사회적 배제자들에게 쾌락재는 기부를 자극시키는가?

오민정(Oh, Min Jung),박기경(Park , Kikyung),박종철(Park, Jong Chul) 한국문화산업학회 2017 문화산업연구 Vol.17 No.3

본 연구는 사회적 배제(배제 vs. 통제)조건에서 제품유형이 준거기준으로 제시되었을 때 기부의도에 미치는 영향을 살펴봄과 동시에 수혜자의 표정(슬픔 vs. 기쁨)에 따라 기부자의 기부설득에 미치는 태도가 어떻게 달라지는지를 파악하였다. 즉 기존 선행연구에 따르면, 쾌락적 제품을 구매한 기부자들의 부의도가 높았으며, 수혜자의 슬픈 표정이 기부자들의 동정심을 자극하여 기부행동을 높여주었다. 하지만 아직까지 사회적 배제상황에서의 제품유형과 수혜자의 표정에 따른 조절효과를 살펴본 연구가 없으며 특히 본 연구에서는 제품유형을 준거기준으로 제시하여 선택맥락효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 하지만 연구결과 사회적 배제 조건에서 제품유형은 기부의도에 영향을 미치지 않았고, 수혜자의 표정 역시 조절변수로서 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이러한 조절상황을 보다 심도 있게 분석하기 위해 제품이 실용적인지 쾌락적인지, 또한 수혜자의 표정이 슬픈 표정인지 기쁜 표정인지에 따라 기부의도가 어떻게 달라지는지를 검증하기 위해 삼원상호작용 효과를 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 흥미롭게도 제품유형과 수혜자의 표정이 동시에 기부의도에 영향을 미치고 있었는데 특히 사회적 배제 집단에게서 그 차이가 뚜렷이 나타났다. 구체적으로, 사회적배제집단의 기부자들이 실용적 제품을 준거기준으로 제시받았을 때는 수혜자가 웃는 표정을 보일 때 기부의도가 높아진 반면, 쾌락적 제품을 먼저 접한 기부자들의 경우는 슬픈 표정의 수혜자에게 높은 기부의도 성향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of product type on the donation intention when the product type is presented on the basis of social exclusion(exclusion vs control) and to examine the attitude toward donor`s donation persuasion according to the recipient`s facial expression(sadness vs happy). According to the previous study, donors who purchased hedonic products had a high degree of donation intention, and the sad facial expression of the recipient stimulated the sympathy of the donors and increased donation. However, there is no study on the effect of product type and recipient"s facial expression on social exclusion. Especially in this study we tried to confirm the effect of selective context by presenting product type as reference. But, in the social exclusion condition, the product type did not affect the donation intention and the recipient"s expression did not affect as a moderating variable either. However, in order to analyze the moderating situation more deeply, we examined the effect of 3-way interaction to test whether the product is utilitarian or hedonic and whether the recipient`s facial expression is sad or happy. As a result, interestingly, the product type and the recipient`s expression influenced donation intention at the same time, especially in the social exclusion group. In particular, donors of the social exclusion group are more likely to donate when the recipient shows a smiling face when the utilitarian product, but in the case of donors who have first experienced hedonic products are more likely to donate when the recipient shows a sad expression. 본 연구는 사회적 배제(배제 vs. 통제)조건에서 제품유형이 준거기준으로 제시되었을 때 기부의도에 미치는 영향을 살펴봄과 동시에 수혜자의 표정(슬픔 vs. 기쁨)에 따라 기부자의 기부설득에 미치는 태도가 어떻게 달라지는지를 파악하였다. 즉 기존 선행연구에 따르면, 쾌락적 제품을 구매한 기부자들의 부의도가 높았으며, 수혜자의 슬픈 표정이 기부자들의 동정심을 자극하여 기부행동을 높여주었다. 하지만 아직까지 사회적 배제상황에서의 제품유형과 수혜자의 표정에 따른 조절효과를 살펴본 연구가 없으며 특히 본 연구에서는 제품유형을 준거기준으로 제시하여 선택맥락효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 하지만 연구결과 사회적 배제 조건에서 제품유형은 기부의도에 영향을 미치지 않았고, 수혜자의 표정 역시 조절변수로서 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이러한 조절상황을 보다 심도 있게 분석하기 위해 제품이 실용적인지 쾌락적인지, 또한 수혜자의 표정이 슬픈 표정인지 기쁜 표정인지에 따라 기부의도가 어떻게 달라지는지를 검증하기 위해 삼원상호작용 효과를 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 흥미롭게도 제품유형과 수혜자의 표정이 동시에 기부의도에 영향을 미치고 있었는데 특히 사회적 배제 집단에게서 그 차이가 뚜렷이 나타났다. 구체적으로, 사회적배제집단의 기부자들이 실용적 제품을 준거기준으로 제시받았을 때는 수혜자가 웃는 표정을 보일 때 기부의도가 높아진 반면, 쾌락적 제품을 먼저 접한 기부자들의 경우는 슬픈 표정의 수혜자에게 높은 기부의도 성향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of product type on the donation intention when the product type is presented on the basis of social exclusion(exclusion vs control) and to examine the attitude toward donor`s donation persuasion according to the recipient`s facial expression(sadness vs happy). According to the previous study, donors who purchased hedonic products had a high degree of donation intention, and the sad facial expression of the recipient stimulated the sympathy of the donors and increased donation. However, there is no study on the effect of product type and recipient"s facial expression on social exclusion. Especially in this study we tried to confirm the effect of selective context by presenting product type as reference. But, in the social exclusion condition, the product type did not affect the donation intention and the recipient"s expression did not affect as a moderating variable either. However, in order to analyze the moderating situation more deeply, we examined the effect of 3-way interaction to test whether the product is utilitarian or hedonic and whether the recipient`s facial expression is sad or happy. As a result, interestingly, the product type and the recipient`s expression influenced donation intention at the same time, especially in the social exclusion group. In particular, donors of the social exclusion group are more likely to donate when the recipient shows a smiling face when the utilitarian product, but in the case of donors who have first experienced hedonic products are more likely to donate when the recipient shows a sad expression.

