Bottom ash를 이용한 Sand mat 대체 재료의 적용성 연구

박종범 ( Jong-beom Park ),김상천 ( Sang-cheon Kim ) 한국환경기술학회 2017 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.18 No.2

산업부산물 중 Bottom ash는 화력발전소에서 유연탄을 1,500℃에서 연소시 노벽에 용융되어 보일러 바닥에 떨어진 후 수집되며, 입경은 약 1~40 ㎜까지 다양하다. 강한 강도와 반영구적인 재질 특성을 가진 Bottom ash는 천연골재 대체자원으로 가장 적합한 재료로 알려져 있다. 또한 자체에 수많은 기공을 가지고 있으며, 식물성장에 도움이 되는 다량의 미네랄 성분을 함유하고 있다. 이러한 Bottom ash의 재활용은 매우 미진한 상태이며, 산업폐기물로서 막대한 처리비용과 함께 매립장의 부족 등 여러 가지 문제점을 야기 시키고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 현재 대부분 매립장에 폐기 처리되고 있는 Bottom ash를 적극적으로 활용하고자 Sand mat 대체 재료로 활용하기 위한 적용성을 연구하였다. 연구결과 Bottom ash는 재료적인 측면과 환경적인 측면에서 모든 기준에 적합하였으며, 실제 시공에서도 필요로 하는 소요 통수능을 확보하였다. 따라서 Sand mat 공법에 적용시 모래 대체 재료로서 Bottom ash를 활용할 수 있을 것이다. Bottom ashes among industrial byproducts, being fused on furnace wall at the time of soft coals combustion at 1,500℃, are collected after they drop to boiler bottom, and their particle diameters vary 1 ㎜ through 40 ㎜. Bottom ash, which possesses high strength and semi-permanent material characteristics, is known as a material most suitable as aggregate alternative resource. Also, with many blow holes in itself, it contains multitude of mineral components which are helpful in plant growth. Bottom ashes, in spite of such merit, are very poorly recycled, and are faced with various problems such as shortage of burial sites along with enormous treatment cost. Therefore, this research intended to study on applicability of Bottom ash which is mostly wasted to burial sites currently as Sand mat material for active utilization of it. As a research result, Bottom ash was shown to comply with all the criteria in material and environment aspects, and to possess the conveyance required for actual construction. Therefore, it is judged that Bottom ash may be utilized as sand alternative material when applying Sand mat construction method.

Bottom Ash 혼합토의 자중압밀 특성 연구

윤원섭(Won-Sub Yoon),신승구(Seung-Gu Shin),채영수(Young-Su Chae) 한국지반신소재학회 2015 한국지반신소재학회 논문집 Vol.14 No.4

본 연구에서는 매립재료에 대한 새로운 요구를 만족하기 위해 석탄회(bottom ash)와 해안준설토를 혼합한 혼합토를 준설매립지반에 적용하기 위한 연구를 계획하였다. 화력발전소에서 발생되는 석탄회는 크게 비회와 저회로 구분된다. 비회의 경우 입자가 작아 재활용 시 투수계수가 작기 때문에 환경적인 부분에서 문제가 제기되지 않아 연구가 많이 진행되었으나 저회의 경우 입도가 크고 투수계수가 커 재활용 시 환경적인 문제가 제기되어 그동안은 활용이 제한되었다. 하지만 최근에 발표된 연구결과에 따르면 bottom ash를 활용한 지반개량구간에서 추출한 침출수의 수질분석 실험을 실시한 연구결과 중금속 오염수치가 기준치 이내로 나타나 환경적인 문제는 크게 없는 것으로 나타나 향후 bottom ash의 활용이 크게 늘어날 것으로 평가된다. 이러한 bottom ash는 모래의 입도를 가지고 있으며, 그동안은 대부분이 폐기되기 때문에 재료 수급 시 운반비만 고려하면 되며, 대부분의 화력발전소가 해안에 위치하고 있어 배를 이용하여 운반하면 운반비를 줄일 수 있어 경제적인 측면에서도 준설매립에 가장 적당한 재료로 판단된다. 또한 새만금사업 등 해안준설 매립에 대한 수요가 크기 때문에 준설토보다 시공기간과 공사비 절감의 효과를 극대화할 수 있는 혼합토의 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 최근 해안매립지반의 새로운 개발 요구에 따라 bottom ash와 카올리나이트를 혼합한 혼합토에 대한 실내 자중압밀실험을 실시, 혼합토의 시료처리과정과 혼합방법에 따른 자중압밀특성에 대해 연구하였으며, 이 연구결과는 향후 대규모 해안 준설매립지반의 적용시 기초자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. In order to meet the new requirements for landfill materials, this study planned a study to apply mixed soil of mixing bottom ash and coastal dredged soil to the dredged ground. Coal ash generated from thermal power plant is divided into fly ash and bottom ash. In the case of fly ash, many studies have been conducted because small particles causes permeability coefficient to be small during recycling so no problem has been raised in the environmental area but the utilization of bottom ash has been limited because environmental problems have been raised during recycling due to its larger particle size and greater permeability coefficient. According to recently published studies, however, the results of the study that conducted the water analysis of leachate generated in the ground improvement section using bottom ash showed that heavy metal contamination levels were found to be within the reference value and no significant environmental problems were found so utilization of bottom ash is evaluated to increase significantly in the future. This bottom ash has the particle size of sand and only transportation costs need to be considered when providing materials because the majority has been disposed and it is judged as the most suitable material in dredging landfill in the economic aspect because most thermal power plants are located in the coast and transportation costs can be reduced by ship. Also, research on mixed soil that can maximize the effect of the construction period and construction cost savings than dredged soil is determined as needed because the demand for coastal dredging reclamation is increasing such as Saemangeum project etc. Therefore, we studied self-weight consolidation characteristics depending on sample processing and mixing method of mixed soil by carrying out interior self-weight consolidation experiments on mixed soil of mixing bottom ash and Kaolinite according to the new development needs of recent coastal reclaimed ground and these result findings are expected to be used as basic data when applying the large coastal dredged ground in the future.

