성인의 생애주기별 좌절경험과 위험요인

박현희 사단법인 한국안전문화학회 2022 안전문화연구 Vol.- No.17

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of preventive measures and management programs suitable for each generational characteristics by promoting an understanding of adult frustration experiences by life cycle and identifying risk factors. As a secondary analysis study using the Korean Health Panel 2018 data (β-version 1.0), 12,666 subjects who responded to the experience of frustration were selected. The collected data were subjected to frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, and multiple logistic regression analysis. Frustration experiences may appear differently depending on the life cycle through various personal and social changes, so general characteristics, social and psychological factors, and risk factors affecting the frustration experience were identified. As a result of the study, as for the experience of frustration among adults by life cycle, 27.2% of young adults, 27,6% of middle-aged adults, and 26.0% of old adults had experiences of frustration. Risk factors affecting the experience of frustration by life cycle were found to be common in young adults, middle-aged adults, and old adults, the presence of a spouse, task stress, activity restrictions, and unmet medical care as risk factors. Compared with other life cycles, drug use and decision-making disorders in young adults were found to be factors that did not affect the experience of frustration. Risk factors affecting the experience of frustration in middle-aged adults were drug use, smoking status, and self-management, and gender and memory impairment were found to be factors that did not affect. Risk factors affecting the experience of frustration in old adults were economic activity, memory impairment, and self-management, and education level and decision-making impairment were not affected. Therefore, frustration experience is individual and can be felt from various areas, and it is necessary to find various ways to overcome frustration with a differentiated approach because it can be different for each life cycle, developmental task, generation, and situation. In addition, long-term and individualized programs and health policies for each life cycle should be prepared in consideration of risk factors that commonly affect adults' frustration experience and risk factors for each generation.

국제상거래상 Frustration이론에 관한 고찰 : 영국법을 중심으로

한낙현;허윤석 법무부 2010 통상법률 Vol.- No.91

본 연구는 국제상거래에 있어 영국법상의 Frustration이론을 분석하는 것에 목적을 두고 있다. 일반적으로 "계약은 지켜져야 한다"는 원칙은 계약이 조건에 따라 이행된다는 것을 추정하는 것이며, 예컨대 불가항력, Frustration, 사정변경의 원칙 또는 가혹조항과 같은 면책에 의해 제한된다는 것을 의미하는 것으로 인정되고 있다. 계약 당사자가 불가항력조항을 계약에 편입하는 것을 선택하는 경우 계약 당사자는 불가항력 사태를 구성하는 것뿐만 아니라 그러한 사태의 효과에 대해서도 규정할 수 있다. 예컨대 계약과 관련된 시간적인 연기의 부여, 정지 또는 변경과 계약의 종료에 관련된 것도 규정할 수 있다. 이들 조항의 변경과 신축성의 경우 일련의 불가항력사태의 효과에 대해 근본적으로 문제로 되는 조항의 적정한 해석을 원용해야 한다는 것이다. 어떤 사례에 있어 불가항력조항 자체가 모든 사태를 취급할 수 없는 경우라도 보통법 규칙을 원용하는 것이 가능하다. 그러나 Frustration의 경우에는 다른 점이 있다. 역사적으로 당사자에 의해 협의한 계약상의 조건보다 오히려 일반법, 즉 보통법과 제정법을 더욱더 원용해 왔다는 점이다. 예컨대 Frustration으로 인해 해제된 계약은 당사자의 요구에도 불구하고 법 규칙의 이행에 의해 자동적으로 종료되게 된다. The purpose of this study aims to analyse the doctrine of frustration in international commercial contracts with English law. It is generally acknowledged that the principle of pacta sunt servanda, meaning that contracts should prima facie be enforced according to their terms, may have to be qualified by exemption such as force majeure, frustration, rebus sic stantibus or hardship. Where contracting parties elect to incorporate into their contract a force majeure clause they can make provision, not only for what constitutes a force majeure event, but also for the consequences of such an event. For example, provision can be made for the granting of extensions of time, the suspension or variation of the contract or even the termination of the contract. The variety of such clauses and their flexibility are such that the consequences of the occurrence of a force majeure event must depend primary upon the proper interpretation of the clause at issue, although in certain cases, where the force majeure clause itself does not deal with all eventualities, it may be possible to have resort to common law rules. But in the case of frustration the story is a rather different one, here greater reliance has, historically, been placed upon the general law, both common law and statute, rather than upon contractual terms negotiated by the parties. For example, a contract which is discharged on the ground of frustration is brought to an end automatically by the operation of a rule of law, irrespective of the whishes of the parties.

