pressure variability is expressed as standard deviation of blood pressure. This data comes from Korean Ambulatory Blood Pressure (KorABP) investigation group. We divided total patients into two groups by BMI (non-obese group: n=1,145; BMI <25, obese group=899; BMI ≥25). We compared the blood pressure variability during daytime and nighttime respectively between non-obese and obese group. Moreover, we also evaluated the impact of BMI on BPV by multivariate regression analysis. Results: By univariate regression analysis, there was no significant difference of BPV during daytime (SBP variability: 20.7 vs 21.7 ; p=0.511, DBP variability: 16.8 vs 17.5 ; p=0.539). However, both SBP variability (13.8 vs 17.6; p=0.009) and DBP variability (11.7 vs 14.3; p=0.042) during nighttime were affected significantly by BMI. After adjusting other compounding variables (age >60 years, current smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and use of calcium channel blocker and renin-angiotensine-aldosterone system blocker), the multivariate analysis showed that BMI was independent factor to increase the blood pressure variability during nocturnal period (SBP variability; p=0.039, DBP variability ; p=0.034). Conclusion: Obesity (BMI >25) increased blood pressure variability during only nighttime. This result may be due to the impact of obesity on autonomic dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanism for this result is not definte.

자동화학분석법의 생물학적 변이 및 분석방법 변이에 관한 비교연구

정민권,곽연식,이위교,임영애 대한임상병리학회 1998 대한임상병리학회지 Vol.18 No.3

범용성 향상을 위한 메시지 흐름 가변성 설계 및 특화 기법

조은숙 ( Cho Eun Sook ),김철진 ( Kim Chul Jin ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2008 인터넷정보학회논문지 Vol.9 No.1

다양한 도메인의 요구사항을 만족시켜 주기 위한 컴포넌트는 내부에 다양성을 제공할 수 있도록 개발되어야 한다. 그러나컴포넌트 개발 시에 다양한 요구사항을 분석하여 설계하더라도 컴포넌트가이용될 때 또 다른 다양한 요구 사항들이 발생한다. 따라서 다양한 요구 사항들을 완전하게 만족시켜 주기 위한 컴포넌트의 설계는 매우 어려우며 또한 도메인의 특정화된 업무 로직을 완전하게 수용하는 것은 불가능하다. 이와 같은 문제들로 인해 컴포넌트가 블랙박스가 아닌 화이트 박스로 제공해야 하는 문제가 발생한다.따라서 본 논문에서는 컴포넌트에 다양성을 제공하기 위해 다양한 도메인을 분석하여 컴포넌트를 설계하기 위한 기법보다는 다양한 도메인의 요구사항을 수용할 수 있는 장치를 제공하기 위해 컴포넌트의 가변성 설계 기법과 이런 설계 기법을 이용하여 컴포넌트를 특화(커스터마이제이션)하기 위한 기법을 제안한다. 컴포넌트의 가변성은 컴포넌트 개발(CD : Component Development) 과정에서 초기 가변성이 설계되며 가변성 적용을 위해 특화기법을 이용한다. 가변성이 적용된 컴포넌트를 이용하여 어플리케이션을 개발하는 과정에서 가변성이 재 설계될 수 있으며 이러한 과정을 통해 컴포넌트의 가변성이 진화되고 컴포넌트의 일반성이 더욱 향상될 수 있다. 일반적으로 컴포넌트의 가변성 범위는 컴포넌트 내부의 기능 변경과 컴포넌트 외부의 요구사항에 따라 컴포넌트 내부 구조가 변경되는 것으로 구분될 수 있다. 여기서는 이러한 가변성 범위에 따라 컴포넌트 내의 메시지 호출 변경을 위한 메시지 흐름(Message Flow) 설계 기법을 제안한다. The component for satisfying several domain requirements must be developed to support variety. But, when the application is developed using the component, it happens other requirements. So, it is difficult to design component to satisfy severaldomain requirements. Also, it is impossible to support the special business logic. As this problem, the component must provide to the white-box component, it is not the black-box component. So, in this paper, we propose the variability design technique and the customization technique using the design technique that can support the various requirements. This technique is not focus on designing the component to analyze various domains. The variability of the component is designed to the initial variability in the component development phase and we use the customization technique for applying the variability to developing application. The variability can be re-designed during developing the application to use the component applying the variability. The variability of the component is evolved and the generation of the component is increased via the iteration Generally, the range of the component variability is classified the function modification within the component and the component internal structure modification as requirements in the component outside. As the range of the variability, we propose the variability design technique of the behavior and the message flow. This paper proposes a message flow design technique for modifying function call.

