Cations of Soil Minerals and Carbon Stabilization of Three Land Use Types in Gambari Forest Reserve, Nigeria

Oladele Fisayo Falade,Samsideen Olabiyi Rufai 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2021 Journal of Forest Science Vol.37 No.2

Predicting carbon distribution of soil aggregates is difficult due to complexity in organo-mineral formation. This limits global warming mitigation through soil carbon sequestration. Therefore, knowledge of land use effect on carbon stabilization requires quantification of soil mineral cations. The study was conducted to quantify carbon and base cations on soil mineral fractions in Natural Forest, Plantation Forest and Farm Land. Five 0.09 ha were demarcated alternately along 500 m long transect with an interval of 50 m in Natural Forest (NF), Plantation Forest (PF) and Farm Land (FL). Soil samples were collected with soil cores at 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm depths in each plot. Soil core samples were oven-dried at 105°C and soil bulk densities were computed. Sample (100 g) of each soil core was separated into >2.0, 2.0-1.0, 1.0-0.5, 0.5-0.05 and <0.05 mm aggregates using dry sieve procedure and proportion determined. Carbon concentration of soil aggregates was determined using Loss-on-ignition method. Mineral fractions of soil depths were obtained using dispersion, sequential extraction and sedimentation methods of composite soil samples and sieved into <0.05 and >0.05 mm fractions. Cation exchange capacity of two mineral fractions was measured using spectrophotometry method. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and ANOVA at 0.05. Silt and sand particle size decreased while clay increased with increase in soil depth in NF and PF. Subsoil depth contained highest carbon stock in the PF. Carbon concentration increased with decrease in aggregate size in soil depths of NF and FL. Micro- (1-0.5, 0.5-0.05 and <0.05 mm) and macro-aggregates (>2.0 and 2-1.0 mm) were saturated with soil carbon in NF and FL, respectively. Cation exchange capacity of <0.05 mm was higher than >0.05 mm in soil depths of PF and FL. Fine silt (<0.05 mm) determine the cation exchange capacity in soil depths. Land use and mineral size influence the carbon and cation exchange capacity of Gambari Forest Reserve.

염류집적 비닐하우스 토양의 교환성 양이온 측정

정종배 ( Jong-bae Chung ),이용세 ( Yong-se Lee ),정병룡 ( Byeong-ryong Jeong ) 한국환경농학회 2018 한국환경농학회지 Vol.37 No.1

가용성 및 난용성 염류가 집적된 비닐하우스 토양의 교환성 양이온을 가용성 염류의 사전 제거 처리 없이 pH 7.0의 1M NH₄OAc 용액으로 추출하여 측정할 경우 비교환성 양이 온의 용출로 인해 특히 교환성 Ca과 Mg의 함량이 실제보다 훨씬 과다하게 측정될 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과, 노지 토양의 경우에는 1 M NH₄OAc (pH 7.0) 용액으로 추출하여 측정한 교환성 양이온 함량의 합은 pH 7.0에서 측정된 CEC를 초과하지 않았으나 비닐하우스 토양의 경우에는 가용성 염류를 사전에 제거하더라도 CEC의 1.9-2.5배 정도로 과다하게 측정되었다. 가용성 염류를 사전에 제거한 후 pH 8.5의 1 M alcoholic NH₄Cl 용액으로 추출하여 측정한 비닐하우스 토양의 교환성 양이온의 합은 pH 7.0에서 측정된 CEC에 매우 근접하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 pH 8.5의 alcoholic NH₄Cl 용액에서 Ca과 Mg의 탄산염을 포함한 토양 중의 난용성 염류의 용해가 억제되었기 때문이다. 따라서 가용성 염류를 사전에 제거하고 NH₄OAc 용액 대신 alcoholic NH₄Cl 용액으로 교환성 양이온을 추출 정량함으로써 비닐하우스 토양의 교환성 양이온을 보다 정확하게 측정할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. BACKGROUND: Although 1 M NH₄OAc (pH 7.0) is predominantly used as the extractant of exchangeable cations in agricultural soils, this method is unsuitable for extracting the cations in saline and calcareous soils. This study was performed to select a proper method to determine exchangeable cations in vinyl greenhouse soils. METHODS AND RESULTS: Exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na) in saline vinyl greenhouse soils were determined after extraction with 1 M NH₄OAc (pH 7.0 and 8.5) and 1 M alcoholic NH₄Cl (pH 8.5). Sum of exchangeable cations of the soils extracted with 1 M NH₄OAc at pH 7.0 was 1.9-2.5 times greater than soil cation exchange capaity determined at pH 7.0, even though soluble salts were pre-removed. A similar result was found when the cations were extracted with 1 M NH₄OAc at pH 8.5. Those results are mostly due to the overestimation of exchangeable Ca and Mg, linked to a partial dissolution of sparingly soluble salts in NH₄OAc solution. When extracted with 1 M alcoholic NH₄Cl at pH 8.5, extractable Ca and Mg decreased significantly due to the lower solubility of Ca and Mg carbonates in the extractant. And the sum of exchangeable cations was very close to the corresponding exchange capacity of soils. CONCLUSION: Alcoholic NH₄Cl (pH 8.5) is proposed as a reliable extractant in determination of exchangeable cations in saline vinyl greenhouse soils. And soluble salts should be removed prior to the extraction of exchangeable cations.

