학술논문 4 : 성능형 국방규격의 활성화 방안 연구

김철수 ( Choul Su Kim ),이용문 ( Yong Moon Lee ),이승현 ( Seung Hyun Lee ),서동수 ( Dong Soo Seo ) 한국군사학회 2014 군사논단 Vol.79 No.-

Many advanced countries including the U.S. consider defense standardization as a critical task for the efficient acquisition and effective operation of weapon systems and have implemented the appropriate standardization policy by synchronizing the defense acquisition strategies and nation standardization policy with defense standardization. Therefor, it is an inevitable task to investigate the standardization trends and strategy in the domestic and international trends and strategy in the domestic and international perspectives, and it is required to develop a concrete defense standardization plan applicable to domestic detense environment. Military specification system is composed of a "detail specification" and "performance specification". However, the military specification system is mostly used by "detail specification". "Detail specification" does not reflect the advanced technology, and is required labor-intensive works in order to reduce costs and improve performance. “Performance specification” is a prevalent approach among defense standardization polices of developed countries, for the cost reduction and spin-on(of the advanced commercial technology). However, few cases of performance specifications are reported domestically. For the reason, military specification system needs a better solution. In this study, we propose that both "performance specification" and "hybrid specification" are the best solution.

국방 성능형 규격 작성 및 전환 방안에 관한 연구

최석철,송유하,Choi, Seok-Cheol,Song, Yu-Ha 한국국방경영분석학회 2007 한국국방경영분석학회지 Vol.33 No.1

성능형 규격이란 재료, 공정 등의 구체적인 사양에 대한 명시가 없이 최종적인 요구성능, 환경 및 연동되는 부분의 호환성 확보에 대한 규제만을 함으로써 우수한 민수기술의 도입을 통하여 경제적이고 높은 신뢰성을 달성하고자 활용되는 규격으로 이미 선진국에서는 많이 작성되어지고 기존의 상세형 규격의 성능형 규격 전환도 활성화되고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 우리나라의 경우 규격 작성시 성능형으로 작성토록 규정화하고 성능형 규격 작성지침을 마련하는 등 성능형 규격 작성의 활성화에 많은 노력을 기울이고 있으나 현재까지의 작성 및 활용 실적을 보면 매우 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 성능형 규격의 효과적인 작성/전환을 위하여 시장조사 방안, 무기체계개발 또는 부품국산화에 따른 성능형 규격 작성 방안, 성능형 규격 전환 방안, 성능형 규격 전환을 위한 절차와 방법, 성능형 규격과 상세형 규격의 혼합형태 활용을 제시하였다. A performance specification states requirements in terms of the required results, such as performance, environment and interchangeability, but without stating the methods for achieving the required results, such as material and process. therefore the performance specification is applied to attain economic efficiency and high reliability by using the advanced commercial Technology for the weapon systems and The development of performance specification and conversion into performance specification have been activated in the advanced nations. The Ministry of National Defence of Korea has regulated the specification to make performance type in developing specification and prepared performance specification guide. but the result of the development of and conversion into performance specification is very unsatisfactory, To efficiently develop and convert into performance specification, this study gives the way of market research, the creation of the performance specification from development of weapon system and part localization, the process and method for conversion of detail specification into performance specification, the use of hybrid type of performance and detail specification.

적정한 공간계량경제모형의 탐색

정건섭(Chung Kyounsup) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2017 인문사회과학연구 Vol.18 No.2