개체 변이가 큰 약물 (highly variable drug)의 생물학적동등성 시험을 위한 실험설계 및 평가방법

백인환,성수현,권광일 한국임상약학회 2009 한국임상약학회지 Vol.19 No.1

Highly variable drugs (within-subject variability greater than 30%) have been difficult to meet current regulatory acceptance criteria using a reasonable number of study subjects. In this study, we reviewed previous studies presenting alternative approaches for bioequivalence evaluation of highly variable drugs, and focused on an approach for widening the bioequivalence acceptance limits using within-subject variability. We discussed the suggested five solutions for highly variable drug including the deletion of Cmax of the bioequivalence criteria, direct expansion of bioequivalence limit, multiple dose studies in steady state, bioequivalence assessment on the metabolite, add-on study, and widening the bioequivalence acceptance limits based on reference variability. The methods for widening of bioequivalence limits based on reference variability are scaled average bioequivalence containing within-subject variability on reference drug (σWR), population bioequivalence derived from total variability on reference drug (σTR) and test drug (σTT), and individual bioequivalence derived from subject by formulation interaction variability (σD) and within subject variability on reference drug (σWR) and test drug (σTR). To apply these methods, the switching variability (σ0) will have to be set by the regulatory authorities. The proposals of bioequivalence evaluation approach for the highly variable in Korea are presented for both of new drug and reevaluation drug.

제품군의 변산성과 긍정-부정서술문이 신제품의 속성추론에 미치는 영향

이국희(Guk-Hee Lee),이형철(Hyung-Chul O. Li),김신우(ShinWoo Kim) 한국HCI학회 2014 한국HCI학회 학술대회 Vol.2014 No.2

사람들은 유사성과 호환성이 높은 제품들 간에는 공유하는 속성이 있을 것이라고 쉽게 추론하는 반면, 그렇지 않은 제품들에 대해서는 공유하는 속성이 있을 것이라고 추론하기 어렵다. 이는 유사성이 높은 제품들에 대해서는 주관적인 변산성이 낮아지고, 유사성이 낮은 제품들에 대해서는 주관적인 변산성이 높아졌기 때문이다. 본 연구는 제품군의 변산성이 신제품의 속성추론에 미치는 효과를 관찰하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 여섯 가지 다양한 제품범주(가구, 교통수단, 의류, 무기, 전자제품, 화학제품)를 수집하였고, 각 범주마다 낮은 변산 제품예시와 높은 변산제품예시 (참가자 내 낮은 변산 조건 vs. 높은 변산 조건)를 표집하였다. 또한 제품속성의 서술방식을 긍정서술문과 부정서술문 (긍정서술문 vs. 부정서술문)으로 구분하여 제품군의 변산성과 함께 추론에 미치는 영향이 있는지 확인하였다. 결과적으로 제품군의 변산이 낮을 때는 긍정-부정 서술문 모두에 대한 일반화가 상대적으로 용이하나, 변산이 높을 때는 긍정-부정 서술문 모두에 대한 일반화가 상대적으로 어렵다는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 마케팅, 소비자심리, 신제품의 사용성 평가 분야에 시사점을 가진다. People are more likely to infer that there are some sharing features among highly similar and compatible products but if they are highly different and uncompatible, people are less likely to believe that there are some sharing properties. This is because similar products decrease subjective variability of those but dissimilar products increase subjective variability of those. Present research is to confirm whether product exemplar variability affect the inference of new product’s feature. To this research, we collected various six product categories(furniture, vehicles, clothes, weapons, electronics, chemicals) and then sampled low variability and high variability product examples per each categories (low variability example condition vs. high variability example condition). Furthermore, we used positive and negative predicates to present products’ feature in order to explore whether different predicates influence feature inference and there are some interaction between product exemplar variability and predicates. As a result, we confirmed people are more likely to generalize the feature to a new product when product exemplars had low variability, whereas people are less likely to apply the feature to a new product when those has high variability. These results have diverse implications on marketing, consumer psychology, and new product usability.

