흑산도지역어의 모음과 관련된 음운현상

김경표 한국방언학회 2014 방언학 Vol.0 No.19

This study suggested the phonological characteristics of this dialect and examined the vowel phonology of conjugation. This dialect has 20 consonants, 9 vowels and as the glide, there are ‘w, y’. In case of diphthong, there appeared 'w' series of ‘여, 야, 유, 요, 예(yE)’, 'y' series of ‘워, 와, 웨(wE)’. In the vowel phonology of Heuksan Dialect, I examined vowel assimilation and glide formation and vowel fronting. In the vowel assimilation, if the stem-syllable ended in vowels, ‘이’ vowel of one-syllable and more than two-syllables is different from other regional dialects. Among the glide formation, there are w-glide formation, y-glide formation. In the w-glide formation, if the stem-syllable ended in vowels, ‘오’ vowel of one-syllable occurs well as compared with other regional dialects, and in the case of the stem of ‘우’ type, ㅂ- irregular verbs are similar to other regional dialects. If the one-syllable stem ends in vowels, the y-glide formation doesn't occur well . However, if more than two-syllable stem ends in vowels, the y-glide formation occurs well as compared with other regional dialects. In the vowel fronting, when consonant ‘ㅆ’ proceeds, vowel fronting occurs optionally. Yet, when consonant ‘ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅉ’ proceeds, vowel fronting occurs inevitably. 본고는 흑산도지역어에 존재하는 음소목록을 제시하고 활용에서 모음과 관련된 음운 현상을 살펴보았다. 흑산도지역어는 20개의 자음과 9개의 단모음이 존재한다. 그리고 활음 ‘y’와 활음 ‘w’가 있는데 ‘y’계 이중모음은 ‘여, 야, 유, 요, 예(yE)’가 있고 ‘w’계 이중모음은 ‘워, 와, 웨(wE)’가 있다. 흑산도지역어에서 모음과 관련된 음운 현상 중 모음의 완전순행동화, 활음화, 전설모음화를 살펴보았다. 모음의 완전순행동화는 어간말음절의 모음이 ‘이’인 1음절 어간이나 2음절 어간의 경우에 다른 지역어와 다른 모습을 보인다. 활음화에는 ‘w-활음화’와 ‘y-활음화’가 있는데 ‘w-활음화’는 어간말음절의 모음이 ‘오’이고 1음절인 경우에 다른 지역어에 비해서 활음화가 잘 일어나고 어간말음절의 모음이 ‘우’인 경우나 ㅂ-불규칙 용언의 경우에는 다른 지역어와 비슷한 모습을 보인다. ‘y-활음화’는 1음절 어간의 경우에 활음화가 잘 일어나지 않고 2음절 이상인 어간의 경우에 다른 지역어와 달리 y-활음화가 주로 일어난다. 전설모음화는 ‘ㅆ’아래에서는 전설모음화가 수의적으로 일어나고 ‘ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅉ’아래에서는 필수적으로 일어나는데 다른 지역어와 비슷한 모습을 보인다.

한국인 영어 학습자와 원어민의 긴장 및 이완 모음 발화이해도

이주경(Lee, Joo-Kyeong),이연우(Lee, Yeon-Woo) 한국음운론학회 2011 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.17 No.3

This study attempts to investigate how correctly Korean learners can perceive native speakers’ production of the English high front tense and lax vowels /i/ and /I/ and high back tense and lax vowels /u/ and /U/ and also see how intelligible Korean speakers’ production of the tense and lax vowels is to native listeners. Two perception experiments were conducted. In the Korean learners’ identification task, 20 Koreans participated in identifying the target vowels which were produced by native speakers of English. Results showed that Korean learners identified the high back lax vowel significantly better than the corresponding tense vowel, but that the high front tense and lax vowels did not show a statistical difference. This might be due to the fact that the Korean high front vowel /i/ is more similar to the English tense vowel /i/ in terms of spectral features (F1 and F2) and that it is more likely to pattern with the English lax vowel /I/ in terms of duration. The spectral and durational conflict between the English front vowels /i/ and /I/ and the Korean vowel /i/ may negatively lead to Korean listeners’ confusion in identifying the English tense vs. lax vowels /i/ and /I/. In native listeners’identification task, the same stimuli recorded by Korean learners were identified by native listeners of English to measure Korean learners’ speech intelligibility of the English tense and lax vowels. Results showed that native listeners identified the lax vowels /I/ and /U/ more correctly than the tense vowels /i/ and /u/. This indicates that native listeners tend to rely more on the durational cues than spectral cues in identifying the English tense and lax vowels as Korean high vowels /i/ and /u/ are more similar to the English lax vowels in terms of duration rather than acoustic/spectral properties.

