Analysis of Ginsenoside Composition of Ginseng Berry and Seed

Sung Kwon Ko,Hye Min Bae,Ok Sun Cho,Byung Ok Im,Sung Hyun Chung,Boo Yong Lee 한국식품과학회 2008 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.17 No.6

This study was performed to provide basic information that can be used to differentiate Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) berry and seed from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed. Total ginsenoside contents of Korean ginseng berry, Korean ginseng seed, and American ginseng seed were 9.09, 3.30, and 4.06%, respectively. Total ginsenoside content of Korean ginseng berry was about 2.2 to 2.7 times higher than those of Korean ginseng seed and American ginseng seed. Particularly ginsenoside Re content of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng berry (5.99%) was about 3.6 to 5.4 times higher than that of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng seed (1.65%) and 4-year cultivated American ginseng seed (1.10%). The contents of total ginsenoside and ginsenoside Re of Korean ginseng berry were about 4.8 and 28 times higher, respectively, than those of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng root. In general the contents of total ginsenoside and ginsenoside Re of Korean ginseng berry were significantly higher than those of Korean ginseng seed and American ginseng seed.

Quality and antioxidant activity of ginseng seed processed by fermentation strains

Lee, Myung-Hee,Lee, Young-Chul,Kim, Sung-Soo,Hong, Hee-Do,Kim, Kyung-Tack The Korean Society of Ginseng 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.2

Background: Fermentation technology is widely used to alter the effective components of ginseng. This study was carried out to analyze the characteristics and antioxidant activity of ginseng seeds fermented by Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus strains. Methods: For ginseng seed fermentation, 1% of each strainwas inoculated on sterilized ginseng seeds and then incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 h in an incubator. Results: The total sugar content, acidic polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds, including p-coumaric acid, were higher in extracts of fermented ginseng seeds compared to a nonfermented control, and highest in extracts fermented with B. subtilis KFRI 1127. Fermentation led to higher antioxidant activity. The 2,2'-azine-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was higher in ginseng seeds fermented by Bacillus subtilis than by Lactobacillus and Pediococcus, but Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity was higher in ginseng seeds fermented by Lactobacillus and Pediococcus. Conclusion: Antioxidant activities measured by ABTS and SOD were higher in fermented ginseng seeds compared to nonfermented ginseng seeds. These results may contribute to improving the antioxidant activity and quality of ginseng subjected to fermentation treatments.

직파 및 이식재배 유형에 따른 산양삼의 생육특성 연구

김기윤,정대희,김현준,전권석,김만조,엄유리 한국자원식물학회 2019 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.32 No.2

본 연구는 고품질 산양삼의 표준재배기술 개발을 위해 직파및 이식재배에 따른 산양삼의 생육특성을 조사하여 재배유형이산양삼의 생육에 미치는 효과를 구명하고자 하였다. 재배유형별 처리구에 따라 산양삼 종자를 점파 및 조파로 파종하고, 종근을 이식하여 산양삼 종자의 발아율 및 종근의 생존율을 조사하였다. 산양삼 종자는 점파재배 시 종자의 크기가 6.5 ㎜ 이상일때 발아율이 유의적으로 가장 높았고, 이식재배는 주근직경이 10 ㎜ 이상, 재식거리는 7 ㎝ 이하, 복토두께는 2 ㎝ 이하 일 때종근의 생존율이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 재배유형별 산양삼의 생육특성은 점파재배 시 종자크기가 6.5 ㎜ 이상, 파종립수는 3립, 파종간격은 5 ㎝ 이하일 때 산양삼의 지상부 생육이 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 조파재배에서는 파종간격이 30 ㎝, 종자의 파종량은 23 g 이하일 때 산양삼의 지하부 및 지상부의 생육이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 이식배재에서는 주근직경이 10 ㎜ 이상인 종근의 뇌두방향을 위 또는 아래를 향하도록 이식하였을 때 산양삼의 지상부 생육이 유의적으로 높은 것을 확인하였다. 향후 재배유형과 산양삼의 생육특성과 더불어 입지환경과의 상관관계를 분석할 수 있다면 보다 정확한 산양삼의 최적재배 및 환경조건의 확립이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 이와 같은연구결과를 통해 기존 재배자의 경험에만 의존하던 산양삼의재배·관리 기술을 보다 명확하게 확립할 수 있었고, 나아가 고품질 산양삼의 생산기술의 확립을 통해 임업인의 소득을 증대시키고 산양삼의 산업 활성화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다 The this study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng by direct seeding and transplanting cultivation for develop standard cultivation techniques of wild-simulated ginseng. Bonghwa experimental field were confirm to be suitable location environment for cultivation of wild-simulated ginseng. As a result of this study, the germination rate of wild-simulated ginseng was significantly highest when seed size was over 6.5 ㎜ in the spot seeding cultivation. In the case of transplanting, survival rate was significantly increased when the diameter of root was over 10 ㎜, planting distance was 7 ㎝, and the thickness of soil covering was less then 2 ㎝. The result of growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng by cultivation type, growth of stem in spot seeding cultivation was showed significantly increased when seed size over 6 ㎜, seeding number was 3 grains, and the seeding distance was less then 5 ㎝. Strip seeding cultivation was showed significantly increased in stem and root growth when seeding distance was 30 ㎝ grains and quantity of seeding was less then 23 g. In the case of transplanting cultivation, it’s was showed significantly increased in stem growth when diameter of root was over then 10 ㎜ and direction of rhizome was top and bottom. The results of this study was that to clearly establish the techniques of cultivation of managements and it’s will be suggest contribute to the industrial activation of wild-simulated ginseng. Key words – Cultivation type, Direct seeding cultivation, Growth characteristics, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Transplanting cultivation, Wild-simulated ginseng