화력발전소 Bottom Ash 재활용을 위한 물리특성 및 광물조성에 관한 연구

최영익 ( Young-ik Choi ),문종익 ( Jong-ik Moon ),정진희 ( Jin-hee Jung ),성낙창 ( Nak-chang Sung ),강헌찬 ( Heon-chan Kang ) 한국환경기술학회 2013 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.14 No.6

화력발전소에서 발생되는 Bottom ash의 처리 처분문제를 해결하고 자원의 재이용을 촉진하기 위하여, 이미 2007년부터 이들 물질의 재활용을 위한 제도적 개선이 이루어진 상태이다. 그러나 보다 다양한 Bottom ash의 재활용 방안을 다각적으로 모색하기 위해서는 선행되어야 할 많은 과제들을 갖고 있는 것이 현실이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Bottom ash의 기본적인 물리특성과 광물적인 조성을 제시함으로써, 보다 체계적이고 적극적인 Bottom ash의 재활용방안 연구에 도움이 되고자 한다. 본 연구결과`H`화력발전소에서 발생되는 Bottom ash의 평균입경은 535 ㎛로 나타났으며, 입경별로 Bottom ash의 형상과 화학조성에 의하여 비중분리의 정도가 다르게 나타났다. Bottomash의 XRF 분석한 결과, Fe₂O₃의 함량이 전체구간에서 높게 나타났고, 입도가 큰 구간에서 CaO의 함량이 더 높은 것으로 확인되었다. Bottom ash는 자력선별에 의하여 52.56% 분리 가능하였으며, 자력선별이 용이한 39.28%는 500 gauss에서 선별이 가능하였다. The bottom ash from th coal-fired power station is usually disposed of landfill. To reuse or to recycle the waste, we need to know about the characteristics of the bottom ash. In this study, we select some major analytical items. At fist, the particle size distribution of the bottom ash shows that the average particle size turned out to be 535㎛. The shapes of the particle is seems to varied by the particle size and the chemical/ mineral composition. XRF analysis shows that Fe₂O₃ component is prevails all of the bottom ash and with increasing the particle size the CaO contents also a little increases. The presence of Fe₂O₃ component makes the bottom ash to be separated by the magnetic force. The 52.65% of bottom ash could be separate by magnetic force and readily separable portion of bottom ash(39.28%) could separated under the strength of 500 gauss.

Evaluation on Properties of Cement Mortar and Brick Using Magnetically Separated Coal Power Plant Bottom Ash

김지현,문훈,정철우 한국콘크리트학회 2024 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.18 No.3

