연구논문 : 유기농 딸기의 이화학적 품질특성

이은지 ( Eun Ji Lee ),장민선 ( Min Sun Jang ),김건희 ( Gun Hee Kim ) 한국식생활문화학회 2015 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.30 No.6

Increasing use of organically grown foods has renewed interest in the relationship between agricultural methods and food quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of organic strawberries. For this study, strawberries were measured in terms of quality characteristics, including weight, length, diameter, hunter color, soluble solid contents (SSC), moisture contents, and pH, as well as antioxidant activities, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and total phenol and flavonoid contents. Consequently, conventional strawberries showed higher weight, diameter, and L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values than organic strawberries (p<0.001). Length, moisture contents, pH, a (redness) value, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were similar (p<0.05). However, organic strawberries showed higher SSC and total flavonoid and phenol contents than conventional strawberries (p<0.001). These results indicate that there were significant differences between organic and conventional agriculture techniques.

Phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) application slows fungal growth and maintains aroma in strawberry

Mo, E.K.,Sung, C.K. Elsevier 2007 Postharvest biology and technology Vol.45 No.2

In order to investigate the effect of phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) on the extension of shelf-life and quality of strawberries, physicochemical properties and flavor changes were determined in PEA-treated strawberries (Fragaria ananassa cv. Maehyang). Fungal growth on the surface of PEA-treated strawberries during storage at 4<SUP>o</SUP>C was significantly lower than that of the control group throughout the experimental period. The weight and moisture contents of PEA-treated fruit showed a significantly lower rate of decrease than the control group. Similarly, titratable acidity and the contents of ascorbic acid and sugar were not diminished in the PEA-treated group. The aroma profile of PEA-treated strawberries stored for 15 days was similar to that of fresh strawberries. The strawberry flavor compounds identified from both groups were ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, and methyl acetate. In contrast, aroma production and the number of volatiles increased in stored strawberries (without PEA-treatment). In addition to ethyl acetate, isobutyraldehyde, isoamyl acetate, sec-n-amyl acetate, and n-butyl acetate are thought to be the major flavor compounds of stored strawberries. The results suggest that PEA can be used to prolong the postharvest life of this fruit.

The effects of aqueous chlorine dioxide or fumaric acid treatment combined with UV-C on postharvest quality of 'Maehyang' strawberries

Kim, J.Y.,Kim, H.J.,Lim, G.O.,Jang, S.A.,Song, K.B. Elsevier 2010 Postharvest biology and technology Vol.56 No.3

The combined effect of aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO<SUB>2</SUB> or fumaric acid with ultraviolet-C (UV-C) on postharvest quality of ''Maehyang'' strawberries was examined. The strawberries were treated with distilled water, 50mgL<SUP>-1</SUP>ClO<SUB>2</SUB> 0.5% fumaric acid, 5kJm<SUP>-2</SUP>UV-C irradiation, and a combination of 50mgL<SUP>-1</SUP>ClO<SUB>2</SUB>5kJm<SUP>-2</SUP>UV-C and 0.5% fumaric acid/5kJm<SUP>-2</SUP>UV-C. The combined treatment of fumaric acid/UV-C reduced the initial populations of total aerobic bacteria and yeast and molds in the strawberries by 2.25 and 2.01logCFUg<SUP>-1</SUP> respectively. Sensory evaluation results indicated that the combined treatment provided better sensory scores than did the control. These results suggest that postharvest treatments of either ClO<SUB>2</SUB>or fumaric acid with UV-C can be useful for maintaining the quality of 'Maehyang' strawberries.

유기농 딸기의 이화학적 품질특성

이은지,장민선,김건희 한국식생활문화학회 2015 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.30 No.6

Increasing use of organically grown foods has renewed interest in the relationship between agricultural methods and food quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of organic strawberries. For this study, strawberries were measured in terms of quality characteristics, including weight, length, diameter, hunter color, soluble solid contents (SSC), moisture contents, and pH, as well as antioxidant activities, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and total phenol and flavonoid contents. Consequently, conventional strawberries showed higher weight, diameter, and L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values than organic strawberries (p<0.001). Length, moisture contents, pH, a (redness) value, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were similar (p<0.05). However, organic strawberries showed higher SSC and total flavonoid and phenol contents than conventional strawberries (p<0.001). These results indicate that there were significant differences between organic and conventional agriculture techniques.