혼합현실로서의 가상현실과 몸

이은아 ( Lee Eunah ) 한국환경철학회 2018 환경철학 Vol.0 No.25

본고는 가상현실에 대한 탈육화론적 접근 방식을 비판하고, 혼합현실 패러다임에 근거하여 가상현실-수용자 관계의 핵심이 몸에 있음을 제시하고자 한다. 또한 이를 통해 가상현실-수용자 몸의 관계가 구축하는 현실, 환경, 시공간이 체험적이고 지각적인 것이며, 유동적, 확장 가능한 것임을 밝히고자 한다. 가상현실은 디지털 이미지의 극화된 형태로서 비물질성, 가상성 등의 특성과 시뮬레이션, 원격현전, 몰입과 같은 메커니즘에 기반한다. 그리고 이러한 메커니즘은 수용자와의 관계를 필연적으로 상정한다. 디지털 이미지, 가상현실 체험을 분석하는 기존의 논의들은 이 이미지의 상호작용적인 특성과 수용자와의 관계를 고려하면서도 수용자 몸의 문제를 배제하거나 간과해왔다. 가상현실과 수용자의 관계를 정확히 규명하기 위해서는 수용자 몸의 문제를 적극적으로 탐구해야 하며, 이를 위해서는 인간, 기술, 세계의 관계를 육화 관계로 바라보는 혼합현실 패러다임이 요구된다. 이 기술적 이미지의 체험은 이미지라는 가상과 수용자라는 현실의 혼합이며, 몸은 이 혼합관계에 있어 인터페이스의 역할을 담당한다. 인터페이스로서의 몸은 이미지를 완성시키고 수용자 자신의 몸을 활성화시킬 뿐 아니라 실재와 시공간 그리고 환경의 확장을 가져온다. This paper criticizes the disembodiment approach to virtual reality and suggests that virtual reality-recipient relationship is based on mixed reality paradigm. In addition, it is aimed to clarify that the reality, environment, and time and space which the relationship between the virtual reality and the recipient forms are experiential and perceptual, and are fluid and expandable. As a dramatized form of digital image, virtual reality is based on features such as immateriality and virtuality and mechanisms such as simulation, telepresence, and immersion. And this mechanism inevitably assumes the relationship with the recipient. Taking into consideration the interactional characteristics of the images and the relationship with the recipient, existing discussions analyzing the digital image and virtual reality experiences have excluded or overlooked the issue of the recipient's body. In order to accurately identify the relationship between the virtual reality and the recipient, it is necessary to actively explore the issue of the recipient's body. To this end, a mixed reality paradigm is required to view the relationship between human, technology, and the world as an embodiment or embodied relationship. The experience of this technological image is a mixture of virtual reality of images and the reality of the recipient, and the body plays the role of an interface in this mixed relationship. The body as an interface not only completes the image and activates the recipient’s own body, but also brings about the expansion of reality, time and space and environment.