초등교사 발달과정에서의 좌절 극복 경험 탐색

윤소민 학습자중심교과교육학회 2022 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.22 No.14

Objectives The purpose of the present study is to explore the experience and meaning of overcoming frustration such as a cause of the frustration that elementary school teachers encounter in their development processes, its management, and a change caused by overcoming it. Methods A qualitative interview was conducted with five elementary school teachers in the region of K who had experience of overcoming frustration, and the resulting data were analyzed by using constant comparison method. Expressions of the study participants were summarized as they were through open coding and classified into high categories through categorization work comparing them repeatedly. Based on what was categorized, a confirmation process of the categories, which corrected and confirmed them according to the goodness of fit model through comparison with the original data, was carried out, and member checking was conducted in order to improve the reliability and validity of the study. Results As a result of the analysis, six subcategories as a cause of frustration were derived from top categories of cause of frustration, method for frustration management, and change through over coming frustration: failure to respond adequately to the needs of a variety of education consumers, sense of shame and self-destruction of being incompetent as a teacher, desperate feelings that nothing is accomplished in spite of making an effort, difficulty in facing one’s wrongdoing and feelings, fear that a tough case is likely to recur at any minute, and school administration that is passive in helping to solve problems. Four methods were derived for frustration management: attempting to develop through a learning community or voluntary learning and reflection, taking courage from collaboration and empathy with fellow teachers and managers and their support, getting away from ascribing to external stimuli and promoting inner growth through exploration, and trying to forget every case and prevent from recurring by transferring to another school or choosing subject teacher. As for change through over coming frustration, five subcategories were derived: having in-depth understanding of the students and their parents and positive change in communication style, putting excessive greed aside and being able to perform a task with a calm and peaceful mind, accepting the limits of the teacher’s realistic role and maintaining affection for the students, becoming humble and mature through an expanded self-love and undestanding of other people, and having an open mind that overcoming completely is not possible and frustration may be able to happen again at any time. Conclusions A groundwork for in-depth understanding of over coming frustration was laid by systematically determining the elementary school teachers’ over coming frustration, and perception and academic interest saying that frustration was an existential problem of human were aroused. It is meaningful that this study got away from the existing perspective which had focused on the stages of the teachers’ development and its characteristics and revealed the meaning and positive impact of over coming frustration in the teachers’ development processes. 목적 본 연구는 초등교사들이 그들의 발달과정에서 경험하는 좌절의 원인과 그에 대한 대처, 좌절의 극복으로 인한 변화 등 좌절극복의 경험과 의미를 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 방법 좌절 극복의 경험이 있는 K지역 초등교사 5명을 대상으로 질적 면접을 실시하고, 반복적 비교분석법을 활용하여 자료를 분석하였다. 개방코딩을 통하여 연구참여자들의 표현을 그대로 요약하고 이를 반복적으로 비교하는 범주화 작업을 통해 상위범주로 분류하였다. 범주화된 내용을 바탕으로 원자료와의 비교를 통해 적합도에 따라 범주를 수정⋅확정하는 범주확인 과정을 거쳤으며, 연구의 신뢰도와 타당도를 높이기 위하여 연구참여자 확인법을 거쳤다. 결과 분석결과, ‘좌절의 원인’, ‘좌절에 대한 대처 방식’, ‘좌절극복을 통한 변화’라는 3개의 상위범주 아래 좌절의 원인으로 ‘다양한교육수요자의 요구에 적절하게 대응하지 못함’, ‘교사로서 무능하다는 수치심과 자괴감’, ‘노력해도 되지 않더라는 자포자기의 심정’, ‘자신의 잘못과 감정에 직면하는 것이 어려움’, ‘힘든 사건이 금방이라도 재발할 것 같은 두려움’, ‘문제해결을 위한 도움에 소극적인학교행정’의 6개 하위범주가 도출되었다. 좌절에 대처하는 방식으로는 ‘학습공동체나 자발적 학습, 성찰을 통하여 발전을 시도’, ‘동료 교사 및 관리자와의 협업, 공감, 지지로 용기를 얻음’, ‘외부의 자극 탓에서 벗어나 탐색을 통해 내면적 성장을 도모’, ‘전근하거나전담을 선택하여 사건을 잊고 재발을 방지하고자 함’으로 4개가 도출되었다. 좌절극복을 통한 변화로는 ‘학생 및 학부모에 대한 깊은이해와 소통 방식의 긍정적 변화’, ‘지나친 욕심을 내려놓고 평온한 마음으로 직무를 수행하게 됨’, ‘현실적인 교사 역할의 한계를 받아들이면서 학생에 대한 애정을 유지함’, ‘자신에 대한 사랑과 다른 사람에 대한 이해가 넓어져 겸허하고 성숙해짐’, ‘완전한 극복은 없고좌절은 언제고 다시 일어날 수 있다는 열린생각’으로 5개의 하위범주가 도출되었다. 결론 초등교사의 좌절 극복 과정을 체계적으로 밝힘으로써 이에 대한 심층적 이해의 토대를 마련하였고, 좌절은 인간의 실존적 문제라는 인식과 학문적 관심을 환기시켰다. 교사발달의 단계와 특성들에 중심을 두던 기존의 관점에서 벗어나 교사 발달과정에서 좌절극복의 의미와 긍정적 영향을 밝혔다는데 의의가 있다.