차바자이트의 흡착 및 이온 교환 특성: Cs 및 다른 양이온과의 경쟁

백우현 ( Woo Hyeon Baek ),하수현 ( Su Hyeon Ha ),홍수민 ( Su Min Hong ),김선아 ( Seon Ah Kim ),김영규 ( Yeong Kyoo Kim ) 한국광물학회 2016 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.29 No.2

방사성 폐기물의 주요 성분 중 하나인 Cs의 자연에서 정출되는 제올라이트인 차바자이트(chabazite)에 대한 흡착 특성을 알아보기 위해 XRD, EPMA, EC, pH, ICP 분석방법을 이용하여 동정 및 화학성분 분석을 하였다. 그리고 추가적으로 양이온 교환능력을 확인하였고 시간과 농도에 따른 Cs 흡착 및 타 양이온(Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Sr2+)에 대한 경쟁흡착 실험을 실시하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 차바자이트의 화학식은 Ca1.15Na0.99K1.20Mg0.01Ba0.16Al4.79Si7.21O24였고 Si/Al 비율과 양이온 교환능력은 각각 1.50와 238.1 meq/100 g으로 측정되었다. 시간과 농도에 따른 Cs 흡착 등온 실험결과를 흡착 반응 속도 모델과 등온 흡착 모델에 적용해본 결과 각각 유사 2차 반응과 Freundlich 모델에 부합하였으므로 고체 표면에 흡착 물질이 2개 이상의 다중 흡착 층을 이루는 것을 알 수 있으며 모델로부터 유도되는 상수 값을 통해 차바자이트의 Cs 흡착 능력정도를 평가하였다. 경쟁 흡착 실험 결과 이온의 종류에 따라 이온 교환되어 차바자이트 내에 존재하는 Cs의 몰 분율에서 차이를 보였다. 각 양이온과 세슘과의 액체에서 고체 내로 흡착되는 경쟁 경향이 Na+, Li+, Sr2+, K+ 그리고 Rb+ 순으로 선택성이 있었으며 이는 수화 직경의 순서와 유사한 양상을 보였다. Kielland 도시법을 이용하여 Cs과 타 양이온의 교환 평형관계를 도시해 보았을 때에는 Sr2+가 가장 선택성이 높았으며 그 다음으로 Na+, Li+,K+, Rb+ 순으로 선택성이 나타났고 모든 타 양이온에 대하여 양의 값을 나타내었다. Kielland 도시법에서 나타나는 평형상수 값의 순서는 열역학 및 반응 속도론적인 의미를 내포하고 있으므로 수용액에서 공극 내로 들어가는 Cs은 Sr2+과의 공존 시 선호도가 높다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이는 경쟁하고 있는 수화된 양이온 간의 직경 차이가 원인일 것으로 추측된다. 본 연구 결과는 차바자이트가 높은 Cs 친화력을 가지는 것을 보여줌으로써 방사성 물질로 오염된 물에서 Cs을 선택적으로 교환할 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. To investigate the sorption characteristics of Cs, which is one of the major isotopes of nuclear waste, on natural zeolite chabazite, XRD, EPMA, EC, pH, and ICP analysis were performed to obtain the informations on chemical composition, cation exchange capacity, sorption kinetics and isotherm of chabazite as well as competitive adsorption with other cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Sr2+). The chabazite used in this experiment has chemical composition of Ca1.15Na0.99K1.20Mg0.01Ba0.16Al4.79Si7.21O24 and its Si/Al ratio and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were 1.50 and 238.1 meq/100 g, respectively. Using the adsorption data at different times and concentrations, pseudo-second order and Freundlich isotherm equation were the most adequate ones for kinetic and isotherm models, indicating that there are multi sorption layers with more than two layers, and the sorption capacity was estimated by the derived constant from those equations. We also observed that equivalent molar fractions of Cs exchanged in chabazite were different depending on the ionic species from competitive ion exchange experiment. The selectivity sequence of Cs in chabazite with other cations in solution was in the order of Na+, Li+, Sr2+, K+ and Rb+ which seems to be related to the hydrated diameters of those caions. When the exchange equilibrium relationship of Cs with other cations were plotted by Kielland plot, Sr2+ showed the highest selectivity followed by Na+, Li+, K+, Rb+ and Cs showed positive values with all cations. Equilibrium constants from Kielland plot, which can explain thermodynamics and reaction kinetics for ionic exchange condition, suggest that chabazite has a higher preference for Cs in pores when it exists with Sr2+ in solution, which is supposed to be due to the different hydration diameters of cations. Our rsults show that the high selectivity of Cs on chabazite can be used for the selective exchange of Cs in the water contaminated by radioactive nuclei.

