통일신라시대 동궁과 월지의 입수부에 대한 수경디자인 수법

Jisoung Baik,Seohee An 전북대학교 휴양및경관계획연구소 2015 휴양및경관연구 (J East Asian Landscape Studies) Vol.9 No.3

동궁과 월지는 통일신라시대에 조성된 넓은 수면의 원지를 중심으로 한 궁원으로 추정된다. 원지는 입수부, 연못, 출수 부로 구성되어 있으며, 특히 입수부는 독자적인 특징을 보이는 수경시설로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구는 월지 입수부의 수경에 대한 디자인수법을 밝힘으로써 통일신라시대의 궁원을 이해하고 원지조영에 대한 작법의 단초를 제공하고자 한다. 연구방법으로 동궁과 월지에 대한 발굴조사 성과를 바탕으로 발굴조사의 내용과 복원된 수경시설에 대한 조사와 분석 을 통하여 입수부에 대한 수경 디자인수법을 도출한다. 원지의 입수부는 직선형수로, 석조, 소지, 계류형수로, 폭포로 구성되어 다채로운 수경을 연출하고 있는데 각각의 디 자인 수법은 다음과 같다. 기하학적인 인공형태의 직선형수로는 수로의 초입부에서 직각으로 수류방향을 바꾸는 굴절점 을 세 차례 반복하는 선형을 보이는데 이는 건축물의 축선을 따른 것으로 건축물의 세력권에 영향을 받은 형태의 디자인 수법으로 볼 수 있다. 상하로 연결된 2단 석조는 물을 담은 큰 그릇으로써의 이용을 고려한 것으로 상하의 단차에 의한 물의 약동은 시각 및 청각적인 효과를 위한 디자인수법이다. 또한 석조 주위의 판석과 외연벽석으로 형성된 한정된 공간 은 가장 가까이에서 물을 접할 수 있는 친수공간으로 디자인된 수경공간이다. 완만한 곡선의 타원형에 가까운 형태의 소지는 호안의 축조와 바닥처리 및 경석의 배치에 있어서 독자적인 디자인 수법을 보이며, 기능적으로는 폭포수의 일정 한 수량공급을 위한 저수지의 역할을 한다. 자연스러운 분위기를 연출하는 계류형 수로는 직선형 수로와 대비되는 디자 인으로 호안을 축조하는 방식에서 최대한 자연스럽게 보이기 위한 수법을 보여준다. 입수부의 마지막 단계로서 극단적 인 시각적 변화를 보여주는 폭포는 수로와 원지의 단차를 해결하는 디자인수법으로 사용되었으며, 위치설정에 있어서 완전노출을 피하여 흥미를 유발시키는 고차원의 수법이 적용되었다. 다섯 단계로 구성된 다채로운 입수부의 수경시설은 근접한 건축물의 영향을 받는 직선형의 인공적 디자인의 수경수법 에서 시작하여 점차적으로 그 영향에서 벗어나 자연스러움을 보여주는 디자인의 발전단계를 보여주는 수경시설의 디자 인수법을 보여주고 있다. Donggung and Wolji is a palace garden around a wide, round pond built during the Unified Silla Period. The great pond comprises a water intake zone, a pond, and an outflow zone. In particular, the water intake zone comprises waterscape facilities with unique features. By identifying the design techniques of the waterscape in a water intake zone of Wolji, this paper aims to explain the basis for the waterscape techniques used around the pond and to describe the palace garden during the Unified Silla Period. The design technique for a waterscape in the water intake zone was identified through analysis of the restored waterscape facilities and through the investigation results of the excavation in Donggung and Wolji. The water intake zone in the great pond area presents a variety of waterscapes: straight channel, stone basin, small pond, streamy channel, and falls. The straight channel in the artificial geometric form has a linear configuration with three inflection points, where the channel is diverted at a right angle from the starting point. This design follows the axis of the architecture and can be considered a design technique that uses a form affected by the scope of influence of the architecture. The two-step stone basin connecting the upper step and the lower step can be described as a large bowl containing water. The dynamics of water falling from one step to the other is a technique to provide visual and audio effects. The limited space between the flagstone and the external wall around the stone basin forms a waterscape designed as a water-friendly space that gives people easy and direct access to water. The small pond, which has a nearly oval shape with smooth, curved lines, reflects unique design techniques in the revetment construction, bottom treatment, and pumice stone arrangement. It works as a reservoir, supplying a certain amount of water to the falls in the functional aspects of the waterscape. The streamy channel, presenting the natural landscape, illustrates the technique of making the most natural appearance possible in the revetment construction, as the design contrasts with the straight channel. The falls, showing an extreme visual change at the endpoint of the water intake zone, are a design technique that solves the problem of the difference in elevation between the channel and great pond. The falls use a high-level technique in that the location was chosen to avoid complete visibility, thus inducing interest. The variety of waterscape facilities in a water intake zone comprising five stages reveals a design technique that starts from an artificial straight design influenced by neighboring architecture and pursues a natural appearance by gradually moving away from this influence as the design advances.