Quality and antioxidant activity of ginseng seed processed by fermentation strains

이명희,Young-Chul Lee,Sung-Soo Kim,Hee-Do Hong,Kyung-Tack Kim 고려인삼학회 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.2

Background: Fermentation technology is widely used to alter the effective components of ginseng. Thisstudy was carried out to analyze the characteristics and antioxidant activity of ginseng seeds fermentedby Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus strains. Methods: For ginseng seed fermentation, 1% of each strainwas inoculated on sterilized ginseng seeds andthen incubated at 30C for 24 h in an incubator. Results: The total sugar content, acidic polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds, including p-coumaricacid, were higher in extracts of fermented ginseng seeds compared to a nonfermented control, and highestin extracts fermented with B. subtilis KFRI 1127. Fermentation led to higher antioxidant activity. The 2,20-azine-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was higher inginseng seeds fermented by Bacillus subtilis than by Lactobacillus and Pediococcus, but Superoxide dismutase(SOD) enzyme activity was higher in ginseng seeds fermented by Lactobacillus and Pediococcus. Conclusion: Antioxidant activities measured by ABTS and SOD were higher in fermented ginseng seedscompared to nonfermented ginseng seeds. These results may contribute to improving the antioxidantactivity and quality of ginseng subjected to fermentation treatments.

개갑처리기간에 따른 품종별 인삼종자의 지방산, 무기이온 및 사포닌 조성의 변화

이가순,성봉재,김선익,한승호,김현호,원준연,김관후 한국약용작물학회 2015 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.23 No.5

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the changes to fatty acid, mineral, and ginsenosides contents in ginseng seed when they were stratified for different length of time and to determine whether variety had any effects on the changes. The aim was to improve the ginseng seed stratification process. Methods and Results : The ginseng varieties used were Geumpoong, Chunpoong, Yunpoong, and K-1. Stratifying periods treated on ginseng seed were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 days. The main fatty acids of ginseng seed were oleic acid (C18 : 1, n9c) with a content of 78.40 - 79.20% followed by linoleic acid (C18 : 2, n6c). The main mineral in the seeds was potassium (K), at 1208.2 - 1337.6 ㎎/100 g. The main ginsenosides in ginseng seed were ginsenoside Re and Rb1. Increasing the length of the stratification periods led to increases in oleic acid content (60 - 80 days), however after this the content declined. In contrast, linoleic acid content fell as the stratification period increased. K, P, Mg, Ca and Na content rose as the stratification period increased. The ginsenoside Re content of Chunpoong and K-1 cultivar seeds also rose as the stratification period increased which meant that total ginsenoside content increased. However, ginsenoside Re content rose in Geumpoong and Yunpoong seeds, but total ginsenoside content decreased as the stratification period increased. Conclusions : Some beneficial compound in ginseng seed rose as the stratification period increased. Therefore, ginseng seed stratification could improve the food value of ginseng.