본 논문은 적정한 공간계량경제모형의 탐색에 있어 두 가지 서로 다른 접근 방식을 이용하여 어떤 모형이 본 연구에 사용된 자료를 가장 잘 설명하는지 그 모형을 찾는데 그 주안점을 두고 있다. Elhorst는 두 가지 방법을 소위 (i) 특정-일반 모형 접근 방식 또는 고전적 방식(the specific-to general approach or Classical approach) (ii) 일반-특정 모형 접근 방식 또는 Hendry 방식(the general-to-specific approach or Hendry approach) 구분하여 설명하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문의 목적은 공간계량모형 에 대한 새로운 방법론에 대한 설명 보다는 간단한 공간헤도닉 모형을 이용하여 두 가지 서로 다른 접근방식을 예시적으로 보여 연구자들로 하여금 각자의 자료들을 R프로그램을 이용하여 손쉽게 활용하는데 그 목적이 있다고 하겠다. 이러한 맥락에 서 공간계량경제모형에서 널리 중복되어 사용되는 모형들의 약어 및 그 출처들을 정리하여 보았다. 본 연구에 사용된 부산 84개 동 평균 주택실거래자료를 이용하여 다양한 공간계량모형들을 추정하여 본 결과 3개 이웃 가중치를(the weight of 3-nearest neighborhood) 이용한 공간자기회귀모형(SAR)이 가장 높은 설명력을 보이고 있다. This paper is trying to show the plausible specification of spatial econometric models, what is so called, two different approach. One is the specific-to general approach(Classical or Anselin approach). The other is the general-to-specific approach(Hendry or Elhorst approach). Accordingly, the purpose of this study is not to show the new methodology about the spatial econometric models, but to illustrate the procedure of two different approach in order to find the plausible specification, using simple two independent variables in spatial hedonic models. And there are a lot of specification nomenclature or abbreviation of spatial models. Therefore, we try to have a taxonomy in order to avoid the confusion about the naming of spatial models in the various spatial econometrics literature for the motivating students in this field, as best as I can. Also, direct & indirect(or spillover) effects are explained theoretically and illustrated by example in brief. To sum, this study clearly shows that the most plausible model can be identified by the two different approach. In this study using Busan real transaction housing data, the SAR is best plausible specification using the weight of 3-nearest neighborhood among the various weight matrix.

상세형 국방규격 적용을 위한 발전방안 연구: 국내 연구개발 무기체계를 중심으로

윤완균 한국국방연구원 2018 국방정책연구 Vol.34 No.3

This study is about the form of specification of R & D weapons system. As a result of the study, specifications should be made in a detailed form that ensures manufacturability, and intellectual property rights corresponding to the cost of government investment should be obtained. And the secured specification should be provided to the private sector if necessary to ensure economic efficiency and competitiveness. In addition, the specification should be written in detail, but the application of the specification should be preceded by the performance type specification, and the flexibility to utilize the excellent technology of the private sector should be secured. Finally, the government should identify the inappropriate contents of the current specification guidelines and take measures to resolve them.

특허명세서 용이실시(enablement) 요건 : 캐나다 대법원 비아그라 사건

정차호 대한변호사협회 2013 人權과 正義 : 大韓辯護士協會誌 Vol.- No.435

The patent specification must enable a skilled person to utilize the claimed invention. In determining whether a specification complies with the enablement requirement, the court normally first specifies the invention and then second decides whether the invention can be easily carried out by a skilled person. In the relevant Canadian patent, which claims a new use of sildenafil for erectile dysfunction, whose commercial version being Pfizer’s “Viagra”, the specification discloses many other compositions, one of which is sildenafil. Traditionally, in determining compliance of enablement requirement of a specification, the determination starts from the invention. Under such an approach, claim 7, which claims sildenafil is being enabled by the specification. However, because of many other compositions disclosed in the specification and claimed in claims 1 to 6, it could require extra experimentations to recognize the only effective composition, sildenafil. The Canadian Supreme Court, disregarding the traditional approach, pointed the quid pro quo of patent system, under which an applicant discloses his invention and then in return he receives patent right, and interpreted that Pfizer’s specification is hiding only one real invention behind many non-inventions. To penalize this kind of gaming, the Court revoked the patent as a whole, relying on the enablement requirement. This case highlights the necessity to delete unnecessary items from the specification, and to set claim scope in compliance with the invention itself. 특허명세서는 통상의 기술자가 청구발명을 용이하게 실시할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 명세서가용이실시 요건을 충족하는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서, 법원은 통상 먼저 발명을 특정한 후 그 다음 그발명이 통상의 기술자에 의하여 용이하게 실시될 수 있는지를 판단한다. 실데나필을 발기부전에 사용하는 새로운 용도를 청구하는 관련 캐나다 특허에서 명세서는 매우 많은 다른 조성물을 같이 제시하였고 그 중 하나가 실데나필이었다. 그 실데나필은 화이자에 의하여 ‘비아그라’라는 상표로 판매되는 것이다. 전통적으로 명세서 용이실시 요건의 충족을 판단하는 경우, 그 판단은 발명에서 출발한다. 그러한 접근법에 따르면, 실데나필을 청구하는 청구항 제7항 발명은 용이실시한 것으로 판단된다. 그러나,대상 명세서에 개시된 다른 많은 조성물 및 청구항 제1항 내지 제6항의 발명으로 인하여 통상의 기술자가 유일하게 유효한 조성물은 실데나필이라는 점을 인식하기까지 추가적인 실험이 필요할 것이다. 캐나다 대법원은, 전통적인 접근법을 무시하며, 특허제도의 핵심이 출원인이 발명을 개시하고 그 대가로 특허권을 받는 것이라고 강조하며, 화이자의 특허명세서는 다른 많은 비발명 뒤에 유일한 진짜 발명을 은닉한다고 해석하였다. 그러한 장난(gaming)에 철퇴를 가하기 위하여, 동 법원은 용이실시 요건에 근거하여 대상 특허 전체를 무효로 하였다. 본 사건은 명세서로부터 불필요한 요소를 제거할 필요성 및 발명 그 자체에 상응하는 권리범위를 책정할 필요성을 환기시키는 것이다.