廣州市 龍江洞 정원유적의 원지구성에 관한 기초적인 연구

백지성,하진호 한국정원학회 2002 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.20 No.3

The garden remains located in Yonggang-dong, Gyeogju-city is presumed to have been a part of a royal villa in the Unified Shilla and has a pond garden and waterscape-focused stucture. The pond garden seems to have had a pond island which must have been connected to the garden with a bridge. The small architectural sites were also found in the east and southeast part of the pond garden. In particular, it was partially confirmed that there was a stream in the southeast site. In the garden structure, the characteristics found in the plan of the pond garden were as follows: (1) The pond garden The shore edging of the pond garden keeps a certain distance from the shore of the pond island and has and organic relationship with it. It expands in slow curves and takes the overall shape of a square on the plane. The reinforcing stone wall lying along the shore is made of natural and split stones piled almost perpendicularly and thus has the cubic effects. The relatively simple structure of the shore edging contributes to the smooth and natural view of the pond garden. (2) The pond island The pond island is composed of the shore with serious winding and the varied shore with protruding parts on the plane level. Its reinforcing stone wall is built of natural and split stones, and its building techniques are also diverse. ①The embankment of a square shape intended for a bridge shows a cubic and practical composition that is just right for the straight-lined part of the shore. ②Rough split stones are spread in the entire shore, which is considered to have depicted the rough scenery of the gravel field adjacent to the water surface. ③The stone structure along the shore is not built of piles of lying stone pieces but of standing ones, which seems to be emphasized along with the protruding line of shore edging. ④It’s very unique for ornamental stones to be placed in the stone-filled ground. ⑤The shore has the topsoil composed of sand and gravels exposed, which is regarded as an attempt to bring the very natural waterscape out of the shore. ⑥There are rows of very high sense of formation to produce a natural waterscape with the stone arrangement under water. ⑦There are ornamental stones at the bottom of the pond garden, They are small pieces of stone arranged in groups over a certain area and thus contribute to the naturalness of the waterscape. ⑧The ornamental stones are standing in the stone-spread ground. This technique was adopted to emphasize the superior beauty of them.

Maintenance of Waterscape Facilities at Garden shows in Korea

Kyong-bok Lee,Kwang-pyo Hong,Hyuk-jae LEE 국제문화기술진흥원 2020 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.8 No.4

We aimed to understand various problems identified at waterscape facilities of gardens built at garden shows in Korea. The main purpose of the study is to understand which parts of waterscape facility built in gardens at garden shows are causing problems and whether these problems can be traced back from garden design phase or from local communities in charge of maintenance. Furthermore, we examined if such problems get more aggregated as time passes by and different garden shows have different types of problems. In this study, types of waterscape facilities examined are pond, waterway, wall fountain, water glass, trough, mist, Cascade, fountain, rain garden, waterfall. An analysis of the maintenance status of waterscape facilities introduced in the existing gardens confirmed that problems could arise in two main respects. One is due to poor maintenance by the organizers of the garden show, and the other is due to the poor design of waterscape facilities by the garden designer.