변동성 기반 대기행렬 이론을 이용한 조선 생산계획 및 조달계획 데이터 분석

곽동훈(Dong Hoon Kwak),유상현(Sang Hyeon Yu),우종훈(Jong Hun Woo),박중구(Jung Goo Park) 대한산업공학회 2020 대한산업공학회지 Vol.46 No.6

In order to establish an accurate production plan, the net working time must be determined in consideration of unit working time and production volume, then the production time must be determined in consideration of the appropriate allowance time with the net working time. However, since the unit working time of shipbuilding is inaccurate and there are many difficulties in calculating the production volume, most shipyards are following the top-down procedure based on the past ship’s production records. In addition, shipyards have very large variability affecting production time, such as delay and waiting, because human factors dominate. Nevertheless, there has been little scientific analysis of this variability. Variability is a kind of statistical variable. When applied to a production system in combination with the queuing theory, it is possible to analyze the production process through scientific analysis and draw productivity improvement because it is possible to analyze the variability considering production time and process capability. Researches on variability have been applied to mass production industries such as automobile production. The target of most researches of variability in the mass production industry is to reduce the variability of production time to secure higher productivity with the given production resources. However, in the case of the shipbuilding industry, the variability in production time is very high and difficult to control compared to the mass production industry. So, queuing analysis with high variability never has been studied in shipbuilding. In this study, the quantitative variability level of the shipbuilding of Korea is investigated through the queuing analysis with variability with respect to the schedule and procurement plan of the shipyard, and the scientific analysis is conducted for the analysis of the relationship between the productivity and the composition of shipyard production resources.

변이성과 변이 추론의 지도를 위한 지식

고은성,이경화 대한수학교육학회 2010 수학교육학연구 Vol.20 No.4

Researchers have suggested that educators have to focus their attention on variability and reasoning about variation as means of developing students' statistical thinking in school mathe- matics. This paper investigated knowledge for the teaching of variability and reasoning about variation; what are sources of variability, how to cope with variability, what are types of variability, how to recognize variability, and the relationship between statistical problem solving and variability. The results involve: discussion on the sources of variability and how to cope with variability promotes students' awareness of different types of variability and students' motivation in the following steps in the statistical activity; emphasis on reasoning about variation in teaching representation of data accords with objectives of statistics education; reexamination of curriculum for statistics education is needed, which has a content-oriented arrangement. 학교수학에서 학생들의 통계적 사고를 개발하고 향상시키기 위한 수단으로 많은 선행 연구들은 변이성에 주목하고 변이 추론을 지도할 것을 제안한다. 이 논문에서는 변이성과 변이 추론을 지도하는데 필요한 지식을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 변이성의 근원은 무엇인지, 변이성에 대한 대처 방식은 무엇인지, 변이성의 유형에는 어떠한 것이 있는지, 변이성을 어떻게 인지하게 되는지, 변이성과 문제해결과는 어떠한 관련이 있는지 살펴보았다. 연구 결과 통계적 활동에서 변이성의 근원과 변이성에 어떻게 대처할 것인지에 대한 토론은 학생들로 하여금 다양한 유형의 변이성을 인지하도록 하고 이후 통계적 활동에 적극적으로 참여하도록 하는 동기부여가 될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 자료의 표현 지도에서 변이 추론을 강조하는 것이 통계교육에 좀더 부합하는 방향임을 확인하였다. 학교수학에서 다루어지는 변이성의 유형, 그리고 문제해결과 변이성에 대한 검토는 내용요소 중심의 통계교육과정 배열에 대한 반성의 기회를 제공하였다.

일반인구의 심박동수 변이의 결정인자들

전형준,김상섭,성지동,백도명 대한순환기학회 2001 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.31 No.1