무질서 속의 질서 : 존 혹스의 『희화화』와 리처드 파워즈의 『황금 벌레 변주곡』 John Hawkes's Travesty and Richard Powers's The Gold Bug Variations

김상구 한국현대영미소설학회 2003 현대영미소설 Vol.10 No.2

Various literary criticisms, theories and cultural theories emerge in the second half of the 20th century. These become (new) paradigms and critical tools of, or approaches to the interpretations of literature, arts, and even to the aspects or phenomena of culture. One of them is Chaos Theory, and it is one of the ways to interpret literary texts as a feedback cycle. This theory together with Poststructuralism, Russian Formalism, and theories of Hermeneutics see literary texts not as a well wrought urn, but as a reservoir of chaos. Based on this view, Chaos Theory shows that chaos is inherent at the bottom of a system or an organ, indicating that simple systems move to the complexity and vice versa. Followers and critics of Chaos Theory say that chaos has such basic constructs as strange attractors, fractals, self-similarity, bifurcation, and unpredictability. Strange attractors do not explicate or emphasize the organized structures out of chaos but ordered descent into chaos. Also it reveals or captures the actuality-consistencies and vagaries-of human behavior patterns better than do homeostatic points. Fractal boundaries or dimensions convey two important concepts. First, seeing depends largely on observer's perspective. Second, accuracy of measurement relies on the definition of the process. Thus, it embraces fuzzy boundaries or dimensions, that is, the gray (ambiguous) area of behavior patterns. From this perspective, the more different the boundaries seem, the more they resemble each other when viewed from the appropriate levels. This points out that in situations, points of nonsimilarity can be found as those of similarity. Bifurcation means splitting into two, adding complexity to a system or an organ. To closely look into this phenomenon, after a period of time, natural processes tend to bifurcate, and then, after another period of stability, another bifurcation takes place. In such processes, the system or the organ goes out of control, that is, it becomes chaotic. These confused states can serve as opportunities for creative change. Unpredictability has two definitions. One is the relation to the function of strange attractors, and the other is the operation of "the butterfly effect". The above-mentioned basic constructs are core characteristics of Chaos Theory. Just as such basic constructs occurred together or sequentially in natural phenomena, so in literature such constructs are alluded or metaphorized. In Travesty, Hawkes witnesses the opposite phenomena-disorderly order-occurred from the collision of cars in France and then he creates Travesty through his imagination, so Powers considerably takes emergent phenomena like as unpredictability as a basic construct of Chaos Theory in The Gold Bug Variations. For them, imagination and emergent phenomena are key factors for the creation of their novels. The two factors here are like as the fact that abundant order comes from or exists at the edge of chaos. In Travesty Hawkes believes that nothing disturbs the essential integrity of the tableau of chaos. That is, he certainly shows that if design inevitably surrenders to debris, debris inevitably reveals its innate design(58-9). The ontological scheme of debris/design that Hawkes proposes is like the concept of strange attractor in Chaos Theory-like the mediated point between the right movement of pendulum and the left one of it, and like the in-between dimension(level) between water and ice. Such a phenomenon can be called a paradox. So, like the driver in the novel, Hawkes prefers "the flickering shadow of imagination to the explosive and flaming manifestations of nature, that is, the order of imagination in progress in his head"(57). In The Gold Bug Variations, Powers indicates that the complex social phenomena are the sources of the emergent phenomena. So the novel posits the special age of history together with the emergent phenomena. In such a relation, the narrative structure of The Gold Bug Variations is very complex. However, it has the recursive structure of Chaos Theory. In other words, the novel, like Bach's The Goldberg Variations, endlessly connects structurally, but it structurally returns to the basic plot or story like Bach's Variations's tone. Characters are also emblems for order, anti-order, and chaotic, like those of Hawkes's Travesty. In short, Travesty, though it is very small(128pages) in volume compared with that of The Gold Bug Variations(639pages) and The Gold Bug Variations vice versa, they are, in a certain sense, fractals, small or large, in terms of Chaos Theory. The two novels, therefore, are allusions or metaphors of Chaos Theory.

Estimating Correlation Dimensions of Land-Sea Breeze Phenomenon

Lee, Hwa-Woon,Kim, Yoo-Keun,Lee, Young-Gon The Korean Environmental Sciences Society 1999 Environmental sciences Vol.3 No.2

This study estimates the correlation dimensions of the land-sea breeze phenomenon, that has a clear diurnal cycle, in order to gain a more detailed understanding of this phenomenon. The data adopted include north-south wind velocity component(v) and temperature(T) time series that were observed at Kimhae Airport and Inje University over a period of 5 days, from the 4th to the 8th of August, 1994. The embedding phase space of the time series were reconstructed from 2 to 14 dimensions, and the correlation dimensions of the attractors were then estimated. The results show that the land-sea breeze phenomenon exhibits a deterministic chaos with non-integer correlation dimension values between 2 and 3. Accordingly, 3 is the minimum number of independent variables required to model the dynamics of the landsea breeze phenomenon in the Kimhae area. Since the saturated embedding dimension, when the correlation dimension remains unchanged, is larger for the wind velocity v-component than for temperature, this indicates that wind velocity is susceptible to topology.