물놀이형 수경시설의 수질과 항생제 내성 대장균 분포에 관한 연구

윤상훈,김선경,김난희,위환,이세행,조광운,김동수,조영관,Yoon, Sang-Hoon,Kim, Seon-Gyeong,Kim, Nan-Hee,Wi, Whan,Lee, Se-Hang,Jo, Gwang-Woon,Kim, Dong-Su,Cho, Young-Gwan 한국환경보건학회 2014 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.40 No.3

Objective: This study was performed in order to investigate the distribution of antibiotic resistant E. coli and water quality in waterscape facilities. Methods: Nine waterscape facilities were selected and classified into three types: ground, wall and general fountain. The items analyzed in this study were pH, turbidity, $KMnO_4$ consumption, total colony, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and E. coli. Additionally, an antibiotic resistance test on E. coli was performed. Results: There were no sampling sites that exceeded the permitted limits of water quality, but the concentration of pollutants was high at the beginning operation in June. Moreover, concentration of turbidity, $KMnO_4$ consumption and total colony were higher in ground fountains than in wall and general fountains. Five species of antibiotic resistant E. coli were detected from three sampling sites. Conclusions: The waterscape facilities were significantly contaminated with water microorganisms, especially total colony, total coliforms and fecal coliforms. Disinfection and filtration systems to remove pollutants should be installed for safe waterscape facilities.

경기도내 물놀이형 수경시설 중 미생물 분포 조사 연구

정아용(Ah-Yong Jeong),박명기(Myoung-Ki Park),김윤성(Yun-Sung Kim),이창희(Chang-Hee Lee),이정희(Jung-Hee Lee),이혜연(Hye-Yeoun Lee),김영숙(Young-Suk Kim) 한국환경보건학회 2020 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.46 No.6

Objectives: We analyzed water in waterscape facilities to investigate contamination levels of water-borne pathogens and four test items (pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, and Escherichia coli) at facilities including play fountains, splash parks, and artificial streams from June to October in Suwon City and in the whole of Gyeonggido. Methods: A total of 62 waterscape facility samples were collected from 36 sites and tested for pathogenic Escherichia coli and water-borne viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease, eye disease, and acute enteritis. Results: None of the water-borne pathogens were detected in waterscape facility samples collected from across Gyeonggi-do that were for pre-inspection for facility management. However, the results of samples from Suwon collected in hot weather and during the school vacation period showed five total inconsistencies in turbidity (four cases) and Escherichia coli (one case). Three out of the four inconsistent samples in turbidity were from the same facility which operated a sand filtration system due to its locational factors close to mountains. Conclusion: We suggest that the waterscape facilities in Gyeonggi-do are managed properly in the respect of microbial contamination and water quality.

수질기준 법제화에 따른 물놀이형 수경시설의 수질관리방안 연구

나경호,정주용,김지수,변주형,Na, Kyung-Ho,Yong, Jeong-Ju,Kim, Ji-Soo,Byeon, Ju-Young 한국물환경학회 2017 한국물환경학회지 Vol.33 No.4