한국 한자음의 음절 대응을 통해 본 고대 한국어 /ㅓ/의 음가

張俊翼 ( Jang¸ Jun-ik ) 구결학회 2021 구결연구 Vol.47 No.-

‘ε’ or ‘e’, the front vowels of ancient Chinese are usually matching with Korean vowel ‘ㅓ’. Therefore, it was very easily accepted that the value of ancient Korean vowel ‘ㅓ’ was also front vowel. However, the vowel of Sino-Korean characters, ‘ㅓ’ usually appears when there is a head vowel ‘i’ in the sound system of ancient Chinese. If there is a head vowel ‘i’, ‘ㅓ’ can’t be only matching with the front vowel ‘ε’ or ‘e’, but also matching with the back vowel ‘ɔ’. On the other hand, if there is no head vowel ‘i’, ‘ㅓ’ can’t be matching with the front vowel ‘æ/e’ and the back vowel ‘Λ’. Therefore, the phonetic value of ancient Korean vowel ‘ㅓ’ wasn’t entirely matching with the front vowel ‘e’ and back vowel ‘Λ’. Instead of them, if there is no head vowel ‘i’ and there is a final consonant ‘k’, ‘ㅓ’ is possible to be matching with ancient Chinese vowel ‘ə’. Through erasure method, it is possible to think there is very little difference between ancient Korean vowel ‘ㅓ’ and present korean vowel ‘ㅓ’.

달성지역어 전설모음화의 변화 과정

배혜진(Bae, Hye-jin) 한국어문학회 2015 語文學 Vol.0 No.129

This study attempted to examine the Front-vewelization change in Dalseong Subdialect. So first, examined the Front-vowelization variations in modern Dalseong subdiaclet by generation among old and youngest generations, based on the data obtained from field survey. Next made the comparison of data obtained from field survey. It therby examined how the Front-vowelization changes in Dalseong subdialect have been made and in which pattern the chages would take place in the future. Front-vowelization chage is ‘extinction’. The results are summarized as follows: First, Front-vowelization occurred and started to in Dalseong since the 18th century, which mainly occurred to un-word initial ‘ㅅ’. And Frontvowelization was spread to un-word initial ‘ㅅ, ㅈ’, word initial ‘ㅅ, ㅈ’, and un-word initial ‘ㄹ’ to 20th century. Second, Front-vowelization was found out in realized form(innovative form) in most of their vocabulary, which un-word initial ‘ㅅ, ㅈ’, word initial ‘ㅅ, ㅈ’, and un-word initial ‘ㄹ’, among the older speakers in Dalseong province, whereas in a non-realized form(conservative form) in most realized environments except some vocabulary, which ‘씹다, 미안시럽다’, among the youngest speakers. In its final analysis, Front-vowelization occurred to in Dalseong province since the 18th century, which mainly started to un-word initial ‘ㅅ’, and have been productively used by those in the modern Dalseong province. But this change seem to have been made especially due to the negative perception of a dialect from among the youngest generation and to standard Korean education for them.

Speaker Gender and the Degree of Coarticulation

Eunjin Oh 한국언어학회 2010 언어 Vol.35 No.3

Gender differences have been reported in many acoustic measures. This study investigated whether degrees of coarticulation vary as a function of speaker gender. Seven male and seven female native speakers of American English participated in the experiment. The degrees of vowel-to-vowel and consonant-to-vowel coarticulation were calculated by taking differences between estimated vowel target and contextual vowel values. While the results were, in general, inconsistent for vowel-to-vowel coarticulation, the degree of [u]-fronting in front vowel and alveolar consonant contexts displayed consistent results, the males showing larger degrees of [u]-fronting on average than the females. Considering the distribution of the English vowel inventory which shows greater levels of contrast in the height dimension, the inconsistency of gender differences in the degrees of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in the F1 dimension is not unexpected. The consistency of differences in the degrees of mean [u]-fronting in the front vowel and alveolar consonant contexts suggests that speaker gender will need to be considered for future studies investigating the degrees of coarticulation. It is also suggested that further investigation of coarticulatory differences between genders is necessary using a language with a smaller phonemic inventory and therefore larger amounts of coarticulation.