과제해결원리의 동일 여부의 판단 방법

한규현 사법발전재단 2020 사법 Vol.1 No.54

Supreme Court Decision 2017Hu424 decided January 31, 2019 considers not only the known art described in the specification of a patent invention, but also the publicly known art other than the specification (the prior art), and substantially explores what is the core of the technological idea on which the solution specific to the patent invention is based in contrast to the prior art. Therefore, it grasps the problem-solving principle of the patent invention broadly or narrowly according to the degree to which the patent invention contributed to technological development, and then determines whether the problem-solving principle of the object allegedly infringing the patent invention is the same as that of the patent invention. In my opinion, it is reasonable to understand objectively by exploring the core of the technological idea on which the solution unique to the patent invention is based, compared to the known art shown in the specification of the patent invention. It is unnecessary to figure out the problem-solving principle by taking into account the prior art other than the specification. If you take into account it, there may be a risk of developing problems such as change, enlargement, reduction, or distortion of the problem-solving principle. Whether the problem-solving principle is unique compared to the prior art can be evaluated, but this does not mean that the problem-solving principle itself is broadly or narrowly identified depending on whether it is unique. Even if the prior art other than the specification is considered, it should be taken into account not in determining the width of the problem-solving principle itself, but in determining the sameness of the problem-solving principle. Even in a case where you follow the position to take into account the prior art other than the specification as the aforementioned Supreme Court Decision suggested, it is desirable to judge whether the problem-solving principle is the same as follows. ① The core of the technical idea of ​​the patent invention has to be understood based on the specification of the patent invention. ② The prior art other than the specification is considered in determining whether the problem-solving principle is the same. The width of sameness of the problem-solving principle is determined based on the extent to which the patent invention contributed to technological development, taking into account the prior art other than the specification. ③ The core of the technological idea of ​the patent invention is compared with that of the technological idea of the object allegedly infringing the patent invention. If there is no difference from the patent invention in the core of technological idea despite the changes in the composition of the object, it will be judged that the problem-solving principles of the two are the same, while if there is a difference, it will be determined that the problem-solving principles are different. 대법원 2019. 1. 31. 선고 2017후424 판결은 특허발명의 명세서에 기재된 공지기술뿐만 아니라 명세서 외 공지기술까지 참작하여 선행기술과 대비하여 볼 때 특허발명에 특유한 해결수단이 기초하고 있는 기술사상의 핵심이 무엇인가를 실질적으로 탐구하여, 특허발명이 기술발전에 기여한 정도에 따라 특허발명의 과제해결원리를 넓게 또는 좁게 파악한 다음, 과제해결원리의 동일 여부를 판단하고 있다. 사견으로는 과제해결원리는 특허발명의 명세서에 근거하여 명세서에 나타난 종래기술과 대비하여 볼 때 특허발명에 특유한 해결수단이 기초하고 있는 기술사상의 핵심을 탐구하여 객관적으로 파악함이 타당하다. 명세서 외 공지기술까지 참작하여 과제해결원리를 파악할 필요는 없다. 명세서 외 공지기술까지 참작하게 되면, 과제해결원리의 변경·확대·축소·왜곡 등의 문제가 생길 위험이 있다. 과제해결원리를 명세서 외 공지기술과 대비하여 특유한지 여부는 평가할 수 있으나, 그렇다고 하여 과제해결원리 그 자체가 특유 여부에 따라 넓게 파악된다거나 좁게 파악된다고는 할 수 없다. 명세서 외 공지기술을 참작하더라도 명세서 외 공지기술은 과제해결원리의 동일 범위 판단에 고려하여야 하고, 과제해결원리 그 자체의 광협을 정하는 데에 고려하는 것은 곤란하다. 2017후424 판결처럼 명세서 외 공지기술을 참작하는 입장에 따르는 경우에도 과제해결원리의 동일 여부 판단은 다음과 같이 운용함이 바람직하다. ① 특허발명의 기술사상의 핵심은 명세서에 기초하여 파악한다. ② 명세서 외 공지기술은 과제해결원리의 동일 범위 판단에 고려한다. 명세서 외 공지기술을 참작하여 특허발명이 그 기술발전에 기여한 정도에 따라 상위개념화 여부 및 정도를 평가하여 과제해결원리 동일 범위의 광협을 정한다. ③ 이러한 사고를 전제로, 특허발명의 기술사상의 핵심과 대상물건 등의 기술사상의 핵심을 대비한다. 대상물건 등이 구성의 변경에도 불구하고 기술사상의 핵심에서 특허발명과 차이가 없으면, 양 발명의 과제해결원리가 동일하다고 판단하고, 차이가 있으면 과제해결원리가 동일하지 않다고 판단한다.