This study was conducted to propose measures of water quality management as the water criteria for waterscape facilities which have been highlighted as alternatives to wading pools in summer season was legislated. The number of public waterscape facilities has reached 290 sites in Gyeounggi province and 971 sites in South Korea in 2017. The water tank capacity of 80.3 % public waterscape facilities was less than $100m^3$. Facilities with disinfection system were only 6.5 % and facilities with filtration function were also very low at 6.9 %. Most of the waterscape facilities, about 93%, are expected to be vulnerable to complying with revised water quality criteria because they have to be disinfected by handling. Chlorine disinfectants, which are more persistent than ozone or ultraviolet sterilization methods, are more preferred. However, care should be taken when adding disinfectans because hypochlorous acid, which is an effective component of chlorine disinfectant, remains after the disinfection, but it is easily decomposed with time. For this study, ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ park floor fountain with a capacity of $63m^3$ was selected and the amount of free residual chlorine concentration was measured by injecting a certain amount of chlorine bleach. As a result, it took 5 hours to decrease from the water quality standard of 4 mg/L to 0.04 mg/L. If the waterscape facility is operated for 7 to 8 hours, the chlorine bleach should be re-injected after 5 hours. In addition, the problem of pH increase due to the input of chlorine disinfectant is expected, and the neutralization method using vinegar was proposed.

A Study on the Water Quality of Indoor Swimming Pools and Waterscape Facilities

Daeun Hong(홍다은),Jiyoung Lee(이지영),Heesu Lee(이희수),Eunkyoung Park(박은경),Mihee Jeon(전미희),Hyeonseop Ha(하현섭),Munju Gwon(권문주) 환경독성보건학회 2021 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.5

Waterscape facilities and swimming pools are popular spaces for leisure and exercise. In particular, in the case of waterscape facilities, the number of new apartment buildings and park sites has increased, and indoor swimming pools have become leisure facilities that many people enjoy due to the increase in the number of users because of the activation of sports-for-all. For these facilities, clean water quality control is most important because tap water and underground water come into direct contact with the human body. A survey of 200 samples of swimming pools showed that no P. aeruginosa and E. coli were detected, but the nonconformity rate due to free residual chlorine and combined residual chlorine was 6.5%. Since there is a high possibility of contamination by users, it is necessary to set the measurement cycle of free residual chlorine and combined residual chlorine for clean water quality management. A water quality analysis result of waterscape facilities showed that no P. aeruginosa were detected. But P. luteola was detected once in the early stages of operation in the stream type with slow water flow and low water depth, and was not detected again after disinfection treatment. B. cepacia was detected once in the waterfall fountain and twice in the stream. The nonconformity rate of E. coli was 5% for waterfall fountain, 19% for stream and 6% for general fountain. Due to the nature of the facility, the free residual chlorine was quickly consumed by the water's aeration and turbulent action. In this study, the concentration of free residual chlorine decreased to 0 mg/L in about two days, the disinfection effect is reduced, more than two times a week is needed.

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Exposure to Artificial Waterfalls in Green Space Planning

( Sun-nam Park ),( Hyun-ju Jo ) 한국환경과학회 2016 한국환경과학회지 Vol.25 No.9

Given the growing attention to nature and health in modern society, this study considered the role of a waterscape facility as a key element in a landscape’s influence on users’ physiological and psychological responses. The subjects were 28 university students, and the collected data included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, salivary amylase concentration, semantic differential (SD) scales, and profile of mood states (POMS). As compared to a space without any waterscape element (Type G), relaxation in a space with a waterscape element (Type W) was found to significantly reduce of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and salivary amylase concentration. The SD scale and POMS findings showed that Type W evoked active, bright, dynamic, free, vital, interesting, and cheerful images and improved mood states by enhancing vigor while inhibiting depressive feelings. These findings indicate waterscape facilities can improves users’ mood states and may enhance their health.

초고층 건축물 외부공간의 토지 피복 상태와 온도와의 관계 연구

한봉호 ( Bong Ho Han ),홍석환 ( Suk Hwan Hong ),정태준 ( Tae Jun Jung ),김홍순 ( Hong Soon Kim ) 한국환경생태학회 2010 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.24 No.6