Recycling of abandoned waste bottom ash has been a key issue in Republic of Korea in terms of environmental protection as well as economic concern. In this work, a method for recycling of abandoned bottom ash has been discussed based on the results from laboratory and industrial-scale experiments. Abandoned bottom ash was magnetically separated and properties of magnetically separated bottom ash samples as well as properties of mortar and masonry cement brick made of bottom ash were investigated. According to the experimental results, bulk and skeletal densities were ranked in the order of strongly magnetic > weakly magnetic > as-received > non-magnetic (from heavier to lighter) bottom ash. From laboratory-scale experiments, compressive strengths of mortars made of bottom ash samples (measured by ASTM C 109) were lower than that of mortar made of standard sand. Among bottom ash samples, mortar made of non-magnetic bottom ash (after removal of unburnt carbon) showed higher compressive strength with lower thermal conductivity (measured by ASTM C 1113) and weight than others. Masonry cement brick made of magnetic bottom ash showed lower weight and thermal conductivity than those made of standard sand, while meeting the KS strength guideline as a masonry cement brick. The results suggest the applicability of bottom ash as lightweight aggregate for production of masonry cement brick. However, considering the lower strength obtained from masonry cement brick made of as-received bottom ash (without removal of unburnt carbon), unburnt carbon content should be removed prior to its utilization as lightweight aggregate.

A Study on the Characteristics of Incineration Bottom Ash from MSW in Urban-Rural Complex City

( Seongwon Yeon ),( Hyukjoon Lee ),( Pengfei Zhu ),( Jisun Jung ),( Jungsik Cho ),( Ikjun Yeon ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2015 한국폐기물자원순환학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2015 No.-

Along the increases of incineration bottom ashes emitted from the municipal solid waste incinerator, the issues, such as increased treatment costs, environmental problems and lack of land area for incineration treatment facility have raised. Therefore, this study was performed to analyze the incineration bottom ash to seek how to recycle the resources. The particles of bottom ash discharged as municipal solid wastes are not even and composed of inorganic substances such as iron and non-metals; in this study, therefore, the bottom ash are used as the basic data for the purpose of resource recycle. In this study, the waste incineration bottom ash emitted from the incineration treatment facility located in city C were analyzed. About 100 tons of municipal solid waste are incinerated in this facility on a daily basis. The particle size, XRF, TGA and ICP were analyzed for bottom ash. A LA-950(Laser Scattering Particle Size Analyzer) was used to perform a particle size analysis and as a result, the particle diameter of a large range was distributed and the particle diameter was shown to be wide so not evenly distributed. The distribution of particle diameter for each sample was shown to be inconsistent. XRF used an EDX-750 (Shimazu) to analyze the chemical components and as a result, the key components contained in the bottom ash included CO2, CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, etc. The analysis revealed that CaO contained to be lower than other area. TGA / DSC 1 / 1600 LF(Mettler-Toledo AG) were used to analyze TGA and the heating rate of 10℃/min was applied up to the maximum temperature 1200℃. As a result, the sample of incineration bottom ash showed its significant reaction at around 700℃. In general, when temperature of bottom ash starts raising, the moisture started to evaporate at around 100℃ while a significant decline is observed in weight. However in this study, no significant change was observed around 100℃ followed by the pre-processed and bottom ash. ICP used 820 ICP-MS (Bruker, Germany) to analyze the heavy metal - As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Pb. 3 different bottom ash were divided into 3 samples and as a result, the average concentration of each substance was analyzed as As 0.0049ppm and Cu 0.006ppm, whereas the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were observed to be less than the quantization limit; therefore, the concentrations of all 6 items were shown to be less than the hazardous level of the specified wastes.

Catalytic Gasification of Rice Husk using Coal Bottom Ash and Incineration Bottom Ash

( Sangjae Jeong ),( Taeho Lee ),( Young-min Kim ),( Seungdo Kim ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

The demand for alternative energy is increasing rapidly due to global warming and the exhaustion of fossil fuels. Gasification is a technology for gaseous fuels by the incomplete combustion of waste or biomass. However, tar formed by incomplete combustion may cause plugging of gasifier and gas turbine. Therefore, tar reduction in the producer gas is an essential element. In this study, the catalytic gasification of rice husks was performed using a fluidized bed gasifier. To improve gas yield and reduce tar, coal bottom ash and incineration bottom ash were introduced as alternative materials. Gasification was carried out at 600℃, 700℃ and 800℃. Silica sand, dolomite, coal bottom ash, incineration bottom ash were used for bed materials. The ER (equivalence ratio), which is defined as the ratio of the actual fuel/air ratio to the stoichiometric fuel/air ratio, was set to 0.3. As the temperature increased, not only the yield of the gas, but also the concentration of H₂ and CO was increased. In addition, tar the producer gas was reduced. As a result of using alternative materials, although coal bottom ash didn’t show any significant differences compared to silica sand, dolomite and incineration bottom ash have been shown to be effective in improving the yield of H₂ and reducing tar content. This is expected to be due to the high content of alkaline earth metals (Ca, Mg) in dolomite and incineration bottom ash. Therefore, it is expected that incineration bottom ash can be used as a catalyst to replace dolomite.