인삼 채종 횟수가 생육 , 수량 및 진세노사이드 함량에 미치는 영향

김영창,김장욱,조익현,방경환,김동휘,이정우 한국약용작물학회 2023 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.31 No.2

Background: This study aimed to provide basic data for seed production and management system to the farmers via the degree of root yield reduction, based on continuous ginseng seed harvesting. Methods and Results: Yunpoong and Gumpoong ginseng varieties were used. The planting den- sity was set to 70 plants in 7 rows and 10 column in a 1.8 m × 0.9 m plot. The number of seed har- vesting was 1 to 4 times from 3-year-old while growing a 6-year-old. Twelve treatments were performed according to the annual number of seed harvest. For both ginseng varieties, root yield was the highest when treated without seed harvesting and it, decreased as the number of harvested seed increased. The rate of yield loss in ginseng was on average 24.8%, 36.4%, 45.0%, and 56.3% in the seeds harvested for 1, 2, 3, and 4 times, respectively, compared with non-harvesting. Con- trastingly, no notable difference was observed between the number of harvested seeds and ginseno- sides content in white and red ginseng. Conclusions: Ginseng farmers can manage seed harvesting by evaluating root yield with the num- ber of seeds harvests, Additionally, root loss can be effectively managed with continuous seed har- vests while ensuring high quality.

Enhancement of seed germination and microbial disinfection on ginseng by cold plasma treatment

Younmi Lee,Young Yoon Lee,Young Soo Kim,Kotnala Balaraju,Young Sun Mok,Suk Jae Yoo,Yongho Jeon 고려인삼학회 2021 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.45 No.4

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of cold plasma treatment on the improvement of seed germination and surface sterilization of ginseng seeds. Methods: Dehisced ginseng (Panax ginseng) seeds were exposed to dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma operated in argon (Ar) or an argon/oxygen mixture (Ar/O₂), and the resulting germination and surface sterilization were compared with those of an untreated control group. Bacterial and fungal detection assays were performed for plasma-treated ginseng seeds after serial dilution of surface-washed suspensions. The microbial colonies (fungi and bacteria) were classified according to their phenotypical morphologies and identified by molecular analysis. Furthermore, the effect of cold plasma treatment on the in vitro antifungal activity and suppression of Cylindrocarpon destructans in 4-year-old ginseng root discs was investigated. Results: Seeds treated with plasma in Ar or Ar/O₂ exhibited a higher germination rate (%) compared with the untreated controls. Furthermore, the plasma treatment exhibited bactericidal and fungicidal effects on the seed surface, and the latter effect was stronger than the former. In addition, plasma treatment exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against C. destructans and reduced the disease severity (%) of root rot in 4-year-old ginseng root discs. The results demonstrate the stimulatory effect of plasma treatment on seed germination, surface sterilization, and root rot disease suppression in ginseng. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the cold plasma treatment can suppress the microbial community on the seed surface root rot in ginseng.