갈변억제제 처리가 신선 절단 딸기의 품질 특성에 미치는 영향

정헌식 ( Hun Sik Chung ),문광덕 ( Kwang Deog Moon ) 한국식품저장유통학회 ( 구 한국농산물저장유통학회 ) 2012 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.19 No.1

The effect of browning inhibitors on quality properties of fresh-cut strawberries was investigated. Half-cut strawberries were treated with dipping solutions alone and with combinations of 1% ascorbic acid, 1% citric acid, 1% sodium chloride, and 1% magnesium chloride, were packaged with low density polyethylene bags, and were kept for 24 hours at 4ºC. The levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the packages of the samples treated with the combined solutions were the highest and the lowest, respectively. The loss of L value and flesh firmness of fresh-cut strawberries was retarded by the combined solutions than by the dipping solutions alone. The soluble solids and pH were not affected by the browning inhibitor. These results suggest that mixture of ascorbic acid, citric acid, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride may prevent browning and softening of fresh-cut strawberries.

“플라멩고” 딸기의 수확 후 Ultraviolet-C와 이산화염소수 또는 푸마르산 병합 처리에 따른 저장 중 품질에 미치는 영향

김주연(Ju Yeon Kim),김현진(Hyun Jin Kim),임금옥(Geum Ok Lim),장성애(Sung Ae Jang),송경빈(Kyung Bin Song) 한국식품영양과학회 2010 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.39 No.1

수출용 딸기 "플라멩고" 품종의 수확 후 미생물학적 안전성 확보와 저장성 증대를 위해, 50 ppm 이산화염소수 또는 0.5% 푸마르산 용액과 5 kJ/㎡ UV-C 조사 병합처리에 따른 저장 중 미생물 수 감소 및 품질 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 비가열 처리 후, 딸기는 4±1℃에서 12일 동안 저장하면서 실험을 수행하였다. 딸기의 초기 미생물 수에 있어서 대조구와 비교하여, 푸마르산-UV-C 병합 처리구에서 총 호기성 세균과 효모 및 곰팡이를 각각 2.09, 2.02 log CFU/g 감소시켰다. 또한, 저장 12일에 푸마르산과 UV-C 병합 처리구의 효모 및 곰팡이 수는 1.72 log CFU/g으로 대조구의 5.10 log CFU/g과 비교하여 3.38 log CFU/g의 유의적인 차이로 가장 큰 감균 효과를 나타냈다. 비가열 처리구는 대조구와 비교하여 딸기의 저장 중 Hunter 색도 값에 부정적인 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 관능검사에 있어서는 병합 처리구가 대조구와 다른 처리구보다 높은 점수를 얻어 저장 중 관능적 품질유지에도 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 딸기의 종합적 기호도는 저장 5일부터 두 병합 처리구가 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 따라서 본 연구결과, 50 ppm 이산화염소 또는 0.5% 푸마르산과 UV-C 조사의 병합처리가 수확 후 딸기의 저장ㆍ유통 중에 오염될 수 있는 위해미생물의 감소와 외관적 품질유지에 효과적인 살균 처리기술이라고 판단된다. The combined effect of 50 ppm aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) or 0.5% fumaric acid with 5 kJ/㎡ ultraviolet-C (UV-C) on the postharvest quality of "Flamengo" strawberries was examined. After non-thermal treatment, the samples were stored at 4±1℃ for 12 days. The combined treatment of fumaric acid/UV-C reduced the initial populations of total aerobic bacteria and yeast and molds in the strawberries by 2.09 and 2.02 log CFU/g, respectively, compared to those of the control. In addition, after 12 days of storage the yeast and molds population in the combined treatment was 1.72 log CFU/g, compared to 5.10 log CFU/g for the control, resulting in a significant decrease of 3.38 log CFU/g. Postharvest treatments used in this study caused negligible changes in the color of the strawberries. Sensory evaluation results indicated that the combined postharvest treatment provided better sensory scores than did the control. In particular, the overall acceptability scores were higher for the combined treatment groups after 5 days of storage. These results suggest that combined treatment of either 50 ppm ClO₂ or 0.5% fumaric acid with 5 kJ/㎡ UV-C can be useful for maintaining the quality of strawberries.