미국 계약법의 사정변경 법리

고세일(Ko Se il) 한국재산법학회 2014 재산법연구 Vol.31 No.2

영국과 미국 계약법은 '사정 변경'(change of circumstance)이란 용어를 쓴다. 그렇지만 우리 법의 사정변경 법리와 견줄 수 있는 것은 이행불능(impossibility), 이행곤란(impracticality), 계약목적 달성불능(frustration)이다. 이행불능을 가장 넓은 의미의 계약목적 달성불능으로 설명하기도 한다. 미국 계약법상 이행불능은 '물리적'인 불능을 뜻한다. 반면에 이행곤란은 물리적으로는 이행 가능하지만, 실질적 측면에서 이행할 수 없음을 뜻한다. 계약 당사자의 측면에서 '이행곤란'은 목적물 인도와 같이 물품제공 채무의 관점에서, '계약목적 달성불능'은 대금지금 채무의 관점에서 바라본 것이다. 보통법은 계약 당사자가 계약상 이행을 약정한 경우, 계약 당사자가 통제할 수 없는 외부 사건으로 이행불능이 되어도, 채무불이행에 대한 항변을 할 수 없었다. 그러나 이 경우에도 중요한 몇 가지 예외가 있었다. 보통법 법원은 19세기 후반 계약목적 달성불능 법리를 만들었다. 처음에는 계약이 이행불능이 되었으면, 계약 당사자를 더 이상 구속하지 않은 것으로 당사자가 의도했다는 '묵시적 조건'을 사용했다. 그런데 계약목적달성 불능 법리의 주춧돌은 1903년의 영국 판례 Krell v. Henry이다.항소법원은 대관식이 계약의 기초이고, 또한 계약 목적이 대관식이 행해지지 않음으로써 목적달성 불능으로 판단했다. 그 결과 임차인의 채무가 해소되었다고 하여, 임차인의 승소 판결을 내렸다. 미국 통일거래법전은 계약목적 달성불능 법리를 명시적으로 규정하지 않지만, 이 법리가 동산 계약에 적용된다고 해석한다. 미국 계약법 보통법전집 제1판과 제2판 모두 계약목적 달성불능 법리를 규정한다. 후발적인 이행곤란이나 계약목적 달성불능의 효과는 계약 당사자로 하여금 남아있는 이행의무를 해소시킨다. 기존 이행곤란이나 계약목적 달성의 효과는 계약 당사자가 자신의 이행의무를 하지 않도록 한다. 이 글은 크게 네 부분으로 이루어진다. II.에서는 미국 계약법의 사정변경 법리의 논의 내용으로 논의 기초와 역사적 흐름에서 이행불능을 살핀다. III.에서는 미국 계약법의 사정변경 법리의 요건을 고찰한다. 구체적으로 이행곤란과 계약목적 달성불능의 법리를 다룬다. IV.에서는 미국 계약법의 사정변경 법리의 효과를 설명한다. 마지막으로 V.에서는 미국 계약법의 사정변경 법리가 우리 법에 어떤 시사점을 주는 지를 살피고자 한다. The similar terms to the Korean doctrine of change of circumstance may be impossibility, impracticality of performance, and frustration of purpose in American Contract Law. The impossibility of performance may be explained as the largest category of frustration of purpose. The impossibility of performance means a physical impossible performance. In contrast, the impracticability means that a promisor is still able to perform what the promisor had undertaken, it has become very hard for her or him to perform in reality, after occurrence of unforeseeable supervening events. Generally, the doctrine of impracticability of performance may work for parties who are bound to furnish goods or services, while the doctrine of frustration of purpose may work for parties who are to pay money in return for those performances. The common law courts were less receptive to claims of excuse based on supervening events after parties had made their contracts than they were to claims of excuse based on facts that already existed when the parties had made at the time of their agreements. However, there had been three significant exceptions. From the second half of the 19th century common law courts developed the doctrine of frustration. At first it was put in the language of an 'implied term' in contracts. The contracting parties must have intended that their contract would no longer bind them if it became impossible to perform. The cornerstone of the doctrine of frustration of purpose is the English case of Krell v. Henry. In 1903 the Court of Appeal held for Henry on the ground that his duty to pay had been discharged because the coronation procession was the foundation of their contract, and the object of the contract was frustrated by the non-happening of the coronation and its procession on the days proclaimed. The American Uniform Commercial Code does not provide an express article concerning the doctrine of frustration of purpose. However there is no doubt that the doctrine of frustration of purpose would be applicable into sale contracts. The first and second American Restatement of Contracts provide the doctrine of frustration of purpose. The effect of impracticability and frustration of purpose discharge parties from remaining duties of performances. This article consists of four parts. In II, this author mentions concepts and historical aspects of the American doctrine of change of circumstance, and then explains impossibility of performance. In III, this author looks into the requirements of impracticability of performance and of frustration of purpose. In IV, this author examines the effects of impracticability of performance and of frustration of purpose. Finally this author attempts to propose what the American doctrine of impossibility, impracticability of performance, and frustration of purpose may provide for Korean Contract Law.