Speaker Gender and the Degree of Coarticulation

오은진 한국언어학회 2010 언어 Vol.35 No.3

Oh, Eunjin. 2010. Speaker Gender and the Degree of Coarticulation. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 35-3, 743-766. Gender differences have been reported in many acoustic measures. This study investigated whether degrees of coarticulation vary as a function of speaker gender. Seven male and seven female native speakers of American English participated in the experiment. The degrees of vowel-to-vowel and consonant-to-vowel coarticulation were calculated by taking differences between estimated vowel target and contextual vowel values. While the results were, in general, inconsistent for vowel-to-vowel coarticulation, the degree of [u]-fronting in front vowel and alveolar consonant contexts displayed consistent results, the males showing larger degrees of [u]-fronting on average than the females. Considering the distribution of the English vowel inventory which shows greater levels of contrast in the height dimension, the inconsistency of gender differences in the degrees of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in the F1 dimension is not unexpected. The consistency of differences in the degrees of mean [u]-fronting in the front vowel and alveolar consonant contexts suggests that speaker gender will need to be considered for future studies investigating the degrees of coarticulation. It is also suggested that further investigation of coarticulatory differences between genders is necessary using a language with a smaller phonemic inventory and therefore larger amounts of coarticulation. (Ewha Womans University)

어감 표현과 전설모음화의 한 유형

정인호(Jeong, In-ho) 우리말글학회 2013 우리말 글 Vol.57 No.-

본고에서는 한국어 방언들에 ‘후설모음ː전설모음’의 어감 대립 체계가 형성되고 이 대립이 드러나는 전설모음화가 존재함을 확인하려 한다. 어감은 음색에 따른 미묘한 뉘앙스를 말의 의미에 결부시켜 감정을 표현하는 하나의 체계이다. 그리고 어감은 여러 가지 방식에 의해 표현될 수 있는데 그 주된 방식은 음을 변환시키는 것이다. 근래에 한국어 방언들에는 전통적인 모음 어감 대립 체계 외에, ‘초점’의 어감 차이를 보이는 ‘후설모음ː전설모음’이라는 새로운 어감 대립 체계가 형성되고 있다. 그리고 이 체계가 드러나는 전설모음화가 진행되고 있는데 이는 후설모음을 전설모음으로 교체하여 해당 단어의 의미와 제1음절 모음의 어감을 일치시킴으로써 그 정도성 의미를 강조하고자 하는 음운현상이다. This study aims to investigate the construction of the nuance opposition between back vowel and front vowel, and front-vowelization which this oppositional system is revealed in Korean dialects. One expresses emotions by means that relate subtle nuance to meaning of the words. The nuance is expressed in various manners, but the alternation a sound into another is principal. New system of nuance opposition between back vowel and front vowel, recently, has been constructed in addition to traditional system. The nuance of the front vowel is ‘focus’ sense. Besides, front-vowelization which this new oppositional system is revealed is in progress in Korean dialects. And this phonological phenomenon is the one that back vowels change into front vowel in order to place emphasis on the meaning of a certain word.

