18세기 국어 부정문 연구

박형우 한민족어문학회 2011 韓民族語文學 Vol.0 No.59

본고는 18세기의 국어 자료에서 부정문을 분류하여 유형과 그 비율, 서술어의 형태론적 특징에 따라 정밀하게 살피고, 그 변화의 양상과 원인에 대해서 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 18세기 국어 부정문이 갖는 특징을 간단히 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 18세기에 들어서면서 전반적으로 이전 시기에 비하여 장형부정문화의 경향이 보다 강화된 것으로 보인다. 둘째, 18세기 자료에서는 장형부정문화의 경향이 ‘아니’ 부정문보다도 ‘못’ 부정문에서 더 강하게 나타나고 있다. 셋째, 자료 특성과 관련하여 사서언해와 역학서에서 장형부정문화의 경향이 강하게 진행된 것으로 보인다. 넷째, ‘아니’, ‘못’ 부정문 모두 서술어의 형태적 조건에 따라 ‘합성어>파생어>단일어’ 순으로 장형부정문의 비율이 나타난다. The purpose of this paper is to get characteristics about Korean negative sentences in the 18th century Korean literatures. The method of this paper is to classify and collect statistics of negative sentences in the 18th century Korean literatures, then to reclassify according to morphological characteristics of predicates. This paper explain the feature and reason of the change of Korean negative sentences in the 18th century by these methods. The result of this paper is as follow. Firstly, the tendency of long forms of negative sentences was stronger than before in the 18th century. Secondly, the tendency of long forms advanced faster in 'mot' negative sentences than 'ani' negative sentences. Thirdly, according to the 18th century Korean literatures, there was a little difference in the tendency of long forms. Specially such tendency had more influences on 『Saseoeonhae』 and Translation books. Finally, the tendency of long forms was concerned with the morphologic construction of predicates in negative sentences. A degree of the tendency was as follow. "compound words > derivative words > single words".

Translating Korean Negation : Based on the Lexically Layered Model

Won, Hohyeuk,Kim, Hyoungyoub 한국중앙영어영문학회 2017 영어영문학연구 Vol.59 No.4

This study explores the hierarchy of negative prefixes in English and Korean. English prefixes could be divided into class Ⅰ affixes and class Ⅱ affixes. Korean short-form negation has five limitations of prefixes, and Korean short-form negation has broader productivity, precedes negative prefixes, works in post-lexical boundary, and has word boundary. However, Korean negative prefixes have few applications and cannot transgress short-form negation, work in lexical boundary, and has syllable boundary. We could consider Korean short-form negation as a class Ⅱ affixes and Korean negative prefixes as a class Ⅰ affix. We also could apply this hierarchy to Korean-English translation&interpretation. With regards to long-form negation working in sentence boundary as class Ⅲ negation, the model matches each language’s negation to other language’s negation. If there are no appropriate expressions in one category, we move to a higher boundary. However, in spoken text, we return to class Ⅱ affixes when translating English to Korean because short-form negations are used more commonly in spoken text than long-form negations.