COVID-19의 Frustration과 Force Majeure 적용에 관한 연구

민주희(Joo-Hee MIN) 한국무역상무학회 2021 貿易商務硏究 Vol.92 No.-

COVID-19로 인해 의무를 이행할 수 없게 된 계약당사자들은 계약위반으로부터 벗어날 수 있는 Frustration과 Force Majeure에 관심을 가지게 되었다. 계약상 Force Majeure 조항이 COVID-19의 적용과 효과를 다루고 있다면 이에 따라 해석하면 될 것이나 그렇지 않은 경우 Frustration의 적용을 고려할 수 있다. SGA 제7조상 특정물 매매계약시 소유권과 위험이 모두 매수인에게 이전되기 전에 물품이 멸실된 경우에만 Frustration이 인정된다. 계약체결 이후 COVID-19 때문에 발생한 후발적 사건, 지연 등이 계약의 주된 목적을 근본적으로 변경시킨다면 Frustration이 인정될 수 있다. 반면 Force Majeure 조항이 존재시 COVID-19가 의무이행 당사자의 통제 범위를 벗어난 것으로 계약체결시 이를 예견할 수 없었고 이로 인한 효과를 합리적으로 회피하거나 극복할 수 없었다면 Force Majeure가 인정될 가능성이 크다. The COVID-19 pandemic has hampered the performance of international sale of goods, thereby contracting party being seeking measures to excuse a breach of contract. Thus it leads the attention on two classical concepts, frustration doctrine and force majeure. This study examines how impediments resulting fromCOVID-19 applies to frustration doctrine and force majeure. Frustration and force majeure are brought where the contract becomes impossible of performance or incapable of being performed because of unforeseeable impediments. A contracting party may rely on the doctrine of frustration to relieve it from its obligations in the absence of an express force majeure clause. SGA Section 7 deals with the specific goods which have perished and it is possible for a contract for the sale of specific goods to be frustrated by events. And the contract can be frustrated where impediments resulting fromCOVID-19 have significantly changed the nature of contractual obligations from what the parties could reasonably have contemplated. As to force majeure, the closing of the borders, restricting exportation or importation and lockdown, etc. would be accepted as impediments occurring during COVID-19. But these impediments must not have been foreseen or foreseeable at the time of contract conclusion. A force majeure clause lists specific types of events such as pandemic, or includes a catch-all, like ‘impediment beyond the affected party’. Lastly, the effects of COVID-19 should be insurmountable impediment. And if alternative sources of supply or routes or means of transportation do not differ substantially from original obligation, these have to be taken by the affected party.

