뚜르게네프의 〈햄릿과 돈키호테〉에 나타난 인간관

최동규(Choe Dong Kyu) 한국노어노문학회 2006 노어노문학 Vol.18 No.3

햄릿과 돈키호테라는 두 인물 유형에 대한 깊이 있는 분석을 제시하고 있는 뚜르게네프의 논문 〈햄릿과 돈키호테〉는 셰익스피어이의 『햄릿』과 세르반테스의 『돈키호테』에 대한 비평적 철학적 주석이 담긴 중요한 미학적 자료로 인정되어 오면서 많은 비평가들의 주목을 받아왔다. 일부의 비평가들은 크림전쟁 이후에 등장한 급진적인 새로운 세대들을 위한 모델을 보여주기 위해 뚜르게네프가 이 논문을 썼다고 주장하고 있고, 다른 비평가들은 뚜르게네프의 전기적 자료를 바탕으로 이러한 주장을 반박하고 있다. 본 논문은 뚜르게네프의 논문 〈햄릿과 돈키호테〉가 특별한 세대를 위한 모델을 제시하기 위해 쓰인 논문이 아니라, 뚜르게네프의 작품과 삶을 연결시키는 주요한 사상을 제시하고 있는 뚜르게네프 이해의 열쇠가 되는 논문임을 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 〈햄릿과 돈키호테〉의 텍스트를 분석하여, 뚜르게네프가 자신의 세계관을 바탕으로 해석하고 있는 햄릿과 돈키호테, 즉 뚜르게네프의 햄릿 원형과 돈키호테 원형에 담긴 뚜르게네프의 사상을 정리하였다. 분석과 이기주의 그리고 불신이라는 심리적 특징을 지니는 햄릿 원형은 과도한 ‘자기성찰’을 하는 인물 유형으로서 자기와 세계와의 통합을 이루지 못하는 ‘분열된 개성’을 소유하면서 고통스러운 삶을 사는 반면에, 이상에 대해 굳건한 믿음을 가지고 있는 돈키호테 원형은 ‘통합적인 개성’을 소유함으로서, 진리와 이상을 실현하기 위한 희생적인 하는 삶을 산다는 것이 뚜르게네프의 주장이었다. 본 논문은 두 인간 유형 속에서 드러나는 이러한 뚜르게네프의 사상은 독일 낭만주의 철학의 영향으로 이루어진 것임을 그의 전기적 삶을 분석함으로써 밝혀내려고 시도하였다. 괴테의 작품과 아르님 등의 낭만주의 문인들과의 교류, 독일 낭만주의 철학 교수인 베르더의 강의, 그리고 자신의 친구이자 삶의 스승인 스딴께비치 등의 ‘러시아의 돈키호테들’을 통해서 뚜르게네프가 독일 낭만주의 철학의 주요 사상을 배우게 된 후, 이 낭만주의 철학의 세계관은 뚜르게네프 작품 전반에 걸쳐 주요한 사상을 형성하였다. 본 논문은 뚜르게네프의 작품 초기의 시에서부터 그의 단편, 장편, 그리고 그의 생애 말년의 산문시 이르기까지 그의 작품 전반에 걸쳐 나타나는 많은 햄릿 유형들과 돈키호테 유형들을 추적함으로써, 햄릿 원형과 돈키호테 원형에 나타나는 사상은, 뚜르게네프의 생과 예술세계에 대한 해석과 이해의 중요한 열쇠가 되고 있음을 밝히려 하였다. The Turgenev's lecture on 〈Hamlet and Don Quixote〉 containing deep analysis on two human types, has been recognized as one of the most important critical references on Shakespeare's Hamlet and Cervantes' Don Quixote. In this lecture Turgenev suggests two archetypes of human beings: Hamlet and Don Quixote. The Hamlet archtype shows his distinctive features of obsessive preoccupation with self-analysis (рефлекция) which causes him to have egoism and disbelief in himself and ironic attitude to others, and finally makes him a hesitating skeptic and a irresolute doer. On the contrary the Don Quixote archtype has a steadfast faith in eternal and unchangeable ideal which leads him to dedicate all his heart and soul for the ideal. I In this lecture Turgenev express his clear favor to the archtype Don Quixote, and this has caused some dispute on the motive of Turgenev's writing of this lecture: Some scholars argue that this lecture was written on order to set a role model for the revolutionary new Russian generation, while other scholar deny the argument on the basis of biographical references. This study aims to figure out Turgenev's real intention of writing the lecture 〈Hamlet and Don Quixote〉. In order to figuring out the intention, this study examines the text of 〈Hamlet and Don Quixote〉, and finds that main theme of the lecture was based on the German Romantic philosophy, mainly on the philosophy Schelling and Goethe, and Schiller, which focuses on the restoration of harmonious human nature. This study also surveys Turgenev's writings, finding that main philosophical concepts in 〈Hamlet and Don Quixote〉 is reflected well in main characters of Hamlet type and Don Quixote type. This study concludes that 〈Hamlet and Don Quixote〉 is not a writing with special intention of setting up a model for the new revolutionary Russian generation after Crimean War, but a writing with the pure expression of Turgenev's philosophy of harmonious human nature, which is represented in two antithetic human types, Turgenev's Hamlet and Turgenev's Don Quixote in the lecture.