자연발정견(發情犬) 및 인공발정유도견(人工發情誘導犬)에서 수정란이식(受精卵移植)

김용준,Kim, Yong-jun 대한수의학회 1994 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.34 No.2

To study the conditions to enhance success of embryo transfer in the dog, 20 mixed-breed bitches were used for the experiment along with 4 male dogs for mating. The bitches were paired according to synchronism of natural estrus, or the counterpart as donor or recipient was treated with gonadotropin as FSH (follicular stimulating hormone) or PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin) for induction of estrus to be synchronized with estrus of the other bitch in natural estrus. Embryo recovery was performed in two ways for comparison, either by flushing each uterine horn after ovariohysterectomy or by flushing each horn in the state of non-ovariohysterectomy. In addition, the result of pregnancy according to the embryo stage and the repeatability of the experimental animals as donor or recipient were also investigated. FSH or PMSG was administered to the bitches which had passed over 4 months from last estrus, resulting in estrus-positive in 3 dogs of 6 FSH-treated dogs (50.0%), and in 5 dogs of 9 PMSG-treated dogs (55.6%), determined by proestrus signs and vaginal smear test. Estrus-positive bitches induced with gonadotropin were used as donor or recipient resulting in one embryo-recovered bitch as donor and one offspring-delivered bitch as recipient in 5 PMSG-treated dogs, whereas no result was obtained from 3 FSH-treated dogs. The rate of embryo recovery to be compared with number of corpus luteum was 68.2% in ovariohysterectomized dogs and 55.2% in non-ovariohysterectomized dogs, respectively. The number of dogs from which embryo was collected were 4 dogs of 6 ovariohysterectomized dogs (66.7%) and 6 dogs of 7 non-ovariohysterectomized dogs (85.7%), respectively. The result of parturition was obtained from one dog of 5 estrus-induced recipients, whereas no result was obtained from 3 natural-estrus recipients. The only dog which delivered a male puppy had been transferred 3 morulae and 2 blastocysts. Of 6 repeat-used bitches in canine embryo transfer, 3 dogs showed repeatability either as donor or recipient. These results indicated that inducing estrus of a dog with gonadotropin is feasible in canine embryo transfer to be synchronized with that of a natural-estrus dog, that embryo recovery is also possible in non-hysterectomized dogs, that the estrus-induced dog is also usable as recipient to result in parturition, and that repeat-use of a bitch as donor or(and) recipient is possible in canine embryo transfer.

모유은행 교육상담 프로그램 개발을 위한 모유 기증・수혜 촉진, 장애요인 및 개선방안 탐색

류청자,강남미,박현순,고민선 인하대학교 교육연구소 2020 교육문화연구 Vol.26 No.3

The purpose of this study is to explore the development of educational counseling programs to promote donation and increase the benefits of human milk recipients in human milk bank, by examining the guidelines and focusing-experience theory of human milk donations, recipients and human milk banks that are suitable to the cultural and social backgrounds of the Korean society. A total of 20 human milk donors (n = 10) and recipients (n = 10) were studied. This is a phenomenological qualitative study that explored the promoting factors of human milk donation and recipient benefits, the obstacles and the ways to improve them through in-depth telephone counseling. Data collection was based on a semi-structured questioning tool through review and analysis of existing literature on human milk bank. The results of the study were as follows: First, in-depth counseling had a positive effect on the psychological factors after donation for human milk donors and recipients. Second, obstacles to donation and recipient-benefits of human milk were lack of space, lack of goods, lack of information, lack of human milk bank, delivery problems, and lack of supplies. Third, there was a call for improvement of social awareness, promotion of donation and recipient-benefits of human milk, improvement in the safety of donated human milk, and development of programs including educational counseling. Over all, this study suggests developing a personalized intervention program for human milk donors and recipients that incorporates a focusing-experience psychotherapy aspect that would not only increase the donor and recipient satisfaction, but also reduce the mental burdens of the recipients based on the analysis results. 본 연구의 목적은 모유 기증, 수혜, 모유은행에 관한 가이드라인 및 포커싱체험 이론을 한국 사회의 문화적, 사회적배경에 맞게 고찰 조사하여 지역사회 모유은행의 모유 기증·수혜 활성화를 위한 교육상담 프로그램 개발을 탐색하기위함이다. 연구대상은 모유 기증자(n=10)와 수혜자(n=10) 총 20명으로 심층 전화상담을 통해 모유 기증·수혜의 촉진요인과장애요인 및 개선 방안을 탐색한 현상학적 질적 연구방법으로 이루어졌다. 자료수집은 모유은행 관련 문헌고찰 내용분석을 통해 반구조화 한 질문 도구를 기반으로 실시하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 심층상담이 모유 기증·수혜자의 촉진요인으로기증 후 심리적 요인에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 모유 기증·수혜의 장애요인으로 공간 부족, 물품 부족, 정보부족, 모유은행 부족, 배송문제, 공급량 부족 등으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 개선방안으로 사회적 인식 개선과 모유 기증··수혜의홍보, 기증모유의 안전성, 교육상담 등 프로그램 개발이 요구되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 근거로 하여 모유기증수혜 활성화를 위해 모유기증, 수혜자들의 심리적 만족감을 향상시켜주고, 기증모유 수혜자들의 심리적 부담감을덜어줄 수 있는 포커싱 체험 심리치료 관점을 추가한 모유기증, 수혜자들을 위한 맞춤식 중재프로그램 개발이 요구된다.