THE “REGRET-FRUSTRATION MODEL” IN MASSTIGE COLLABORATIONS

Monica Mendini 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

New-born “masstige collaborations” are the temporary partnerships between luxury brands and mass-market retailers (e.g. H&M-Balmain, Missoni-Target, Luck et al., 2014), characterized by limited duration and supply. Borrowing Silverstein and Fiske’s definition of masstige (2003), in the case of masstige collaborations one luxury brand (“prestige”) and one mass-market retailer (“mass”) collaborate for creating a limited amount of items (e.g. a capsule collection) to be sold via the mass retailer, at a premium price, and for a limited period of time. Interestingly, no study so far has empirically proved consumers’ reactions towards this marketing practice, especially from the perspective of consumers of the mass-market retailer not able to purchase anything. Given the nature of masstige collaborations (limited supply and short availability), not all consumers can manage to buy products during these sales. The missed purchase can lead to two different cognitive states, broadly categorized into regret (e.g. Simonson 1992) and frustration (e.g. Strebel et al., 2004). On one side, consumers experiencing a non-purchase may regret that, feeling self-blame and engaging in ameliorative behaviors (second chance) for achieving the desired outcome (Zeelenberg et al. 2001). On the other side, non-purchase can also be translated into frustration, caused by external circumstances not under a person’s control (e.g. caused by a company), where people rely on blame attribution (e.g. Roseman, 1991) abandoning the outcome they wanted to achieve. We therefore ask ourselves what happens when consumers do not manage to purchase products of the masstige collaboration collection and how they react to such feeling, especially when they attribute the missed purchase to causes not attributable to themselves and experience frustration. What drives consumers in experiencing frustration vs. regret? Which are the antecedents of frustration and the coping strategies consumers employ? To answer these questions, we analyzed 780 posts written on Twitter during a masstige collaboration carried out in the fashion sector (H&M-Balmain). The qualitative analysis especially shows the negative feelings emerged during the partnership toward the mass-market brand (i.e. frustration and its antecedents). Further, we propose a new theoretical model, i.e. the “regret-frustration model”, emphasizing which are the causes that let consumers experience frustration (vs. regret) and which the coping strategies might be.