스페인의 돈키호테 루트 연구 : 알칼라 데 에나레스市와 캄포 데 크립타나市의 세르반테스와 돈키호테 문화유산을 중심으로

이은진,이종오 한국콘텐츠학회 2024 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.24 No.2

이 연구는 스페인의 돈키호테 루트의 개요를 살펴보고, 그중에서 알칼라 데 에나레스 시의 세르반테스 생가박물관과 캄포 데 크립타나 시의 돈키호테 문화유산을 중심으로 그 현황과 보호 노력 등을 연구하였다. 두 도시는 세르반테스 문화유적을 보호하기 위해서 스페인 국가유산법 등 제도적인 틀 안에서 시의 실정에 맞는 특별보호계획을 수립하여 세르반테스와 돈키호테 문화유산을 보호하고 있었다. 이러한 노력에 힘입어 외부 관광객의 유입이 늘어났고, 낙후한 도시지역의 장소를 지역주민들을 위한 커뮤니티 시설로 변모시켜 지역과 경제 활성화에 도움이 된다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 스페인의 돈키호테 루트는 문화재 보호를 통한 도시재생으로 개발과 보전의 조화를 이루는 문화적 도시재생의 주요한 사례이다. 아울러, 중앙정부보다는 자치공동체 및 지방자치단체와 민간이 협업한 문화적 도시재생 성공사례라는 점에서 대한민국에도 시사점을 줄 수 있다. This study examined the itinerary of the Don Quixote route in Spain and analyzed its present condition and influence on cultural tourism, with a specific focus on the Cervantes Birthplace Museum in Alcala de Henares and the Don Quixote cultural legacy in Campo de Criptana. To safeguard the cultural legacy of Cervantes and Don Quixote, the two cities devised a customized protection strategy that aligns with the specific conditions of each city. This plan operates within the framework of the Spanish National Heritage Act, ensuring the preservation of the cultural heritage associated with Cervantes and Don Quixote. As a result of these endeavors, there was a rise in the number of tourists coming from outside the region. Additionally, it was discovered that neglected urban areas were converted into communal amenities for the local population, contributing to the revitalization of the region and its economy. The Don Quixote Route in Spain exemplifies cultural urban regeneration by effectively balancing development and conservation through the revitalization of urban areas and safeguarding of cultural treasures. Furthermore, this can have ramifications for Korea, since it serves as a noteworthy example of cultural urban revitalization achieved through the cooperation of autonomous communities, local governments, and the private sector, rather than relying solely on the central government.