대전시 도시지역 삼림토양의 특성

이민순,신수철,곽동훈 중부대학교 자연과학연구소 2000 自然科學硏究論文集 Vol.9 No.1

The forest soil properties of urban forested area in Daejeon City was analyzed to provide the fundamental data for urban forest regeneration and management. A total of 20 soil samples were collected from urban forested area and forest soil properties such as soil texture, soil moisture, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, avail phosphate, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cation content were analyzed. The soil pH ranged from 4.2±0.1 to 5.0±0.4 demonstrated acid soil in urban forested area and there was a trend of soil pH lowered at central urban and close to the industrialized area. And the soil pH is an important factor which determines soil chemical properties and has a significantly difference correlation relationship with soil buffer capacities. There were significantly difference correlation relationship between soil moisture contents and organic matte at p=0.05 level and cation exchange capacity at p=0.01 level, and between soil organic matter and total nitrogen at p=0.05 level and cation exchange capacity at p=0.05 level.

벤토나이트의 물리-화학적 성질을 지배하는 요인분석

고상모 ( Sang Mo Koh ),손병국 ( Byeong Kook Son ),송민섭 ( Min Sub Song ),박성완 ( Seong Wan Park ),이석훈 ( Seok Hoon Lee ) 한국광물학회 2002 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.15 No.4

This study was tried to interpret the important major factors controlling some physicochemical properties by comparing mineralogical and physicochemical characteristics such as pH, cation exchange capacity. Methylene Blue adsorption amount, swelling, viscosity, strength (compressional and tensile), and surface area etc. Investigated bentonite samples are five Korean samples from Dusan, Naa, Oksan, Dongyang, and Yeonil deposits and two Japanese bentonites from Tsukinuno and Tomioka deposits which were formed under a similar geological environment of the Tertiary basin. Tsukinuno bentonite is only natural Na-type bentonite and the others are all Ca-type bentonites. Most of the properties are not explained by the montmorillonite content only though the most important factor controlling the physicochemical properties is the montmorillonite content The layer charge of montmorillonite will strongly control cation exchange capacity and Methylene Blue adsorption. Zeolite bearing bentonites show the strong alkaline character and causes the increase of cation exchange capacity, however decrease swelling, viscosity and strengths. Pyrite bearing bentonites decrease green compressional strength and wet tensile strength. The exchangeable interlayer cations control some physicochemical properties. Na-type bentonite than Ca-type shows more strong alkaline caracter and much more advanced swelling and viscosity. Also the size and thickness of montmorillonite flakes seem to control some physicochemical properties. Bentonite mainly composed of montmorillonite of very thin and large flakes is characterized by the very high surface area, cation exchange capacity, viscosity, swelling, Methylene Blue adsorption, green compressional strength and wet tensile strength. Domestic Dusan bentonite shows the most excellent physicochemical properties, which is due to the high content(84%) and very well crystallinity of montmorillonite.