황해도 안악 출신 북한이탈주민 발화의 음운론적 특징

장승익(Jang, Seung-ick) 한국언어문학회 2020 한국언어문학 Vol.114 No.-

The purpose of this study is to analyze the freely spoken language of North Korean defectors from Anak, Hwanghae province using the Hwanghae-do dialect, and identify its phonological characteristics. The informants of this study acquired the language after the division of the Korean peninsula, so it is expected that they will show the characteristics of the modern Hwanghae-do dialect well. This data identified a total of 19 consonants. This is generally similar to the central dialect, but it is characteristic that /c/(ㅈ) is realized as alveolar. Eight simple vowels were also identified, but most of /ӧ/(ㅚ) suggested in the existing Hwanghae-do dialect research was realized as [e] in this data. /ə/(ㅓ) > /ɨ/(ㅡ) high vowelization appeared in the word-initial and intervocalic, in the short vowels and long vowels, and in the lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemes. /e/(ㅔ) > /i/(ㅣ) has been identified limitedly in some words. Also, /o/(ㅗ) > /u/(ㅜ) appears in some parts of the lexical morphemes, and is overwhelmingly identified in the grammatical morphemes. Front-vowelization has a wider realization environment than Han Young-soon (1967). And in Kim Young-bae (1981), Anak is reported as a non-realized area of front-vowelization. However, in the speaker s speech, it appeared in a limited capacity. Umlaut was only partially identified within the morpheme and in derived words. The vowel harmony was as follows. First, in the case of the monosyllabic stems, the pattern was similar to the preceding Hwanghae-do dialect studies. However, in the case of the polysyllabic stems, numerous cases were found to differ from these studies. In addition, in the case of p-irregular stems, the pattern was similar to the Pyeongan-do dialect. The t-palatalization showed the same pattern as its general appearance in normal Korean. h-palatalization was confirmed only in ‘simdeulda’ (himdeulda, ‘to be hard’), and k-palatalization did not appear at all. Finally, The environment of h-deletion was ‘root + -hada(verb-derived suffix) and ‘noun + hago(case marker) . Even if the coda consonant in the root (or noun) is obstruent, ‘h is usually deleted. The items covered in this study can be classified into three broad categories. The first is that which appears in both dialects. This is high vowelization, umlaut, and h-deletion. The second is maintaining the characteristics of the Hwanghae-do dialect. This includes the list of consonants, the place of articulation of /c/(ㅈ), and the t-palatation. This has long been the decisive criterion for distinguishing the Hwanghae-do dialect from the Pyeongan-do dialect. Because of this, Hwanghae-do dialect speakers could not easily accept the characteristics of the Pyeongan-do dialect. On the other hand, since there has been a tendency to pronounce /c/(ㅈ) as a phoneme in the Pyeongan-do dialect, it can be interpreted that speakers of the Hwanghae-do dialect did not accept the old form. Finally, there are certain aspects of the language that were influenced by the dialect of Pyeongan province. This includes a simple vowel list, front-vowelization, vowel harmony, h-palatalization, and k-palatalization. Unlike Hwang Dae-hwa (2007), these items appear in a very limited amount in this research. The speakers have a negative attitude toward these dialects, which can be understood as the acceptance of the Pyeongan-do dialect.

영어 학습자의 영어 전설모음 발음 연구

오미라(Oh, Mira) 언어과학회 2016 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.78

This study investigates how Korean learners of English (KLE) produce English front vowels. The production of eight female KLE was analyzed using Praat and VoiceSauce and was then compared with that of native English speakers. An acoustical analysis of English vowels reveals three findings. First, KLE produced English front vowels differently from native English speakers in the rate of vowel duration according to both the number of syllables and the voicing of the following consonant. Second, KEL neither differentiated between /i/ and /ɪ/, nor /ɛ/ and /æ/. Third, vowel shortening before a voiceless stop in Korean influences the higher rate of vowel shortening before a voiceless stop in English.

한국인 학습자의 영어 강세 실현과 모음 포먼트에 관한 연구

김지은(Kim, Ji-Eun) 한국음성학회 2014 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.6 No.1

This study investigates twenty four Korean females" production of English front vowels focusing on the distinction in /i/ vs /?/ and /?/ vs /æ/ and formant values of stressed and unstressed vowels compared with those of native English speakers. The Korean learners were asked to read a textbook passage which includes ten sentences including target vowels. The major results indicate that: (1) Korean learners have trouble producing a distinct version (tense and lax) of front vowels in the paragraph reading; (2) The vowel space of the stressed vowels in a paragraph is smaller than that of embedded sentences; and (3) The vowel quality of the unstressed vowels produced by the Korean learners is similar to that of the native English speakers. The findings from this study can be applied to the pronunciation teaching for the Korean learners of English vowels and realization of English stress.