바보 신부 키호테: 카니발화된 가톨릭신앙

박금희 ( Geum Hee Park ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2015 현대영어영문학 Vol.59 No.4

This essay discusses Graham Greene`s prosaics and religious, political criticism in Monsignor Quixote based on M. M. Bakhtin`s carnival theory. At first, Greene characterizes his heroes, Monsignor Quixote and ex-mayor Zancas as a comic fool and a rogue respectively by using the novelistic frame of Miguel de Cervantes`s Don Quixote in a parodic way. In this novel, Greene composes almost all the religious and political discussions as comic happenings Quixote makes with Zancas, while traveling to one after another of the Spanish historic sites. In such discussions, Zancas continues to ridicule Father Quixote, which paradoxically highlights the priest`s humble image and ends up making him a comic fool. More important is that this humility of Quixote`s makes Zancas criticize Catholicism freely, and leads to degrade or decrown not only his own authority as a Catholic priest but also the Catholic system itself to which he belongs. This degradation lets readers recognize that orthodox Catholic values are so authoritative, and rethink such values at the level of their own lived life. Consequently, multiple problems of the Catholic dogmatism and doctrinairism that have made human`s free and felt life impossible are exposed in that process. (Chosun University)

『돈키호테』와『햄릿』에 나타난 영웅적 꿈과 광기의 욕망충족

박현경 ( Hyun Kyung Park ) 한국영어영문학회 2012 영어 영문학 Vol.58 No.5

This study is to analyze dreams and madness in Don Quixote and Hamlet which makes these two heroes quite identical rather than antithetical. Don Quixote is usually considered to be an idealistic, enthusiastic, and unselfish doer, whereas Hamlet is a skeptical, melancholic, and self-conscious thinker. However, Don Quixote and Hamlet both reveal a heroic desire to embody an ideal world into a reality through their dreams and madness. Based on Freud`s interpretation of the similarities between dream and neurosis, this article focuses on the aspects of Don Quixote`s waking dream and Hamlet`s affected madness to find out their characteristics as new types of heroes. Don Quixote, the waking dreamer, acts like a maniac and tries to remain in a state of madness to sustain the dream world where he wanders to save the weak, the poor, and the deprived. He accepts psychic breakdown as well as physical trauma if only he can do the role of a knight errant. Sleepless Hamlet witnesses the dream world and experiences it tangibly while he hears an order from the murdered King`s ghost. Yet, instead of becoming a neurotic, Hamlet waits for the chance to perform his task to regain the harmony of his family and kingdom. Even on the border of madness, Hamlet does not forsake his own life and duty but dreams in reality and acts without losing his reason. Although there are some apparent outstanding differences between Don Quixote and Hamlet, they have fundamental similarities with each other; Both of them exemplify a new type of hero who desperately tries to fulfill a mad dream to face the suffocating, suspicious, and strange world.