<번역소학>의 부정문 연구

박형우 청람어문교육학회 2004 청람어문교육 Vol.30 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to get knowledge about characteristics of negative sentences in 『Beonyeoksohak』. This paper is described by analyzing all negative sentences in 『Beonyeoksohak』, and by comparing with characteristics of negative sentences in the Middle Korean. Firstly, the long forms are used more than the short forms in negative sentences of 『Beonyeoksohak』 not only /ani/ negative sentences but also /mot/ negative sentences. Secondly, in a point of a word class, there are more restrictions on forming the short forms than the long forms. Thirdly, the short forms are restricted on forming negative sentences with complex words or compound words. But the long forms are not restricted on forming negative sentences. Finally, in compound words case having a noun root, negative sentences are constructed as 'noun root + Neg. + verb root'. This pattern might be related with the phenomena of restriction for forming the short forms and increase of the long forms. 본고는 『번역소학』에 나타나는 부정문의 특징을 그 형성 제약 측면에서 밝히고자 한 것이다. 권6에서 권10 전체의 부정문을 분석하여 중세국어의 전반적인 부정문과 비교하며 그 특징을 밝혔다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째 『번역소학』에 나타나는 부정문의 경우 ‘아니’ 부정문과 ‘몯’ 부정문 모두 단형부정문에 비하여 장형부정문의 비율이 매우 높다. 둘째, 일반적인 현대국어의 부정문 제약과 마찬가지로 장형부정문에 비하여 단형부정문 형성에서 품사에 따른 제약이 많은 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 몇몇 예외는 있지만, 파생어나 합성어가 부정문에 쓰일 경우 단형부정문에서와는 달리, 장형부정문 형성에는 제약이 없었던 것으로 보인다. 넷째, 체언 어근을 갖는 복합어의 경우 ‘체언어근+부정소+용언어근’ 형식의 부정문을 형성하게 되는데, 이러한 부정문의 형성은 단형부정문 형성의 제약과 장형부정문화의 경향을 반영하는 것이라 할 수 있다.

『번역소학』의 부정문 연구

박형우 청람어문교육학회 2005 청람어문교육 Vol.30 No.-

본고는 『번역소학』에 나타나는 부정문의 특징을 그 형성 제약 측면에서 밝히고자 한 것 이다. 권6 에서 권10 전체의 부정문을 분석하여 중세국어의 전반적인 부정문과 비교하며 그 특징을 밝혔다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 『번역소학』 에 나타나는 부정문의 경우 ‘아니’ 부정문과 ‘??’ 부정문 모두 단형부정문에 비하여 장형부정문의 비율이 매우 높다. 둘째, 일반적인 현대국어의 부정문 제약과 마찬가지로 장형부정문에 비하여 단형부정문 형성에서 품사에 따른 제약이 많은 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 몇몇 예외는 있지만, 파생어나 합성어가 부정문에 쓰일 경우 단형부정문에서와는 달리, 장형부정문 형성에는 제약이 없었던 것으로 보인다. 넷째, 체언 어근을 갖는 복합어의 경우 ‘체언어근+부정소+용언어근’ 형식의 부정문을 형성하게 되는데 이러한 부정문의 형성은 단형부정문 형성의 제약과 장형부정문화의 경향을 반영하는 것이라 할 수 있다. The purpose of this paper is to get knowledge about characteristics of negative sentences in 『Beonyeoksohak』 . This paper is described by analyzing all negative sentences in 『Beonyeoksohak』 , and by comparing with characteristics of negative sentences in the Middle Korean. Firstly, the long forms are used more than the short forms in negative sentences of 『Beonyeoksohak』not only /ani/ negative sentences but also /mot/ negative sentences. Secondly, in a point of a word class, there are more restrictions on forming the short forms than the long forms. Thirdly, the short forms are restricted on forming negative sentences with complex words or compound words. But the long forms are not restricted on forming negative sentences. Finally, in compound words case having a noun root, negative sentences are constructed as 'noun root + Neg. + verb root'. This pattern might be related with the phenomena of restriction for forming the short forms and increase of the long forms.

『번역소학』과 『소학언해』에 나타난 부정문의 비교 연구

박형우 한민족어문학회 2004 韓民族語文學 Vol.44 No.-

The purpose of this papaer is to explain the characteristics of negative sentences in Beonyeoksohak and Sohakeonhae, in a point of the diachronic changes and styles. This two books are representative reference of Korean Language history in 16th century. The result of this paper is as follow. Firstly, the tendency of the long forms governed negative sentences in 16th century. The long forms were more in 『Sohakeonhae』than Beonyeoksohak. Secondly, this tendency may be cause by the restrictions of forming the short forms with complex words and compound words. Thirdly, the tendency of long forms did not gorven all negative sentences. Exceptionally negative sentences related with the situation of conversation maintained the short forms. Fourthly, the formal change of '아니' appeared in Sohakeonhae. And omissions of '--' occurred more frequently in Sohakeonhae than Beonyeoksohak. Fifthly, "不在, 不有, 未有" and "不知, 未知" of Chinese writing in Sohak were translated literally as negative sentences in So- hakeonhae. And occasionally "無" and others words related with negative meaning were translated freely as negative sentences in Beonyeoksohak