Two types of variation in the morphosyntactic expression of recipients of dative verbs in Korean

이한정 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2018 언어연구 Vol.35 No.3

It has been observed that a subset of dative verbs that express caused possession such as cwu- ‘give’, ceykongha- ‘offer’ and swuyeha- ‘award’ allow both dative and accusative case on their recipient arguments. These verbs contrast with caused motion verbs such as verbs of sending and throwing, which allow their recipient argument to be realized only with dative case or other oblique postpositions. This paper presents a novel, probabilistic account of the morphosyntactic expression of recipients of Korean dative verbs that can explain two types of variation that remain unexplained by previous approaches to dative verbs: speaker variation and grammatical gradience in the realization of recipients of dative verbs. It is shown that these problems can be accounted for in a unified way in terms of the relative ranking of and the distance between two conflicting constraints in Stochastic Optimality Theory (Boersma and Hayes 2001): a FAITH(REC) constraint requiring faithful expression of the recipient role (Bresnan and Nikitina 2009) and a RECIPIENT/ DIRECTCASE(REC/DC) constraint enforcing direct case more strongly on a semantically stronger type of recipients, i.e., a recipient entailed to possess a theme. This result provides new evidence for probabilistic approaches to argument realization where probabilistic constraints that relate an argument’s semantic prominence and a morphosyntactic prominence contrast (direct vs. oblique marking) play a crucial role in argument marking.

젖소 동결수정란의 비외과적 이식에 있어서 수정란의 상태 및 이시조건이 수태율에 미치는 영향

이은송,조충호,황우석,Lee, Eun-song,Jo, Choong-ho,Hwang, Woo-suk 대한수의학회 1989 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.29 No.3

This study was performed to investigate the effects of stage and quality of embryo, synchrony between donor and recipient and difficulty of transfer on pregnancy rate following non-surgical transfer of frozen-thawed bovine embryos. The results were as follows; 1. The overall pregnancy rate of this experiment was 63.4% and that of heifers(73.1%) was higher than that of cows(46.7%). 2. The pregnancy rates of recipients transferred with morulae, early blastocysts and blastocysts were 50.0%, 64.7% and 71. 4%, respectively. 3. The pregnancy rate of recipients transferred with good embryos(67.9%) was higher than that of recipients transferred with fair embryos(53.8%). 4. The pregnancy rates of embryos transferred to left and right uterine horn were 63.2% and 63.6%, respectively. 5. The pregnancy rate of recipients in estrous synchrony 0(76.2%) was higher than those of recipients in synchrony -1(55.6%) and +1(44.4%). 6. The pregnancy rate of recipients transferred with 2 embryos (71. 4%) was higher than that of recipients transferred with 1 embryo(61.8%). 7. The pregnancy rate of embryos transferred to uterine tip (72.0%) was higher than that of embryos transferred to uterine base(50.0%). 8. Ease of transfer was ranked to a scale of one to three on the basis of increasing difficulty. Transfers ranked as ease score 1 accounted for 77.8% of pregnancies and had higher pregnancy rate than ease score 2(66.7%) or 3(45.5%). 9. The pregnancy rate of recipients with excellent corpus luteum(CL) (70.0%) was higher than those of recipients with good CL(61.1%) or fair CL(61.5) %. In reviewing above results, it was considered that the factors such as embryo stage, embryo quality, estrous synchrony, corpus luteum quality, transfer site within uterus, recipient's parity and ease score affected the pregnancy rate after non-surgical transfer of frozen-thawed bovine embryos.