Synthesis and Chromatographic Characteristics of Multidentate Ligand-Boned Silica Stationary Phases

Li, Rong,Wang, Yan,Chen, Guo-Liang,Shi, Mei,Wang, Xiao-Gang,Zheng, Jian-Bin Korean Chemical Society 2010 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.31 No.8

To improve the separation property and stability of metal chelate Cu(II) column, three new kinds of multidentate aminocarboxy silica columns with cation-exchange properties were synthesized using glutamic acid (Glu), glutamic acidbromoacetic acid (Glu-BAA), glutamic acid-bromosuccinic acid (Glu-BSUA) as ligands and silica gel as matrix. The standard proteins were separated with prepared chromatographic columns. The stationary phases exhibited the metal chelate property after fixing copper ion (II) on the synthesized multidentate ligand silica columns. The binding capacity of immobilized metal ion was related with the dentate number of multidentate ligands. Chromatographic behavior of proteins and the leakage of immobilized metal ion on multidentate chelate Cu(II) columns were affected by the dentate number of multidentate ligands and competitive elution system directly. The results showed that quinquedentate Glu-BSUA-Cu(II) column exhibited better chromatographic property and stability as compared with tridentate Glu-Cu(II) column, tetradentate Glu-BAA-Cu(II) column and commonly used IDA-Cu(II) column.

Synthesis and Chromatographic Characteristics of Multidentate Ligand-Boned Silica Stationary Phases

Rong Li,Yan Wang,Guo-Liang Chen,Mei Shi,Xiao-Gang Wang,Jian-Bin Zheng 대한화학회 2010 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.31 No.8

To improve the separation property and stability of metal chelate Cu(II) column, three new kinds of multidentate aminocarboxy silica columns with cation-exchange properties were synthesized using glutamic acid (Glu), glutamic acidbromoacetic acid (Glu-BAA), glutamic acid-bromosuccinic acid (Glu-BSUA) as ligands and silica gel as matrix. The standard proteins were separated with prepared chromatographic columns. The stationary phases exhibited the metal chelate property after fixing copper ion (II) on the synthesized multidentate ligand silica columns. The binding capacity of immobilized metal ion was related with the dentate number of multidentate ligands. Chromatographic behavior of proteins and the leakage of immobilized metal ion on multidentate chelate Cu(II) columns were affected by the dentate number of multidentate ligands and competitive elution system directly. The results showed that quinquedentate Glu-BSUA-Cu(II) column exhibited better chromatographic property and stability as compared with tridentate Glu-Cu(II) column, tetradentate Glu-BAA-Cu(II) column and commonly used IDA-Cu(II) column.

Synthesis and characterization of a new nanocomposite cation exchanger polyacrylamide Ce(IV) silicophosphate: Photocatalytic and antimicrobial applications

Deepak Pathania,Gaurav Sharma,Mu. Naushad,Amit Kumar 한국공업화학회 2014 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.20 No.5

A nanocomposite cation exchanger polyacrylamide Ce(IV) silicophosphate (PAM–CSP)was prepared via sol–gel method. The ion exchange capacity of nanocomposite PAM–CSP was found better (1.42 mequiv. g-1) than its inorganic counterpart Ce(IV) silicophosphate (CSP, 0.84 mequiv. g-1). The material was characterized using different techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM. The various physiochemical properties such as pH titration, elution concentration and elution behavior studies of PAM–CSP were studied. The pH titration studies clearly indicated the bifunctional nature of nanocomposite ion exchanger. The effect of temperature on the ion exchange capacity of the material was also investigated. The photocatalytic activity of PAM–CSP was investigated for the degradation of methylene blue dye which revealed that 83.40% of MB was degraded in 5 h. The antimicrobial activities of PAM–CSP were also ascertained against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Effects of Chemical Stabilizers on an Expansive Clay