마약류 자기사용죄에 있어서의 공소사실의 특정 -모발감정의 증거능력ㆍ증명력과 관련하여-

양동철 경희대학교 법학연구소 2009 경희법학 Vol.44 No.1

Article 254 (4) of the Criminal Procedure Act provides that “The Facts constituting the crime shall be stated clearly by specifying the time & date, place, and method of crime”. In case the facts constituting the crime(count) is not be stated clearly, the public prosecution shall be dismissed by judgement. The legislative purport of ‘count specification’ is not only set limits to object of trials, but also protect the procedural rights of defendants. For that reason the time & date, place, and method of crime in the prosecution shall be stated clearly for defendants so as to exert their procedural rights without difficulty. In the ‘illegal drug use case’, however, not a few suspects deny their crimes. In such circumstances, prosecutors have no choice but to presume the date of crime just basing urine analysis or hair analysis. So, the facts constituting the crime have to be stated generally. The Supreme Court tended to take a generous stand on the issue of ‘count specification’ in illegal drug use cases before the 2000s. However, in 1999, the Supreme Court dismissed ‘illegal drug use case’ just based on hair analysis. [Supreme Court Decision 1998Do3293 Delivered on June 11, 1999 [Violation of the Act on the Control of Narcotics, etc. (Psychotropic)]. After that, the Supreme Court tends to judge illegal drug use cases on a case by case basis. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the standpoint of the Supreme Court and suggest a manifest criterion on that issue. Issues of this paper are admissibility & reliability of hair analysis as an evidence, count specification & object of trials in the ‘illegal drug use case’ and related problems. This paper reviews leading precedents on the issues and suggests possible solutions to the problems. Article 254 (4) of the Criminal Procedure Act provides that “The Facts constituting the crime shall be stated clearly by specifying the time & date, place, and method of crime”. In case the facts constituting the crime(count) is not be stated clearly, the public prosecution shall be dismissed by judgement. The legislative purport of ‘count specification’ is not only set limits to object of trials, but also protect the procedural rights of defendants. For that reason the time & date, place, and method of crime in the prosecution shall be stated clearly for defendants so as to exert their procedural rights without difficulty. In the ‘illegal drug use case’, however, not a few suspects deny their crimes. In such circumstances, prosecutors have no choice but to presume the date of crime just basing urine analysis or hair analysis. So, the facts constituting the crime have to be stated generally. The Supreme Court tended to take a generous stand on the issue of ‘count specification’ in illegal drug use cases before the 2000s. However, in 1999, the Supreme Court dismissed ‘illegal drug use case’ just based on hair analysis. [Supreme Court Decision 1998Do3293 Delivered on June 11, 1999 [Violation of the Act on the Control of Narcotics, etc. (Psychotropic)]. After that, the Supreme Court tends to judge illegal drug use cases on a case by case basis. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the standpoint of the Supreme Court and suggest a manifest criterion on that issue. Issues of this paper are admissibility & reliability of hair analysis as an evidence, count specification & object of trials in the ‘illegal drug use case’ and related problems. This paper reviews leading precedents on the issues and suggests possible solutions to the problems.