화학반응에서의 비선형 현상

허도성,신수범,김민석,김혜숙 인제대학교 1999 仁濟論叢 Vol.15 No.1

시간상에서 나타나는 화학반응에서의 비선형적 현상을 살펴본다. 주기적으로 진동하는 시스템과 복잡하게 진동하는 시스템에 대해 이론적 배경과 실험 결과, 그리고 활용 가능성에 대해 역사적 배경과 함께 고찰한다. We have studied the nonlinear phenomena in chemical reaction system. A historical and thermodynamic background about the nonlinear phenomena was considered at first, and we studied the chemical oscillations, complex chemical oscillation patterns, and chaos phenomena including the nonlinear phenomena of living system. Key Word : nonlinear dynamics, chemical oscillations, complex oscillations, chaos phenomena

공간조형에 표현된 비선형 동력학 현상

임은영(Lim Eun Young) 한국디자인학회 2002 디자인학연구 Vol.- No.50

Fuzzy Surface-Based Control for Uncertain Unified Chaotic Systems

Sara Dadras,Hamid Reza Momeni,Vahid Johari Majd 제어로봇시스템학회 2008 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2008 No.10

This paper proposes a fuzzy sliding mode control strategy for an uncertain unified chaotic system with input nonlinearity. Using the sliding mode control technique, a sliding surface is determined and the control law is established. A fuzzy system is used instead of sign function in the sliding mode control to reduce the chattering phenomenon on the sliding surface. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, stability of the fuzzy sliding control law is determined. Chattering in the system with nonlinearity input is also damped due to this control law. The illustrative simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy sliding mode control design.

Control of Uncertain Butterfly-Shaped Chaotic System: Sliding-mode Approach

Sara Dadras,Hamid Reza Momeni,Vahid Johari Majd 제어로봇시스템학회 2008 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2008 No.10

A sliding mode control scheme for an uncertain Butterfly-shaped chaotic dynamical system is proposes in this paper. A sliding surface is determined according to the sliding mode control technique and the control law is established. Stability of the sliding control law is determined using Lyapunov stability theory. The chattering phenomenon, which deteriorates the system performance and may cause unforeseen instabilities, is attenuated due to this control law. The effectiveness of the presented sliding mode control design is confirmed through numerical simulations.

Microstructure Characteristics of ZnO of ZnO Varistors Simulated by Voronoi Network

Han, Se-Won,He, Jin-Liang,Hwang, Hui-Dong,Kang, Hyung-Boo The Korean Ceramic Society 1997 The Korean journal of ceramics Vol.3 No.4

The Voronoi network can be used to effectively simulate the microstructure of ZnO varistors. The nonuniformity in microstructure of simulated ZnO varistor can be changed by setting different disorder degree of Voronoi network. In the region of disorder degree larger than 3 where the simulated microstructures are similar to those the actual ones of ZnO varistors, a chaotic phenomenon exists in the microstructure characteristics. This chaotic property can simulate the original behavior of nonuniformity of electrical characteristics caused by microstructures of ZnO varistors.

저압 열전자 방전 플라즈마의 카오스 제어

고욱희(Wook Hee Koh) 대한전기학회 2019 전기학회논문지 Vol.68 No.3

Using a fluid model, the study investigates the nonlinear dynamical characteristics of the Pierce diode in which a thermionic low-pressure discharge plasma is generated. Because the thermionic discharge plasma behave nonlinearly, the plasma oscillations can become chaotic. A period-doubling bifurcation occurs with decreasing Pierce parameter, defined as the length between two electrodes and the emitting speed of thermionic electron. A modified feedback control method, which is based on OGY method, is proposed to control a chaotic Pierce plasma. In this study, we demonstrate that the modified feedback control method can be used to stabilize a chaos of the thermionic low-pressure discharge plasma to not only low period orbits, such as period-1 and period-2, but also high period orbits, such as period-16 oscillating modes.