『보르헤스의 지팡이』의 誤讀 연구

박호진(Park, Ho-Jin) 한국외국어대학교 중남미연구소 2018 중남미연구 Vol.37 No.2

이 논문은 국내에서 보기 드물게 보르헤스 작품을 분석한 책을 낸 철학자 양운덕이 쓴 책 가운데 한 장을 분석하여 그가 얼마나 보르헤스를 이해하고 있는가를 분석헌 것이다. 그는 해당 장에서 보르헤스의 단편 “피에르 메나르, 『돈키호테』의 저자”를 분석하였는데 이 작품에 대한 해석 중에서 그가 보르헤스와 대조를 하기 위해 언급한 세르반테스에 대한 언급들이 국내 스페인, 중남미 문학 전공자들의 시각에서 본다면 다소 부족한 면이 있음을 지적하였다. 즉, 세르반테스는 당대에 위대한 문호로 인정받았다기 보다는 대중소설가로 평가되었고, “돈키호테가 무심하게 달린다”는 표현은 돈키호테란 인물이 가지는 성격을 지나치게 단순화한 것임을 밝혔다. 또 세르반테스가 “역사적 사실을 있는 그대로 기록하는 역사적 ‘진리“를 추구한다”는 전제도 논란의 소지가 있어 이 전제를 기준으로 세르반테스의『돈키호테』와 메나르의 『돈키호테』를 차별화하는 것은 적합하지 않음을 지적하였다. 그리고 보르헤스 작품을 논하면서 ‘산’체험과 ‘죽은’글이라는 개념의 이분법으로 접근하는 것은 현실을 환상으로 보는 보르헤스의 개념과 대치될 수 있음을 지적하였다. 또 세르반테스의 『돈키호테』는 우연의 산물로 그리고 메나르의 돈키호테는 그렇지 않는 작품으로 논하는 이분법에 의해 “피에르 메나르, 『돈키호테』의 저자”를 해석하는 것은 ‘보르헤스 작품을 풍요롭게 하는 오독’일 수 있음을 밝혔다. 마지막으로 메나르의 보이지 않는 『돈키호테』를 논한다는 것 자체가 철학적임을 지적하였다. 보이지 않는 문학 작품, 자신이면서 동시에 타인이 되기, 똑같으면서 동시에 다른 의미를 지니는 글에 대해서 탐색한다는 것 자체가 철학적일 수 밖에 없음을 밝힌 것이다. This paper analyzes a book written by the philosopher Yang Yun -- duk. In his interpretation of "Pierre Menard, author of Don Quixote", I point out that his opinions about Cervantes are a little bit different from those of the Korean academics reading Spanish and Latin American literature. In other words, Cervantes was regarded as a popular novelist rather than a great writer in his own time, and that the statement "Don Quixote runs without thinking" is an oversimplification of Don Quixote. There is also controversy over the premise that Cervantes "pursues a historical" truth as it is, and it is not appropriate to differentiate Don Quixote of Cervantes from Don Quixote of Menard based on this premise. And I criticised Yang’s dichotomy of `live experience` and `dead writing`, because for Borges everything is nothing more than simulacrum. It means that Borges tends to deny the difference between the original text and the copy or between reality and fantasy. After then I criticised Yang’s interpretation that Cervantes` Don Quixote is a product of chance because if Cervantes’ Don Quixote were a product of chance, Borges’s works would be the same. Finally, I point out that the discussion of Menard"s invisible Don Quixote can not help being philosophical in itself.

Servants in Early British Novels: The Female Quixote and Evelina

( Bonghee Oh ) 한국근대영미소설학회 2018 근대 영미소설 Vol.25 No.2

Focusing on servants in Charlotte Lennox’s The Female Quixote and Frances Burney’s Evelina, this paper explores what roles servant characters play and what significance they have for entangling or untangling the conflicts in each novel. The Female Quixote well portrays the collision between fidelity and material interests in the master-servant relationship. The fidelity of Lucy as a supposed lady’s attendant appears indispensable for Arabella to pursue her quixotic adventures. But the real Lucy is merely a low-born servant and sometimes gives in to bribes so insignificant as to ridicule Arabella’s quixotism. Likewise, Edward’s attempt to steal fish puts into question Arabella’s quixotism, and Deborah’s opportunistic behaviors show that fidelity loses its importance when an opportunity to gain material benefit appears. In Evelina, servants’ value derives from their instrumental role for the master. Utilizing this instrumentality of servants, Captain Mirvan and Sir Clement commit brutal acts to satisfy their reprehensible desires. The flip side of this instrumentality is that servants can be threatening when they exploit what they know about the master’s family to pursue their own self-interest. It is well illustrated in the case of Dame Green. Both in The Female Quixote and in Evelina, these issues between masters and servants have been raised and then dismissed as insignificant.

『돈키호테』 초기 비평의 문제의식 : 이 작품은 왜 위대한가?