Grammatical Judgment of Korean Short-form Negation as Prefix

Hohyeuk Won,Hyoungyoub Kim 한국중원언어학회 2018 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.48

This study aims to do a research for the judgement of the grammaticality of the short-form negation sentences through SNGM following hierarchical constrains within the theoretical framework of Optimality approach. Unlike long-form negation, the expressions including short-form negations that could act as prefixes show the patterns of distributional limitations with derivatives, compound words, long-syllable words, Sino-Korean words, and idiomatic expressions. However, in these days, some people show that they seem to feel comfortable though they even add short-form negations with those limited expressions; moreover, the previous studies could not find how to explain this phenomenon. Following the survey, we statistically discover the fact that as the predicate forms include more and more limitations, they hardly allow the attachment of short-form negation, and the number of accepted cases in the survey questionnaire is significantly recessed. In addition, we come across the result that there exists the hierarchy among the limitations. Idiomatic expressions are the hardest criterion when short-form negations tend to get combined. In the case of other limitations, Sino-Korean words, compound words, long-syllable words, and derivatives follow it.

형용사의 장형 부정 선호 현상의 동기

정연주 한국어의미학회 2017 한국어 의미학 Vol.57 No.-

This paper investigates the reasons why Korean adjectives prefer the long-form negation to the short one. The investigation suggests: 1) Adjectives go well with degree adverbs. When negated, a degree adverb causes semantic ambiguity. There is context where long-form negation should be adopted to include the degree adverb in question under the negation scope. 2) Usually an adjective expresses the speaker’s subjective assess on someone or something, and subjective assess always implies conflicts with others’ evaluation. As the speaker’s intention of negation tends to be less clear and gentle in long-form negation, generally Korean speakers prefer using long-form negation to using short-form negation with adjectives. 3) In many cases an adjective has its counterpart, an antonym on the semantic scale, and it is posited that they are located on the ends of this scale; one on an end and the other on the other end. If one desires to point between the two extremes, s/he should negate both of them. Here the speaker uses long-form negation with the enclitic(bojosa) do. 4) Of adjectives, there are a few with an antonym without scalar, a pair of complementary opposite. When one of the pair negated in short form, the derived meaning is identical to the antonym’s. That’s why the existence of complementary opposites blocks the use of short-form negation in adjectives. On the other hand when it comes to long-form negation, its wider scope and hedging the intention of negation excludes the possibility of blocking.

국어 방언의 확인물음

이기갑(Kigap Lee) 사단법인 한국언어학회 2012 언어학 Vol.0 No.62

In this paper I have looked into the phenomenon of dialectal division depending on how the confirmative question is put. What have been discussed in this paper is as follows: (1) Depending on the way the confirmative question is put, Korean dialects can be distinguished between areas where long-form negative construction is used and areas where short-form negative construction is used. Gyeongnam dialect and Southern Jeonnam dialect, in particular, can be distinguished from other dialects by the fact that they use only the short-form negative construction. Such regional division in confirmative question forms is closely related to the frequency of use of the two negative constructions in the region. This is because in a region where the long-form negative construction is used frequently, there shows a tendency that the long-form negative construction will be used in the confirmative questions as well. (2) The phenomenon where ‘-ji anh-’ contracts into ‘-janh-’ occurs mostly in the Middle dialect of Gyeongbuk dialect, whereas in the Jeonbuk dialect or Northern Jeonnam dialect incompletely contracted forms such as ‘jan heo-’ are used. However there is a tendency that ‘-janh-’ is used even in these latter dialects due to the infusion of Standard Korean. Such a tendency is manifested in ‘-janha’ form which combines with the ending ‘-a,’ and is often observed in women’s speech. (3) Gyeongnam dialect and Jeonnam dialect, both of which typically use the short-form negative construction in confirmative questions, when compared to each other show significant differences. Confirmative questions in short-form negative construction, used in Southeastern dialects including Gyeongnam dialect, are formally identical to the general short-form confirmative construction except for the intonation. On the other hand, ‘an’ which is used in confirmative questions in short-form negative construction found in Jeonnam dialects comes after the word and can be used multiple times in one sentence. Also if falling intonation is maintained in the confirmative question, ‘an’ may even be omitted. ‘An’ in Jeonnam dialects has the function of urging the action of the hearer when used in suggestive or imperative sentences, and not in interrogative sentences. In this respect ‘an’ in Jeonnam dialects differs greatly from the negative word ‘an’ used in negative questions both in its function and distribution, and therefore can be said that it is restructured into grammatical morpheme of ‘confirmative questioning’ and ‘action urging.’