청년층 채용시장에서 스펙 유형에 관한 연구 - 도대체 채용시장에서 어떠한 스펙이 중요한데?

이상준 ( Lee Sangjun ),변숙영 ( Byun Sook Young ) 인하대학교 교육연구소 2016 교육문화연구 Vol.22 No.3

청년층의 고용시장에서는 스펙 열풍이 한창이다. 6스펙, 8스펙, 학벌, 어학외에 외모까지 스펙으로 분류하고 있다. 과연 스펙이 채용시 얼마나 중요하며 어떠한 스펙에 각광을 받고 있는지 많은 사람들은 궁금해 하고 있다. 이 논문은 스펙의 유형에 따라 채용시장에서 어떻게 대우를 받고 있으며 과연 채용에 유리한지를 분석하는 논문이다. 스펙유형에 따라 임금과 선망직장 채용에 유리한지 아닌지를 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 실제 취업에 성공한 취업자들이 자신의 취업에 긍정적 영향을 가졌다고 생각하는 스펙점수를 활용하였다. 결론은 선망직종에 스펙의 다양한 유형은 영향을 미치고 있었으며 특히 어학스펙의 영향력이 크게 나타나고 있다. 임금에서는 학벌 스펙만이 유의미한 영향을 가지고 있었으며 인문계열이 사회계열에 비해 학벌이 임금결정에 더 큰 요인임을 알 수 있었다. The job market for youth is in which states specifications`war for entrance into job market among youth. Many people wonder how important any specification is for being employed in labor market. This paper is to analyze whether it has any specifications preferential treatment in the job market, depending on the type of specification. Depending on the type of specification is to analyze whether there is an advantage in taking high wages and getting preferred job. In conclusion, there to obtain the preferred job, it appears specification was influenced greatly, especially the influence of the language specification was very high. In wage determination, hakbeol specifications only have had a significant impact and hakbeol` influence were able to see that Humanities group is a bigger factor than that of the Social Sciences group.

이미지 향상을 위해 공간영역에서 다중해상도를 이용한 개선된 히스토그램 특정화 방법

허경무(Kyung-Moo Huh) 제어로봇시스템학회 2014 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.20 No.6

Usually, spatial information can be incorporated into histograms by taking histograms of a multiresolution image. For these reasons, many researchers are interested in multiresolution histogram processing. If the relation and sensitivity of the multiresolution images are well combined without loss of information, we can obtain satisfactory results in several fields of image processing including histogram equalization, specification and pattern matching. In this paper, we propose a multiresolution histogram specification method that improves the accuracy of histogram specification. The multiresolution decomposition technique is used in order to overcome the unique feature of a histogram specification affected by a quantization error of a digitalized image. The histogram specification is processed after the reduction of image resolution in order to enhance the accuracy of the results by histogram specification methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method enhances the accuracy of specification compared to conventional methods.

영상 개선을 위한 공간 영역에서의 다해상도 히스토그램 지정 기법

박세혁(Se-Hyuk Park),허경무(Kyung-Moo Huh) 대한전기학회 2009 정보 및 제어 심포지엄 논문집 Vol.2009 No.5

The histogram specification is to change the histogram shape of the image into the already defined shape. This technique can be applied usefully in various image processing fields which include a machine vision. However, the histogram specification technique has its basic limits. For example, the histogram does not have location information of pixel within the image and receives the digital image, which is stored through a Quantization process, as an input. Namely, the accuracy of specification falls in the high-resolution image because the larger the resolution of image is becoming, the more the pixels having similar value are becoming. Therefore, we proposed the multiresolution histogram specification method for improving the accuracy of specification. Consequently, we can know that if the histogram specification is accomplished by using the proposed algorithm, destination image and source image were changed almost similarly.