Honghua Zhao,Louis Ge,Thomas M. Petry,Yi-Zhen Sun 대한토목학회 2014 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.18 No.4

Expansive clays exhibit a high potential for the volume change behavior when the soil moisture changes. The estimated annualcost of the damage to the facilities built on expansive clay in the United States exceeds 9 billion dollars. Because of the physicochemicalnature of the expansive clay, the use of chemical agents to improve their engineering properties is common. This researchinvestigated the effects of chemical agents on an expansive soil from Texas through a laboratory injection method. The agents used inthis study included lime, potassium based agents, and a group of ionic agents. Swelling tests, chemical tests, and soil suction testswere used to evaluate the stabilizing effects of those chemical agents. The testing results indicated that potassium based stabilizer, isan effective stabilizing agent to control the swelling potential of the expansive clay. It can also be injected in the field to build amoisture barrier. The chemical tests on the injected Texas clay showed that the stabilizing mechanism of the ionic agents is possiblythrough the cations’ exchange and the increase of the cations’ concentrations in the soil pore water.

산성강하물이 지표수의 산성화에 미치는 영향 Ⅱ: 컬럼연구 및 현장조사

김영관,우경식 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1997 環境硏究 Vol.14 No.-

토양층과 모암층에서의 산성우에 대한 중화능력을 평가하기 위하여 인공강우를 이용한 컬럼실험을 실시하였으며 토양을 이루고 있는 모암 특성의 차이에 의한 산성강하물의 환충효과를 비교하기 위하여 연구지역내의 모암의 조성광물에 차이가 있는 두 개의 골짜기를 선정하고 골짜기에 흐르는 지표수의 pH를 1996년 5월부터 1996년 10월까지 측정하였다. 컬럼실험에서 사용한 인공강우는 증류수에 황산과 질산을 적절히 첨가하여 pH를 각각 3,4, 및 5로 조절하였으며 컬럼유출수의 주요 양이온과 음이온을 측정하였다. A층위와 B층위의 양이온 교환용량(CEC)은 각각 9.68 meq/100g과 6.16 meq/100g 이었으며 인공강우의 살포시 컬럼유출수의 pH는 중간층토양에서보다 양이온 교환용량이 큰 표층토양에서 더 크게 나타났다. 컬럼유출수에서의 Ca^(2+), Mg^(2+), Na^(+)의 합이 점차로 감소하여 지속적인 산성우는 토양의 양이온 교환용량을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 현장조사결과에 따르면 골짜기의 하류로 내려옴에 따라 지표수의 pH는 계속 증가하여 하류로 흐르는 과정에서의 완충효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 완충효과는 모암의 조성광물중 kaolinite와 illite이외에도 smectite를 함유하고 있는 골짜기에서 더 크게 나타나는 것이 특징적이었다. 이 결과는 토양층 뿐만 아니라 모암이 산성우의 완충용량을 가지고 있음을 나타내었다. A column study using artificial acid rain was conducted to evaluate the buffering capacities in soil layer and host rock. In an effort to compare the effect of composition of host rock, two valleys of which compositions of host rock are different were chosen within the study area and the pHs of the water flowing in the valleys were measured from May, 1996 to October, 1996. The pHs of the artificial acid rain prepared by adding appropriate amounts of both sulfuric and nitric acids to distilled water were 3,4,and 5, and the column effluents were analyzed for major cations and anions. The cation exchange capacities(CECs) of A Horizon and the B Horizon were 9.68 and 6.16 meq/100g, respectively. Compared to the B Horizon, the pH in the column effluent of A Horizon with larder CEC was higher. The sums of Ca^(2+), Mg^(2+) and Na^(+) in the column effluents gradually decreased, indicating the loss of CEC by acid rain. The field study showed that pHs of the surface water in the valleys increased as the water flows downwards. The magnitude of this buffering capacity was greater for the valley in which smectite in addition to kaolinite and illite was a weathered product of host rocks. This also indicates that host rock as well as soil layer retains the buffering capacity.