수혜자 특징과 행위자의 이미지 향상동기가 동료 간 도움행동에 미치는 영향

김보영(Bo Young Kim) 한국경영학회 2013 經營學硏究 Vol.42 No.1

Researchers have carried out a substantial number of studies on helping behaviors in various disciplines. In the area of organizational behaviors, employees` helping behaviors have been studies by many researchers. Most of these studies assume that employees will behave in an identical manner toward everyone else. However, in real organizations, employees behave in different manners depending on the partners. The present study investigates the motivational mechanism of employees` helping behaviors in a dyadic relationship by considering their psychological motives for helping, characteristics of recipients as social exchange partners, and interaction effects between these two factors. To explain motivational mechanism of helping behaviors, the present study is based on the motivational approach. The motivational approach assumes that helping behaviors are induced by self-oriented goals or by other-oriented goals. In particular, this study focuses on the self-oriented motivational mechanism. In the selforiented perspective, people help others with instrumental purposes such as enhancing their self-images or getting helping back from recipients in the future. The specific purposes of this study are like these. (1) I examined the effect of actor`s self-enhancement motives as a selforiented motivational orientation on helping behaviors toward a focal coworker. (2) Coworker`s characteristics which the employee perceives affect helping behaviors toward this coworker. This phenomenon can be explained by self-oriented perspective. This study suggests coworker`s characteristics as determinants of helping behaviors. By the self-oriented perspective, recipient` characteristics which are related to expectation of future rewards- ability, quality of leader-member exchange (LMX), and popularity- might affect helping behaviors. I examined the effects of these three coworker`s characteristics (ability, LMX, &popularity) on help-giving behaviors toward this coworker. (3) previous studies suggest that each motivational orientation drives people to focus their information searching and processing on different kinds of attributes. Based on this argument, the present study proposes the interaction effects between self-oriented motives and recipient`s characteristics which are related to the expectation of future rewards on helping behaviors. Data were collected using questionnaires distributed to employees and their coworkers who were working in large companies located in South Korea. A total of 148 employee-coworker dyads were used for statistical analysis. Help giver` motives and recipient` characteristics were rated by actor (help giver). Helping behaviors toward focal coworker were rated by both actor and recipient. These dependent variables rated by two sources are reported in the result. Results of this study provide several important theoretical and practical implications. First, main effect of self-enhancement motives was significant. Second, main effects of recipients` ability and popularity on helping behaviors were significant. Based on this finding, the current study suggests that receiver`s characteristics have to be considered to understand why employee helps particular coworker in the dyadic coworker relationship. Third, selfenhancement motives moderated the relationship between recipient`s characteristics and helping behaviors. Results of interaction patterns between self-enhancement motives and recipient`s characteristics are more complicated than what the hypothesis expected. Interaction patterns are different depending on recipient`s characteristics even if employee has identical selfenhancement motives. This finding means that people who have self-oriented motives might more complicatedly calculate benefit and loss from helping coworker who has specific characteristics. Findings of the current study provide guidelines to enhance helping behaviors of employees with special motivational orientations by working with coworkers who

돼지에 있어서 정소 생식세포의 이식 기법 개발

김병각,이용안,김방진,김기중,민관식,이장희,유재원,김인철,류범용 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2008 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.32 No.3