복잡 적응계와 미래연구

이재우(Jae Woo Lee) 미래학회 2019 미래연구 Vol.4 No.1

복잡계와 복잡 적응계의 기본 개념과 연구 방법을 소개하고 이러한 방법들을 미래연구에 적용하는 방법을 소개한다. 행위자들은 비선형적으로 상호 작용하면서 외부환경과 다른 행위자들의 행동에 적용한다. 행위자들의 협력적 상호작용은 한 행위자들에게는 존재하지 않는 창발현상을 나타낸다. 복잡 적응계는 열린계이고 평형에서 멀리 떨어진 비평형 시스템이다. 복잡 적응계의 동력학적 발전은 행위자 단계, 네트워크 단계 및 시스템 단계로 나눌 수 있다. 행위자 단계에서 행위자들은 자율적으로 행동, 학습, 적응, 지역 정보 습득, 진화 및 다양성의 속성을 갖는다. 네트워크 단계에서 행위자들 간의 상호작용은 동력학적 변화, 공진화, 비가역적 발전, 비선형성 및 되먹임 성질을 갖는다. 시스템 단계에서 전체 계는 동기화, 협력적 움직임, 복잡성과 패턴의 형성, 분산된 제어, 자기 조직화 현상을 나타낸다. 복잡 적응계의 행위자 기반모형, 시스템 다이내믹스, 비선형 동력학, 게임이론, 복잡계 네트워크 이론 등은 미래연구에 응용할 수 있다. 동력학적 모형과 행위자 기반 모형의 예로 갈등모형과 격리모형을 소개하고 미래연구와의 연관성을 논의한다. We introduce the basic concepts and methods of complex systems and complex adaptive systems, and applications to the future studies. The complex adaptive systems is one of the complex systems related to the interacting adaptive nonlinear dynamic systems which show the emerging behaviors by the collective interaction of agents. The whole adaptive complex systems are an open and far from equilibrium systems. We classify the dynamic levels of the complex adaptive systems such as agent level, network level, and systems level. We introduce the properties of each level. In the agent level, the agents have some attributions as autonomous behavior, learning, adaption, evolution, local information, and diversity. In the network level, the systems show dynamical changes, coevolution, irreversible processes, non-linearity, and feedbacks. In the system level, we observe some emerging properties such as synchronization, collective motion, complexity, pattern formations, distributed control, and self-organizations. We apply the complex adaptive systems to the studies of the futures. In the future studies, we can apply agent-based model, dynamical models and nonlinear dynamics, system dynamics, game theory, complex networks etc. In a dynamical model and agent-based model we introduce the conflict dynamics and segregation model in a village.

기후변화로 본 양생·위생사상 연구 - 曙宇 全秉薰을 중심으로 -

전제훈(全濟勳) 원광대학교 원불교사상연구원 2019 원불교사상과 종교문화 Vol.82 No.-

이 글은 기후변화에 따른 문명발달의 관점에서, 동아시아 양생사상의 발전과정을 살펴보았다. 이러한 시각에서, 서우 전병훈(曙宇 全秉薰, 1857-1927)의 동아시아 도교의 핵심사상인 면역력을 길러 병들지 않고 건강하게 산다(무병장수)는 양생사상의 특성을 살펴보았다. 전병훈은 19세기말 20세기 초 근대 동서문명충돌기에 지식인이며 도교사상가이다. 그는 이 시기에 도교 양생사상을 바탕으로 유교와 불교 등 동아시아사상을 융합하였다. 전병훈은 이를 다시 서양의 심리철학과 뇌생리학 등 위생사상을 수용·융합하였다. 그는 당시 실용적인 측면에서 앞선 서양철학과 과학을 수용해 새로운 도교사상의 틀인 정신철학(精神哲學)을 제시한 인물이다. 그의 이러한 융합사상(조제)은 다분히 동도서기론(東道西器論)보다 진화된 모습이다. 전병훈의 정신철학은 그동안 그가 삶을 산 시대상황과 교우관계, 자료발굴, 수련사상에 관점을 맞추어 연구되어 왔다. 하지만 전병훈의 정신철학은 동아시아 양생사상의 발전과정을 살펴보면, 외계충격에 따른 기후변화와도 연관성이 나타나고 있다. 이러한 외계충격시기에 동아시아 양생사상의 발전은 법칙처럼 나타난다. 전병훈이 정신철학 정립, 보급시기에도 기후변화에 따른 전염병이 대유행하던 시기였다. 이글은 이러한 기후변화에 따른 문명(동아시아 양생사상)의 발전이 전병훈의 새로운 양생사상의 틀인 정신철학 형성에도 지대한 영향을 준 것으로 살펴보았다. This writing examined a process of development of regimen thought in East Asia from a viewpoint of development of civilization according to climate change. From this perspective, the characteristics of regimen thought that people are not sick and live healthy by boosting immunity (good health and long life), the core idea in East Asian Taoism of Seowu Jeon, Byeonghun (曙宇 全秉薰, 1857-1927) was examined. Jeon, Byeonghun is an intellectual and Taoism thinker during the period that Eastern civilization clashed with Western civilization at the end of 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. He integrated East Asian thought including Confucianism, Buddhism, etc. with one another based on regimen though of Taoism in this period. Jeon, Byeonghun again accepted and integrated regimen though including Western philosophy of mind, cerebral physiology, etc. with one another. He suggested spiritual philosophy (精神哲學), the new frame of Taoism thought, by accepting Western philosophy and science which are ahead in practical terms at that time. His thought of fusion (Compounding) more evolved than the theory of Dongdoseogi (東道西器論). Jeon, Byeonghun"s spiritual philosophy has been studied to satisfy the times that he lived and the viewpoints of friendship, data-finding, and training thought. However, examining the process of development of East Asian regimen thought of Jeon, Byeonghun"s spiritual philosophy, it is related to climate change according to extraterrestrial impacts. Development of East Asian regimen thought appeared like the law in the extraterrestrial impact period. When Jeon, Byeonghun set up and propagated spiritual philosophy, infectious diseases according to climate change were around. This writing has found that development of civilization (East Asian regiment thought) according to this climate change had a great effect on the formation of spiritual philosophy, the new frame of regimen thought by Jeon, Byeonghun.