중학생의 기본심리욕구 만족과 좌절의 잠재프로파일: 자율성지지와 심리적 통제의 예측효과와 친사회적 행동 및 공격성의 차이

한승수(Seungsoo Han),이은주(Eunju Lee) 한국교육심리학회 2021 敎育心理硏究 Vol.35 No.1

본 연구는 욕구만족과 욕구좌절이 구별되지만 동시에 공존하는 구인이라는 가정에 따라 중학생의 기본 심리욕구 만족과 좌절의 잠재프로파일을 탐색하고, 잠재프로파일에 대한 부모, 교사의 자율성지지와 심리적 통제의 예측효과와 잠재프로파일 별 친사회적 행동 및 공격성의 차이를 살펴보았다. 중학생 435명을 대상으로 기본심리욕구 만족과 좌절의 잠재프로파일분석을 실시한 결과, 첫째, ‘좌절형’, ‘만족형’, ‘평균형’과 함께 기본심리욕구의 만족과 좌절이 모두 높은 ‘만족-좌절 복합형’이 도출되었다. 둘째, 부모와 교사의 자율성지지가 높고 심리적 통제가 낮을수록 ‘좌절형’보다 ‘만족형’의 프로파일을 나타내었다. 특히 부모와 교사의 통제뿐만 아니라 부모의 자율성지지가 높을수록 ‘만족-좌절 복합형’에 속할 가능성이 높았다. 셋째, ‘좌절형’은 낮은 친사회적 행동과 높은 공격성을 나타낸 반면, ‘만족형’은 높은 친사회적 행동과 낮은 공격성을 나타냈다. 특히 ‘만족-좌절 복합형’은 친사회적 행동과 공격성 모두 높은 수준을 보였으며, 이는 ‘만족형’의 친사회적 행동, ‘좌절형’의 공격성과 비교해서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 본 연구는 기본심리욕구의 만족과 좌절이 모두 높은 집단이 존재함을 밝혀냈으며, 이 집단의 복합적 적응 양상을 확인하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 나아가 기본심리욕구의 낮은 만족과 좌절은 구분되어야 하며, 청소년의 친사회적 행동을 높이고 공격성을 낮추기 위해서 욕구만족의 증진뿐만 아니라 욕구좌절의 예방을 위한 부모와 교사의 적극적인 노력이 필요함을 제안한다. Based on the assumption that need satisfaction and frustration are distinct but potentially co-occurring, this study explored the combined relations between them. Additionally, this study examined whether different combinations of need satisfaction and need frustration had different antecedents, including autonomy support and psychological control of parents and teachers, and different outcomes, including prosocial behavior and aggression. Applying a latent profile analysis with a sample of 435 middle school students, this study identified 4 groups of students with distinct need satisfaction and frustration profiles; ‘frustrated’, ‘satisfied’, ‘average’ and ‘satisfied-frustrated’ profiles. The higher the autonomy support and the lower psychological control of parents and teachers, the higher is a student’s likelihood of belonging to the ‘satisfied’ rather than ‘frustrated’ profile. Particularly, not only the higher psychological control of parents and teachers but also the higher parents’ autonomy support predicted the higher likelihood of belonging to the ‘satisfied-frustrated’ profile, which had both high need satisfaction and frustration. Further, the ‘frustrated’ and ‘satisfied’ profiles showed low prosocial behavior and high aggression, and high prosocial behavior and low aggression, respectively. More interestingly, the ‘satisfied-frustrated’ profile showed high levels of prosocial behavior besides high levels of aggression, which were as high as prosocial behavior of ‘satisfied’ and aggression of ‘frustrated’ profiles. The findings evidence that there are some students experience both the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs, highlighting that need satisfaction and frustration are distinct but co-occurring with specific antecedents and outcomes. To enhance prosocial behavior and to mitigate the aggression of adolescents, parents and teachers are recommended to make active efforts for the promotion of need satisfaction and prevention of need frustration of the adolescents.

교사의 기본심리욕구 만족과 좌절, 심리적 소진, 직무열의의 관계

이은주(Eunju Lee) 한국교육학회 2023 敎育學硏究 Vol.61 No.6

본 연구의 목적은 초・중등 교사들이 경험하는 기본심리욕구의 만족과 좌절에 대한 포괄적이고 심층적인 고찰을 토대로 교사의 기본심리욕구 만족과 좌절, 심리적 소진, 직무열의의 관계를 검증하는 데 있었다. 이를 위해 397명의 초・중등 교사들을 대상으로 B-ESEM을 적용하여 욕구만족과 좌절을 아우르는 일반적 욕구충족과 개별 욕구의 만족 및 좌절을 구분하였다. 그리고 기본심리욕구의 중심개념을 파악하고, 일반적 욕구충족과 개별 욕구의 만족 및 좌절과 심리적 소진, 직무열의의 관계를 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 교사들이 경험하는 욕구만족과 욕구좌절은 욕구충족이 아니라 욕구미충족으로 수렴되었으며, 욕구미충족을 구성하는 중심 개념은 유능성의 만족과 좌절이었다. 기본심리욕구의 미충족은 심리적 소진과 직무열의를 유의미하게 예측하였으며, 욕구미충족이 통제된 후에도 자율성 좌절과 유능성 좌절이 심리적 소진을 예측하였으며, 자율성 좌절과 더불어 자율성 만족, 유능성 만족, 관계성 만족이 직무열의를 유의미하게 예측하였다. 교사들의 직무열의를 높이고 심리적 소진을 예방하기 위해서는 무엇보다 이들의 유능성 욕구가 만족되어야 하며, 특히 유능성 욕구가 좌절되지 않는 것이 중요함을 제안하였다. This study aimed to examine the relationship of basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration with psychological burnout and job engagement of teachers. In that comprehensive and in-depth understanding of teachers’ basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration should be a primary step, bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (B-ESEM) was applied to explore the factor structure of needs satisfaction and frustration. B-ESEM represents one global factor of need fulfillment and six specific factors as the combination of satisfaction and frustration with autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Using a sample of 397 elementary and secondary school teachers, the results of B-ESEM showed that teachers’ need satisfaction and frustration converged to need unfulfillment rather than need fulfillment, and competence satisfaction and frustration was crucial for their global levels of basic psychological need unfulfillment. The general factor of need unfulfillment significantly explained psychological burnout and job engagement. Even after general need unfulfillment was taken into account, autonomy frustration and competence frustration maintained unique effects of increasing psychological burnout. Satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness as well as autonomy frustration had unique effects of increasing job engagement. This suggests the establish the conditions that can promote competence satisfaction and block competence frustration to reduce teachers’ burnout and to enhance their job engagement.