본 연구는 돼지에 있어서 정원줄기세포를 포함하는 정소세포를 recipient 돼지의 정소 내로 이식할 수 있는 기법을 개발하기 위하여 시행되었다. 공여세포는 10~14일령의 돼지로부터 채취된 정소에서 효소처리법을 이용하여 회수하였고, recipient의 정소 내로 이식하기 전 형광 마커(PHK26)로 표지하였다. 외과적 수술을 통하여 recipient 돼지부터 정소를 꺼낸 후 초음파 기기와 이식 장치를 이용하여 형광표지된 공여세포를 recipient 정소의 세정관 내로 이식하였다. 14주령의 recipient 정소에 5~7ml 의 공여 세포부유액을 주입하여 정소 내 50% 이상의 세정관 내로 새포부유액의 주입이 가능하였고, 세포부유액이 주입된 세정관 내에서 형광표지된 정소세포들이 고루 이식되어짐이 관찰되었다. 본 연구에서 개발한 이식 기법을 이용하여 효율적인 정소세포의 이식이 가능함에 따라 향후 돼지 정원줄기세포의 연구 및 활용법 개발에 획기적인 돌파구가 마련될 것으로 기대된다. The current study was designed to extend the technique of spermatogonial transplantation to economically important pig model We evaluated the efficiency of pig to pig transplantation. Donor testis cells were harvested from testes obtained at castration of 10- to 14-day-old boars and were labeled with fluorescent marker(PKH26) before transplantation. The presence of infused dye or labeled pig testicular cells was confirmed in the seminiferous tubules from recipient pig. The most effective procedure of intratubular germ cell transfer was to insert an fine needle (21~25 gauge) through the cauda epididymis and testis into the rete testis under ultrasound guidance. Infusion of 5~7ml of dye solution or cell suspension could fill the rete and up to 50% of seminiferous tubules of 14-week-old boars. Testis were examined for the presence and localization of labeled donor cells immediately after transplantation and labeled donor cells were found in numerous seminiferous tubules from recipient pig testes. These results indicate that germ cell transplantation is feasible in recipient pig testis. This study represents successful spermatogonial transplantation between individual animals in a livestock species.

Spatial Econometric Analysis of Korea’s Official Development Assistance Allocation Using Error Corrected Spatial Lag and Spatial Error Models

이재득 국립부경대학교 글로벌지역학연구소 2023 Journal of Global and Area Studies(JGA) Vol.7 No.4

This study used spatial models to analyze Korea’s official development assistance (ODA) allocation to 55 recipient countries in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, the Pacific, and Central America in the 2010s. The spatial lag model with spatial two-stage least squares estimators shows that the first-order spatially lagged dependent variable coefficient of Korea’s ODA to the ODA recipient was highly positive. The democracy level of ODA recipient countries and the world ODA of recipient countries positively influenced Korea’s ODA to recipient countries. However, the spatial error correction estimation of spatial lag and spatial error model shows that while the democracy level of the recipient countries is significant, the distance between Korea and the recipients, trade with recipients, recipients’ gross domestic product (GDP), world ODA, and foreign direct investment (FDI) to recipients does not significantly influence changes to Korea’s ODA in the short run.

혈행차단에 따른 두개골외판 이식의 생존 차이

박관규,박성근,한기환,강진성 大韓成形外科學會 1993 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.20 No.1

Difficulties arise in prediction of maintenance of the graft volume and viability of graft over time when a bone graft used for facial reconstruction. A bone-to-bone contact between the graft and the recipient bone is imporant for creeping substitution and survial of the recipient bone is important for creeping substitution and of the grafted bone. An adequate blood supply is also essential to ensure the survival of any live cells of the surface of the graft. Our study was designed to determine which one is an important factor viability of the grafted bone in Korean adult dogs : a bone-to-bone contact or overlying soft tissue. Blocks of outer table of the parietal bone were placed at the maxillae subperiostially in 4 different ways : bone-to-bone contact groups(groups Ⅰand Ⅱ)with placing a silicone membrane over the grafted bone and soft tissue contact groups(groups Ⅲand Ⅳ)with placing a silicone sheet between the grafted bone and the recipient. In groups Ⅰand Ⅲ, the cancellous surfaces of the parietal bone was placed on the recipient and the cortical surfaces were placed on the recipient in groups Ⅱ and Ⅳ. Caliper techniques were used to study the rates of volume maintenance of the grafts at 6, 12, and 20 weeks after bone grafting. The volumes of the living bone were quantified microscopically using a modified point-countiong technique. The volume is reduced in a similar rate with time in all groups. At 6 week, living bone cells increased in soft tissue contact groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ however, and increased in bone to bone contact groups Ⅰand Ⅱ at 12 and 20 weeks. there were osteoblastic proliferation and laminated mature bones in group Ⅰand Ⅱ. But osteoclasts and their associated osteolytic changes were still seen near the silicone membrane in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ, which may imply a continuing resorptive process with time. In summary, revascularization from the overlying soft tissue is important for the graft survival in early stage of the bone grafting while bone-to-bone contact may be essential in a later stage.