본 연구는 초고층 건축물 외부공간의 식물 피복 상태가 온도변화에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 서울시에 위치한 초고층 건축물 l2개소를 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 초고층 건축물 외부공간의 토지 피복 유형별 온도 차이 분석을 위해 6개 유형(외곽도로, 포장지, 관목/초지, 단층교목식재지, 다층식재지, 수경시설)으로 건축물외부공간의 피복유형을 구분하였으며 토지이용유형별 대표지점에서 온도를 실측하였다. 건축물 l2개소의 주변 환경차이를 고려하기 위해 외곽도로의 중앙부에 대조구를 선정하여 온도를 측정한 푸 일원배치 분산분석을 토대로 유사한 온도경향을 보이는 대상지를 4개 그룹으로 분류하였다. 분류된 그룹의 토지 피복 유형과 외부 공간 온도와의 일원배치 분산분석결과, 주로 단층교목식재지, 수경시설, 다층식재지는 저온역에 속하였으며, 관목/초지, 포장지, 외곽도로는 고온역에 속하였다. 저온역과 고온역의 온도차이는 약 1.06~6.17℃의 차이를 보였다. 그리나 조성된 식재지와 수경시설 면적의 협소, 건축물로 인한 일사도달량의 저감과 반사량의 증가 등으로 초고층 건축물 외부공간 온도에 미치는 영향이 다양하게 나타났다. 이에 각 공간에 필요한 녹지량과 수공간의 면적을 조성 전 미리 산출하여, 효과를 발휘할 수 있는 최소한의 면적과 녹지량을 확보할 필요성이 있었다. In order to understand the influence that the plant cover condition of the high-rise building outer space causes to the temperature change, we selected 12 high-rise building constructed in Seoul City. The land cover type of the outside was classified into six type(outer road, paved surface, shrub/grassland, single-layer free planting-site, multi-layer planting-site, and waterscape facilities) and the temperature was measured at the representative point for each type in order to analyze the land cover temperature differential for each type of the high-rise building outer space. The study area showing the temperature tendency to be similar based upon one way analysis of variance after selecting the central part of the outer road for a control and measuring a temperature in order to consider the neighboring environmental difference of the dozen building was classified into 4 groups. As to the one-way layout result of variance analysis with the land cover type of the classified group and outer space temperature, the single-layer free planting-site, waterscape facilities, and multi-layer planting-site belonged mainly to the low temperature section. The shrub/grassland, paved surface, and outer road belonged to the high temperature region. The temperature difference between low temperature region and high temperature region is about 1.06~6.17℃. However, the temperature in the Outer Space of the Super-High-Rise Building was variously appeared by the influence such as the cramped of the created planting-site and waterscape facilities area, the increase of amount of solar radiation and the reduction of reflection amount of light due to building etc. Thus, the composition all produced the area of the green quantity required for each space and water space in advance. It was determined that there were the minimum area displaying an effect and the necessity to it secures the green quantity.

Color Features of the Waterscape Drawing and Drawer’s Mental Image of the Water

Riko Miyake,Shin’ya Takahashi,Toshio Mori 한국색채학회 2017 AIC 2017 Jeju Vol.2017 No.10

Following Miyake, Takahashi, and Mori (2016), relationship between image features of the waterscape drawing and drawer’s personality was investigated. A hundred and thirty-two university students drew a picture per an instruction ‘please draw freely a scene with water.’ They also answered the semantic differential scales asking his/her mental image of the water. Pictures were scanned into digital image, and the color feature indices (Ave-L*, Ave-C*, Ave-h, and Hue-ENT) were calculated for the full image (whole picture) and for the water image (only water-depicted area). Mental image data was subjected to a factor analysis and four factors were obtained; purity, capacity, vitality, and violence. Then the correlation analysis between the mental image of the water and the color feature indices was conducted. As the results, in male participants, positive correlation was found between vitality and Hue-ENT of both the full image and the water image. Also, capacity correlated negatively with Ave-L* of the full image, suggesting that males who have a kind of ‘maternal image’ toward the water tended to draw dark picture. In female participants, vitality correlated positively with Ave-L* of the full image, suggesting that females who think water joyful and alive tended to draw light picture, or remain white face of the paper uncolored. These results were discussed in light of possible sex difference of the mental image of the water.