Bottom Ash골재 사용을 위한 제조기술 및 이를 사용한 경량콘크리트 패널의 난연성능에 관한 실험적 연구

오재훈,박선영,이재욱,박효석,문종욱,Oh. Jae Hoon,Park. Sun Young,Lee. Jae Wook,Park. Hyo Suk,Moon. Jong Wook 한국방재학회 2012 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.12 No.2

건물의 고층화 대형화에 따라 화재규모 또한 대형화 되고 있다. 고층건물일수록 건물의 하중을 감안하여 경계벽 및 칸막이벽에 적용하기 위한 경량콘크리트 패널의 사용이 늘어나고 있으나 이에 대한 화재안전 성능은 취약하다고 할 수 있다. 특히 경량화만을 위한 골재를 사용한 경우 화재시 연소의 확대 및 폭렬, 유독가스방출 등이 발생되어 인명 및 재산의 피해가 우려된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수입산 경량골재를 대채하여 화력발전소 부산물인 Bottom Ash를 주 골재로 사용하는 경량골재를 연구하였다. 5 mm이상의 Bottom Ash 입자에 3 mm이하 Bottom Ash 입자를 Coating하는 제조기술을 통하여 Bottom Ash의 장점인 기공을 유지하고, 단점인 흡수율을 개선 시켯으며. 난연성능 평가에서 KS F ISO 1182,2271(불연재료시험)을 통과 하는 난연성을 확보한 경량콘크리트 제조기술을 연구하였다. 그리고 흡수율, 압축강도, 단위중량 등에서 기본적인 경량콘크리트 패널의 성능을 만족하였고, Non-Coating Bottom Ash에 비해 흡수율을 50%이상 개선되었다. The higher and bigger buildings are, the huger the scale of fire is. As the height of buildings gets greater, the amount of lightweight concrete increases to be used for dividers and separation wall taking the weight of the building into consideration. In particular, in the case of using only materials for weight lightening, at a fire, expansion, explosive fracture and emission of toxic gas would occur, so damage of life and property is concerned. For this reason, in this research, we studied light weight materials which used Bottom Ash, a byproduct of a thermoelectric power plant, as main materials, instead of imported light weight materials. Through the manufacturing technology coating more than 5 mm Bottom Ash particle with less than 3 mm Bottom Ash particle, the air hole, the advantage of Bottom Ash, is maintained, and the absorption, the disadvantage of it, is improved. As a result, it satisfied all the requirement such as the absorption, compressive strength, and unit weight like the basic light weight concrete panel, and the absorption is improved by more than 50%, compared to Non-Coating Bottom Ash. In the experiment of incombustibility, we also studied great manufacturing technology of light-weight-concrete passed through KS F ISO 1182,2271(incombustible materials).

A Study on the Characteristics of Incineration Bottom Ash from MSW in Urban-Rural Complex City

Seongwon Yeon,Hyukjoon Lee,Pengfei Zhu,Jisun Jung,Jungsik Cho,Ikjun Yeon 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2015 한국폐기물자원순환학회 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.05

Along the increases of incineration bottom ashes emitted from the municipal solid waste incinerator, the issues, such as increased treatment costs, environmental problems and lack of land area for incineration treatment facility have raised. Therefore, this study was performed to analyze the incineration bottom ash to seek how to recycle the resources. The particles of bottom ash discharged as municipal solid wastes are not even and composed of inorganic substances such as iron and non-metals; in this study, therefore, the bottom ash are used as the basic data for the purpose of resource recycle. In this study, the waste incineration bottom ash emitted from the incineration treatment facility located in city C were analyzed. About 100 tons of municipal solid waste are incinerated in this facility on a daily basis. The particle size, XRF, TGA and ICP were analyzed for bottom ash. A LA-950(Laser Scattering Particle Size Analyzer) was used to perform a particle size analysis and as a result, the particle diameter of a large range was distributed and the particle diameter was shown to be wide so not evenly distributed. The distribution of particle diameter for each sample was shown to be inconsistent. XRF used an EDX-750 (Shimazu) to analyze the chemical components and as a result, the key components contained in the bottom ash included CO2, CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, etc. The analysis revealed that CaO contained to be lower than other area. TGA / DSC 1 / 1600 LF(Mettler-Toledo AG) were used to analyze TGA and the heating rate of 10℃/min was applied up to the maximum temperature 1200℃. As a result, the sample of incineration bottom ash showed its significant reaction at around 700℃. In general, when temperature of bottom ash starts raising, the moisture started to evaporate at around 100℃ while a significant decline is observed in weight. However in this study, no significant change was observed around 100℃ followed by the pre-processed and bottom ash. ICP used 820 ICP-MS (Bruker, Germany) to analyze the heavy metal - As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Pb. 3 different bottom ash were divided into 3 samples and as a result, the average concentration of each substance was analyzed as As 0.0049ppm and Cu 0.006ppm, whereas the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were observed to be less than the quantization limit; therefore, the concentrations of all 6 items were shown to be less than the hazardous level of the specified wastes.