인삼농가의 재배방식 선택 결정요인 분석

윤성환(Yun, Sung Hwan),장동헌(Jang, Dong Heon) 한국지역사회학회 2020 지역사회연구 Vol.28 No.1

한국의 인삼은 약효와 품질의 우수성을 인정받고 있는 대표적인 약용작물이다. 그러나 인삼산업은 생산비의 상승과 재배농가의 고령화, 초작지의 부족 등 생산여건이 악화되고 있다. 또한 재배면적의 감소로 인하여 생산기반의 붕괴마저 우려되고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 상황에서 인삼의 재배면적의 확대를 위한 방안의 하나로 직파재배의 활성화가 모색되고 있다. 그 동안 인삼 재배농가의 노력 등에 의해서 직파재배를 통한 인삼의 재배가 증가하고 있다. 이 연구는 직파재배에 의한 인삼의 생산 확대와 인삼 시장의 확대 가능성을 고려하여 직파재배 활성화를 통해 인삼농가의 생산비를 감소시키고 경쟁력을 확보하기 위해서 현재 직파재배 농가의 경영특성을 살펴보고, 어떤 요인들이 재배방식의 선택 결정에 영향을 주는지를 분석하였다. 이를 위해서 인삼을 재배하는 104농가를 대상으로 이식재배와 직파재배에 대한 영향 관계를 이항로짓분석을 통해 실증분석을 하였다. 분석결과, 인삼농가의 연령이 낮을수록 경작기술의 수준이 낮고, 전체경작 면적이 적을수록 직파재배를 선택할 가능성이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 신규 농가를 중심으로 낮은 기술력과 영세성을 극복하고 높은 소득을 기대할 수 있는 직파재배를 확대해 간다면 향후 인삼산업의 경쟁력도 향상 될 것으로 판단된다. Korean ginseng is a representative medicinal crop that is recognized for its medicinal properties and excellence in quality. The ginseng industry, however, is facing worsening production conditions, including rising production costs, an aging population of growers and a shortage of first planted fields. In addition, it is feared that the production infrastructure will collapse due to the reduction of the area of cultivation. Under these circumstances, the activation of direct seeding culture is being sought as a way to expand the cultivation area of ginseng. In the meantime, the cultivation of ginseng through direct seeding culture has been increasing due to the efforts of ginseng growers. This study examined the management characteristics of currently direct seeding farming households to reduce production costs of ginseng farmers and secure competitiveness by activating direct seeding culture in consideration of the possibility of expanding ginseng production by direct seeding culture and the expansion of the ginseng market, and analyzed which factors influence the decision of the selection of re-culture. To this end, 104 farms that grow ginseng were subject to empirical analysis through the Binary logit model on their impact on transplanting culture and direct seeding culture. According to the analysis, the lower the age of ginseng farmers, the lower the level of cultivation technology, and the smaller the total cultivation area, the more likely it is to choose direct seeding culture. Therefore, it is believed that the competitiveness of the ginseng industry will be improved in the future if direct seeding culture, which can overcome low technological prowess and small income and expect high income, is expanded, centering on new farms.

파종밀도에 따른 직파재배 3년근 인삼의 수량 및 품질 특성

성봉재,김관후,김현호,김선익,한승호,이가순 한국약용작물학회 2010 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.18 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of 3-year-old ginseng (for Samgyetang product) cultured by various seeding density in direct-sowing culture. Ginsengs were cultured by the seeding density, 275, 300, 330 352 and 396 seeds per Kan, 180×90cm area. Survived rate (82.1%) were the highest in plot of 352 seeds sowed, length and leaf width were high in plot of 300 and 352 seeds. Root yield grain was increased with increase of the seeding density in direct-sowing culture except 352 seeds sowed. Average root weight and diameter were the highest in plot of 352 seeds sowed, 31.6 g and 18.4 mm, respectively. Crude saponin and each ginsenosides content were the highest in plot of 275 seeds sowed. Rg1 content was decreased, Rc and Rb2 content were increased with increase of the seeding density. Total soluble sugar content was the highest in plot of 330 seeds sowed and the lowest in plot of 396 seeds sowed, and oligo- and disaccaride content were high in plot of 330 and 352 seeds sowed. Reological characteristics of ginsengs cultivated according to various seeding density, hardness and springness were high and maximum fracture force was low with decrease of the seeding quantity.

인삼 종자의 생리적 휴면타파기간 중 건조처리 및 저장온도가 종자 건전성에 미치는 영향

서수정,장인배,유진,장인복,박홍우,서태철,권기범 한국약용작물학회 2017 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Background: Dehisced ginseng seeds need to be stored at cold temperatures for around 3 months to break their physiological dormancy, and thus, to aid in gemination. In the presence of high moisture in such an environment, seed spoilage and pre-germination may lower seed quality and productivity. To improve seed quality during cold-stratification, the effects of seed dehydration and temperature were tested. Methods and Results: In early December, dehisced ginseng seeds were dehydrated at 4 different levels and stored at 2℃- 2℃, and –20℃ for 3 months. Germination was carried out on the filter papers moistened with distilled water; emergence of root, shoot, and seed spoilage were assessed. Seed viability was examined by the tetrazolium test. More than 90% of the seeds stored at 2℃ and –2 ℃ without drying or endocarp dehydration germinated, but seeds that were dehydrated to have a moisture content (MC) below 31% showed poor germination and lost their viability. In addition, the seeds stored at –20℃ failed to show effective germination. Conclusions: Seed storage after endocarp dehydration might help to improve seed quality and increase seedling's ability to stand during the spring-sowing of ginseng.