김경범 ( Kim Kyung-bum ) 한국스페인어문학회 2024 스페인어문학 Vol.- No.110

This study aims to evaluate Don Quixote's early criticism in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The criticism of Don Quixote in Spain was indifferent in the 17th century and began in the 18th century with the wind of criticism blowing in England. The works of Gregorio Mayans y Siscar, Vicente de los Ríos, Juan Antonio Pellicer, and Diego Clemencín are the subject of this study. Early criticism focuses on what work is Don Quixote and why it is great. The responsibility for the early criticism was to create arguments that could explain the greatness of this masterpiece. Mayans went to the concept of a new knight novel described by a priest of Toledo in Chapter 47 of the first part of the text. Vicente de los Ríos tried to bring in Homer and put Cervantes in the same ranks. Pellicer who followed partially the frame of Don Quixote by Don Vicente proposed the concept of parody. Clemencín was well aware of the distortion of early criticism. The first distortion was an inclination that focused only on excessive praise, and the second distortion was a neoclassical methodology to demonstrate the greateness of Don Quixote. His achievement was in the dissolution of the early criticism. The dissolution should lead to new horizons, but critics of the 19th century, including Clemencín, did not know what it was.

새뮤얼 존슨과 "돈키호테" 의 후예들

원영선 ( Young Seon Won ) 한국18세기영문학회 2011 18세기영문학 Vol.8 No.1

It is no coincidence that early modern England witnessed a "surprising concentration of interest" in Quixote for it was a literary and cultural trope, by and through which contemporaries reinscribed their self-consciousness as modern readers. As diverse as they were, modern critics have read in Eighteenth-century Quixotes conflicting stories about contemporary readers` self-consciousness, while at the same time underscoring the way in which they reflected and mediated the period`s prescriptive discourse of reading. And Samuel Johnson, a literary icon of the contemporary`s anti-novel discourse, has served to highlight modern critics` overriding view of diverse voices in English Quixotes. Examining Johnson`s notion of human desires and illusionary hopes in The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia, therefore, this study attempts to locates him, along with the writers such as Charlotte Lennox and Jane Austen, within a cultural history of English Quixotes who were then on their way to refashioning themselves. Johnson`s idea of human desire and hope stems from his profound understanding of the paradoxical nature inherent within an individual reader`s Quixotic projection of his/her desire, which is also found in the discursive battles that English Quixotes fought for their new identity as modern readers.

Quixotic “Stranger-ness” and Its Critical Potentialities in Charlotte Lennox’s The Female Quixote

오봉희 한국영미문학페미니즘학회 2011 영미문학페미니즘 Vol.19 No.1

This essay revisits the question of genre and its link to the question of gender, an issue that has already been much discussed in the criticism of Charlotte Lennox’s The Female Quixote. While partly turning to the previous critical approaches to Lennox’s text, it attempts to add a new perspective by foregrounding Arabella’s quixotic “stranger-ness” and its critical potentialities. This essay begins by considering what characterizes Arabella’s paternal home whose disagreeable realities precondition Arabella to be a female Quixote. Arabella’s firm belief in the factuality of romances and her desire to be a romance heroine make her a stranger both in a temporal and a spatial sense. But her “stranger-ness” turns out to be more than quixotic. It provides her with critical perspectives on gender relations in the real world and on social conditions that render women into nobodies. This essay also looks at the debate between Arabella and the Doctor about the issue of fictionality, which shows that both Arabella and the novel cannot make a clean break with the romance genre. This essay ends with the suggestion that Arabella’s cure is not a concluding solution to what her “stranger-ness” brings up.

Literary and Historical Women Readers in Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century England and Charlotte Lennox’s The Female Quixote

원영선 한국18세기영문학회 2007 18세기영문학 Vol.4 No.1

Examining the cultural and literary trope of the female Quixote in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century England, this study attempts to identify the ways in which Charlotte Lennox and other contemporary writers reflect and mediate the period’s prevailing views of women’s reading practices. It also traces how the Quixotic reader was transformed into the gendered trope and locates Lennox’s work within the tradition of English sister Quixotes. Lennox’s pioneering interrogation about the nature of her heroine’s Quixotism not only challenges the conduct book’s normative view of female reading, but also illuminates the nature of reading’s double potentials for women readers. Lennox’s work thus serves as a revealing reference to later female Quixotes in English fiction, as they all share the fate with their historical readers who were then living and discursive participants in the period’s cultural battle over how to read.