A Study on the Management Efficiency of “Seolhyang” strawberries Farms Used SBM-DEA Model with Undesirable Output

Yu-Cong Sun(손우총),Shi-Yong Piao(박세영),Shuang-Yu Hu(호쌍우),Sung-Chan Kim(김성찬),Jong-In Lee(이종인) 한국산학기술학회 2021 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.22 No.7

본 연구에서는 농촌진흥청에서 조사한 ‘표준소득자료집’의 99명의 설향 딸기농가 조사사료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 이러한 자료로 SBM-DEA 모델을 활용하여 이산화탄소 배출량을 고려한 설향 딸기농가의 경영효율성 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 99명 농가 중 14명(14.14%) 농가의 기술효율성은 불변규모수익(CRS)일 경우, 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 가변규모수익(VRS)의 경우, 99명 농가 중 30명(30.3%) 농가의 순수기술효율성은 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. TEVRS 가설, TECRS 가설, SE 가설을 통해 분석한 결과, 설향 딸기농가의 평균기술효율성은 0.53, 0.35, 0.60으로 나타났다. 그리고 Tobit모형을 통해 순수기술효율성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 분석 결과 이산화탄소 배출, 난방여부, 재배면적 등 요인이 순수기술효율성에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 유기 비료의 비율은 높을수록 순수기술효율성이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 유기비료를 많이 사용할수록 순수기술효율성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 의미한다. 또한, 딸기농가의 재배경력은 순수기술효율성에 통계적으로 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 살충제 및 농약비용을 줄여야 하며, 지속가능한 딸기 생산을 위해 유기비료를 사용해야한다. 또한, 이산화탄소 배출 감소에 관한 농업정책을 설립할 필요가 있다. Ninety-nine strawberry farmers were assessed. A slacks-based and data envelopment analysis measure (SBM-DEA) of efficiency with an undesirable output was used to analyze the technical efficiency of farmers by taking carbon dioxide (CO2) as the undesirable output. Only 14 (14.14%) were technically efficient under a constant return to scale (CRS) and scale efficiency, while 30 (30.3%) households were technically efficient under variable return to scale (VRS). On average, the estimated technical efficiency scores of "Seolhyang" strawberry farmers in the study area under the technical efficiency of the CRS (TECRS) assumption, technical efficiency of the VRS (TEVRS) assumption, and scale efficiency (SE) assumption were approximately 0.35, 0.53, and 0.60, respectively. The Tobit regression model was used to identify the factors influencing the technical efficiency of "Seolhyang" strawberries. CO2 emissions, heating or not, and the land area negatively affected the technical efficiency, while the organic fertilizer ratio positively affected the technical efficiency. The effects of strawberry planting experience on the technical efficiency were not statistically significant. Therefore, agricultural policies should include measures to reducing the use of pesticides and fuels that emit high emissions and improve the use of organic fertilizers for sustainable strawberry development.