분노 표현방법이 부정적 욕구 행동에 미치는 효과 분석

이종명 한국비즈니스학회 2023 비즈니스융복합연구 Vol.8 No.6

On the other hand, if you do not achieve your desired desires, you become stressed, and when you are exposed to this stress, it causes anger, a negative emotion, rather than a positive emotion, which is an emotional emotion. When these feelings of anger accumulate, they cause unwanted negative desires and behaviors due to obsessive thoughts that keep bringing up thoughts or emotions that one does not want to come up. In this study, as a way of expressing anger, a negative emotion caused by stress, negative desire behaviors that can occur in stages of irritation, frustration, anger, and giving up, such as e-commerce search volume, e-commerce sales volume, binge eating, alcohol, and compulsive behavior, were used to express anger, which is a negative emotion caused by stress. We wanted to study how behavior increases through emotional anger expression (irritation, frustration, anger, and giving up). As a result of this paper's research, among the ways to express anger, the influence of e-commerce search volume is in the order of irritation, frustration, and frustration, and the influence of e-commerce sales volume is in the order of irritation, anger, and frustration. Through the analysis results showing that the influence of alcohol increased in the order of frustration and anger, and the influence of obsession increased in the order of anger and frustration, we attempted to provide strategic insight in establishing marketing strategies.

아동의 어머니 애착과 분노표현방식과의 관계에서 기본심리욕구 만족 및 좌절의 매개효과

권미나,이진숙 한국아동권리학회 2019 아동과 권리 Vol.23 No.3

Objectives: This study, targeting at children, intends to verify the mediating effect of basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration on the relationship between child’s attachment to mother and child’s anger expression style. Methods: Data was collected from 282 children in their 4th and 6th grade attending elementary school using attachment to mother scale, basic psychological needs scale for children, and anger expression scale. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. Results: First, the result of a correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between major variables. Second, the result of a structural model analysis showed that attachment to mother had a direct influence on basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, a mediating variable, but it had no influence on anger expression style, a dependent variable. However, it had an indirect influence on dysfunctional anger expression style through basic psychological needs frustration. Besides, attachment to mother had an indirect influence on functional anger expression style through basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration. This suggests that basic psychological needs acted as a perfect mediator in the relationship between attachment to mother and anger expression style. The bootstrapping was conducted to verify the significance of the mediating effect and the result showed that it had a significance. Conclusions: Basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration have an important influence on the child’s anger expression style. Thus, it is necessary to seek measures for establishing a positive parent-child relationship that satisfies the needs without frustration. 연구목적: 아동의 어머니 애착이 분노표현방식에 영향을 미치는데 있어 기본심리욕구 만족 및 좌절의 매개효과를 검증하고자 한다. 방법: 초등학교에 재학중인 4∼6학년 아동 282명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 25.0과 AMOS 18.0 프로그램을 통해 구조모형 분석을 하였다. 결과: 첫째, 상관분석 결과 주요 변수 간에 유의미한 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 구조모형 분석결과 어머니 애착은 기본심리욕구 좌절을 매개로 역기능적 분노표현방식에 간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 기본심리욕구 만족 및 좌절을 매개로 기능적 분노표현방식에 간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 어머니 애착과 분노표현방식과의 관계에서 기본심리욕구가 완전매개 했음을 의미한다. 매개효과의 유의성을 검증하기 위해 부트스트래핑을 실시한 결과 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 아동의 분노표현방식에 기본심리욕구 만족 및 좌절이 중요한 영향력을 가지므로 욕구가 좌절되지 않고 만족될 수 있는 긍정적인 부모자녀 관계 형성을 위한 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다.