A Feasibility Study on the Aggregate for Road Construction with Bottom Ash of MSW Incinerator

( Jin Gwan Kim ),( Minah Oh ),( Hoonsang Lee ),( Yu Ju Lee ),( Myungho Lee ),( Jai-young Lee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2016 한국폐기물자원순환학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.-

The ‘S’ city in korea is proceeding the policy to reduce the direct landfilling for municipal solid waste (MSW). Incinerating rate of MSW treatment increases and bottom ash of MSW incinerator also mounts up. Developed countries are already using bottom ash of MSW incinerator such as the aggregate, brick, and tiles. A small number of recycling companies has attempted to recycle of bottom ash at MSW incineration, but the most of companies have not continue their business. Especially, the regulations and standards for bottom ash of MSW incinerator do not clear, this situation has a lot of difficulties to get the recycle practice. The purpose of this study was to assessment the potential for recycling of bottom ash at MSW incineration. Recycling utilization was carried out according to the provisions of 'Bottom ash aggregate for road construction' in the Korea Industrial Standard(KS). Samples were analyzed with bottom ash of MSW incineration collected at the resource recovery facility ‘A’ and ‘B’ in ‘S’ city. Pre-treatment for recycling was conducted for being satisfied with the ‘criteria stabilization at bottom ash’ before the recycling experiments. The experiment was defined in ‘Bottom ash aggregate for road construction’, shows the particle size analysis, plastic limit, liquid limit, modified CBR, sand equivalent and the resistance to abrasion. As the results, both samples were not satisfied with the criteria of the particle size analysis. In addition, bottom ash from ‘B’ facility didn’t fulfill the criteria by resistance to abrasion. However, criteria on the other physical characteristics from KS were shown the results satisfied. Therefore, it will necessary for the fine powder removed process as the aggregate for road construction.

바텀애시를 잔골재로 사용한 콘크리트의 내구성능에 관한 연구

박승호(Seung-Ho Park),이정배(Jeong-Bae Lee),김성수(Seong-Soo Kim) 한국건설순환자원학회 2016 한국건설순환자원학회 논문집 Vol.4 No.4

본 연구는 화력발전소에서 배출되는 석탄회 중 바텀애시의 재활용에 대한 실험적 연구이다. 석탄회는 일반적으로 플라이애시, 바텀애시, 신더애시 등으로 구분된다. 이 중 플라이애시의 경우 콘크리트 재료 중 시멘트 대체재로 많은 양이 재활용되고 있다. 반면, 바텀애시의 경우 다공성 및 높은 흡수율 등의 특징에 의해 석탄회 중 재활용률이 가장 낮은 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 바텀애시를 콘크리트의 잔골재로 0~30%까지 단계별로 치환하여 제조한 콘크리트에 대한 내구성능을 평가하였다. 바텀애시 잔골재를 사용한 콘크리트의 내구성능 평가 결과, 동결융해의 경우 바텀애시 혼입 유무와 관계없이 적정한 연행공기를 통해 저항성을 확보할 수 있었고 염소이온침투 저항성, 건조수축 및 중금속에 대한 영향을 검토한 결과 바텀애시 혼입량 증가에 따른 영향은 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 탄산화 촉진 실험결과 바텀애시 사용이 증가함에 따라 탄산화 침투가 다소 컸으나 적절한 배합설계를 통해서 바텀애시를 콘크리트 잔골재로 활용하는 것이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. This study is about the reuse of bottom ash, which is released as a necessity in thermal power plant. In general, coal-ash are classified as fly-ash, bottom-ash, cinder-ash. Of these, a large amount of fly ash is being recycled as cement substitutes. While, recycling rates of bottom ash are the lowest due to its porosity and high absorption. In this study, the durability of the concrete using bottom ash as a concrete fine aggregate was evaluated. The using level of the bottom ash ranges to step-by-step from 0% to 30%. According to the result of the durability test, regardless of the presence of the bottom ash, freeze-thaw durability could be secured by air entrainment. In case of the resistance to chloride ions penetration, the length change, and the effects on heavy metals, the replacement of bottom ash as fine aggregate was not critical. Although carbonation penetration was higher as the replacement level of bottom ash increased, the experiment showed that it could be possible to use bottom ash as concrete fine aggregate with proper mix design.