수출딸기 중 Cyenopyrafen과 Cyflumetofen의 잔류소실 특성평가 및 잔류농약 모니터링

김영진,김종환,권영상,송종욱,서종수 한국환경농학회 2017 한국환경농학회지 Vol.36 No.4

BACKGROUND: Many farmers who cultivate the strawberries for export have used agricultural chemicals which MRL (Maximum Residue Limits) of main export target countries or simultaneous multi-residue analysis in Korea have not been established. Among them, the cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen were selected and applied to this study to determine the PHI (pre-harvest interval) which is appropriate to the PLS (Positive List System) criterion (0.01 mg/kg) and to investigate the residual amounts in the samples. In addition, Fifty pesticides were monitored to check upwhether it is suitable or not formain export target countries. METHODSANDRESULTS:Cyenopyrafenand cyflumetofen were spayed out to the strawberries. Samples for residual analyseswere taken formaximum60 days.After sampling, they were extracted by the QuEChERS method and analyzed using the LC-MS/MS. Cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen were detected in a range of 0.0106 ~2.6517 mg/kg and of 0.0005~1.4480 mg/kg, respectively. From this results, they were found to be suitable for PLS concentration after 30 or 45 days after spray. In addition, they were detected in most samples that were selected at random. Their concentrations were higher than the PLS criterion in the maximum twenty samples. Twelve of pesticides unsuitable for main export target countries have been detected in the monitoring of simultaneous multi-residue analysis. The result indicates they are unsuitable for export since they excesses over PLS criterion. CONCLUSION: The monitoring result showed it is necessary to establish the pesticide standards of safe use suitable for the PLS criterion. In addition, it is considered continues management and inspection are needed to solve problems caused by unsuitable pesticides in export strawberries. 본 연구에서는 국내 320종 다성분 동시분석법에 적용되지있지 않으면서 실제 수출딸기의 농가에서 많이 사용하고 있는 cyenopyrafen과 cyflumetofen의 잔류농약 소실특성과실제 수출딸기의 잔류농도를 확인하기 위해 수행하였다. 각농약은 살포 후, 5일과 1일 이후에 국내 MRL 기준이하로 검출되었지만 cyenopyrafen는 30일, cyflumetofen는 45일이후부터 PLS 기준 이하로 검출되는 것으로 확인하였다. 따라서, 해당농약의 잔류허용기준이 설정되어있지 않은 국가에수출할 경우에는 살포 후 30일 또는 45일 경과 후에 수확하는 것이 바람직한 할 것으로 보인다. 또한, 2016년과 2017년에 총 40농가에의 수출딸기를 무작위로 채취하여 분석한 결과, cyenopyrafen은 21농가, cyflumetofen은 10농가에서주요 수출대상국의 PLS 기준을 초과하는 것으로 확인되었다. 수출딸기의 재배에 많이 사용되는 52종의 농약성분을2016년과 2017년에 총 40농가에서 시료를 채취하여 동시다성분 분석으로 모니터링 한 결과, 12종의 농약성분이 국내주요수출 국가인 홍콩과 싱가포르의 잔류허용기준에 부적합한것으로 확인하였다. 그러므로, 추후 수출딸기의 잔류농약에대한 안전성 및 신뢰성문제가 야기될 소지가 있기 때문에 각농가와 각 부처의 각별한 주의와 지속적인 지원 및 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