20세기 전기 구어 자료에서의 "안" 부정법

정연주 ( Yeon Ju Jeong ),정경재 ( Kyeong Jae Chung ),홍종선 ( Jong Seon Hong ) 민족어문학회 2015 어문논집 Vol.- No.75

이 논문은 20세기 전기의 구어 자료를 대상으로 하여 당시의 ‘안’ 계열 부정문이 보이는 형태적·분포적·기능적 특성을 살핀 것이다. 형태적 특성으로는 구형인 ‘아니’형이 동시기의 문어 자료에 비해 뚜렷하게 적은 비율로 실현되고 있다는 것, 또 ‘아니’형이 단형 부정보다 장형 부정에서 덜 쓰이고 있으며 장형 부정문에서 ‘아니’형이 쓰인 예 중 의문 어미가 이어지는 경우는 보이지 않는다는 것, 또장형 부정의 ‘아니’는 동사보다 형용사에서 덜 쓰이고 있다는 것을 지적하였다. 분포적 특성으로는 동사에 비해 형용사에서 단형 부정이 극도로 잘 쓰이지 않는다는 것, 또 부정부사의 어근 분리 현상이 동시기 문어 자료에 비해 아주 드물게 보인다는 것을 지적하였다. 기능적 측면에서는 부정적 전제 확인 기능이 장형 부정 형식으로 실현된 비율이 오늘날보다 높게 나타나고 있다는 것을 지적하였다. This thesis analyze the morphological, distributional and functional characteristics of the ``an`` type negative sentences in the first part of the twentieth century, based on the spoken language data. The data shows that morphologically, the old form ``ani`` was noticeably less frequently realized, compared its usage in the written language data of the era. Moreover, ``ani`` is less frequently used in the long-form negation than in the short-form negation. When ``ani`` is used in sentences with the long-form negation, it is not followed by interrogative endings and ``ani`` in sentences with the long-form negation are less frequently used in adjectival verbs than in action verbs. In terms of distribution, this study concludes that short-form negations are rarely used in adjectival verbs in comparison to action verbs and that root-separation of the negative adverb is seldom found in spoken language, when compared to written data. This study further shows that the confirmative function of the negative presupposition is realized more frequently through the long-form negation.

Distribution of Sentential Negation in Korean: A Corpus-based View

이선영 현대문법학회 2012 현대문법연구 Vol.67 No.-

In spite of numerous theoretical studies on sentential negation in Korean (an V for short form negation and V-ci anh for long form negation) in the literature, much of the discussion has focused on its abstract features, relying on the researcher`s intuition or introspective judgment of limited sources. This paper presents an empirical observation by investigating the actual distribu- tion of sentential negation in corpus, based on the Sejong Spoken Corpus. Two analyses of sentential negation were done: frequency analysis and compatibility with predicate types. The frequency analysis revealed that long form negation was used more often than short form negation. The analysis in terms of compatibility with predicate types showed that long form negation appeared more frequently with Sino-Korean predicates and with adjectival predicates than short form negation. The findings were discussed in relation to register variation and discourse strategies.