잉마르 베리만의 <산딸기(Wild Strawberries)>(1957): 형이상학적 그리고 실존주의적 시각화

백철호 ( Chul Ho Back ) 부산대학교 영화연구소 2013 아시아영화연구 Vol.6 No.1

스웨덴 출신의 잉마르 베리만 감독은 그의 영화 <산딸기>를 통해 인간이 보편적으로 가지는 삶의 문제들 중 고독 또는 소외와 죽음, 그리고 자기인식과 화해의 주제를 자신 특유의 형이상학과 실존주의 철학을 기반으로 시각화하고 있다. 인간의 근본적인 본질을 드러내는 형이상학과, 이 세계에 내던져진 고독한 존재인 한 개인을 다루는 실존주의의 사상이 군데군데 녹아서 그의 주제를 잘 드러내고 있다. <산딸기>는 고독하고 냉정한 의사이자 병리학자인 노인 이삭 보리가 하루 동안의 짧은 자동차 여행을 하면서 일어나는 일과 사람들과의 만남을 통해 죽음, 소외(고독), 회상, 수치, 심판, 인간관계 등을 보여주고 있다. 죽음에 관한 꿈을 시작으로 그는 자신이 당면한 죽음에 공포를 느끼면서, 그가 안고 있던 고독과 수치와 고통을 대면하고, 며느리 마리안을 포함하여 여행 중 만나는 여러 인물들과의 교류를 통해 자신을 자각한다. 그리고 자신이 겪게 되는 여러 환영을 통해 어린 시절에 대한 회상을 하게 된다. 그 시절에 있었던 엄격하고 냉정했던 부모와의 관계, 첫사랑 사라와의 연애 실패, 그리고 아내와의 결혼생활의 실패, 아들과 유대관계의 뒤틀림 등을 보여준다. 그러는 동안 그는 아직 자신이 예전의 고통스러웠던 과거를 이겨내고 새로운 인간관계의 회복 가능성과 그것에 대한 자신의 갈망을 깨닫게 되고 구원과 위안을 얻게 된다. The film director Ingmar Bergman from Sweden visualizes the themes of isolation and death, self-discovery, self-recognition, and reconciliation, based on his own metaphysics and existentialism through his film Wild Strawberries. Metaphysics revealing the fundamental nature of human beings, and existentialism that deals with an individual who is thrown into this world and lonely in it, are melted into his film and they express Bergman`s theme well enough. Wild Strawberries shows death, isolation, judgement, abandonment, turning, shame, vision and so on by the physician and pathologist Isak`s encountering the events and people during the car trip. With the dream about his death, Isak feels the fear of impending death, faces his isolation, shame, and pain, and recognizes himself through the interaction with many characters including the daughter-inlaw Marianne. And he recollects his childhood in a variety of visions he experiences. The relationship with the strict and cold parents, the failure of his first love with Sara, the failure of the marriage with his wife, and his distorted relationship with his son is revealed. After the journey, he can get over the painful past and recover new relationships, and get the redemption and consolation.

경엽 및 관주 처리에 따른 딸기 중 침투성 농약 잔류패턴 비교

이효섭 ( Hyo-sub Lee ),홍수명 ( Su-myeong Hong ),권혜영 ( Hye-young Kwon ),김단비 ( Dan-bi Kim ),문병철 ( Byeong-chul Moon ) 한국응용생명화학회(구 한국농화학회) 2017 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.60 No.4

딸기는 한국의 주요 농산물 중 하나로 매년 3,000만 달러 이상이 수출된다. 그러나 농산물 안전은 최근 농업 무역에서 중요한 요소로 작용하고 있어, 안전한 농산물을 생산하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 안전한 농산물을 생산하려면 적절하게 농약을 관리하는 것이 필수적이다. 딸기는 고설재배를 이용해 경작하는 곳이 많아지고 있는데 점적관수를 이용해 수분, 양분 및 농약을 관주 처리하여 투여하고 있다. 농약을 살포 할 때 관주 처리는 경엽처리를 사용하는 것보다 잔류농약 수준이 더 낮게 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 딸기 중 농약을 관주처리 및 경엽처리 하였을 때, 농약의 잔류량을 경시적으로 비교 하였다. 농약을 농약안전사용기준량 및 두배량으로 처리 한 후 0, 3, 6, 9, 13, 16 및 21 일에 수집한 후 -18℃ 에서 보관 하였다. 샘플을 LLE(액체-액체 추출) 및 QuEChERS의 전처리 후 LC 및 LC-MS/MS로 분석 하였다. 결과적으로 관주 처리 한 딸기는 모든 처리구에서 1 mg/kg 미만으로 검출되었다. 농약을 경엽 처리와 관주 처리 하였을 때 딸기의 잔류량 차이는 carbendazim의 경우5-27배 정도 경엽처리가 높았고, azoxystrobin은 관주처리 시 불검출 되어 비교할 수 없었다. Strawberries are one of the main commodities in Korea and have been exported over 30 million dollar. And the safety has recently become an important issue in the agro-trade, pesticide residue is most important matter of safe agricultural products. As strawberries can be cultivated using elevated production system, so it is possible to use the drenching. When spraying the pesticides, the use of drenching can be lower amount of residual than using foliar treatment. In this study, time sequential residual amount of pesticides were compared between drenching and foliar application in strawberries. Pesticides were treated with the standard and double dosage and samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, 13, 16 and 21 day and analyzed by LC and LC-MS/MS after liquid-liquid extraction and QuEChERS. Two pesticides were detected less than 1 mg/kg in all samples for drenching treatment. Carbendazim residues in drenching treatment were 5 to 25 times lower than foliar application. And azoxystrobin was not detected in strawberries of drenching treatment.