한국어 위치동화의 실험음성학적 분석

박선우 ( Sun Woo Park ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2008 언어연구 Vol.25 No.2

In Korean Phonology, place assimilation is not a regular but optional process. There are two asymmetries in Korean place assimilation based on crosslinguistic patterns. Firstly, a syllable onset can be a trigger but a syllable coda cannot in a consonant sequence. Secondly, according to the place markedness hierarchy (Velar>labial>coronal) unmarked place of articulation assimilates to marked one. On the contrary, marked place of articulation does not assimilate to unmarked one. In this paper I analyze to what extent stop triggers influence nasal targets in ‘nasal + stop’ consonant sequence by an acoustic phonetic experiment which measures the first formant frequency (F1) of target nasals. The experimental research of five male subjects who speak Seoul Korean shows three aspects of Korean place assimilation. First, the place markedness asymmetry holds good for Korean place assimilation. Coronal nasal is disposed to undergo assimilation, but velar and labial are not. Second, according to the place of articulation of a trigger or target, ‘/n/ + labial stop’ among ‘nasal + stop’ consonant sequences is most likely to undergo assimilation. Finally assimilation shows a variation among subjects. The labialization of /n/ applies more frequently than the velarization of /n/ or /m/ in three subjects. However in two subjects both the labialization and velarization often apply. (Sejong University)

벅아이 코퍼스를 이용한 미국 영어의 /l/ 연구개음화 연구

사재진(Jae-Jin Sa) 한국음성학회 2021 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.13 No.2

설측음의 변이음에는 어두운 [l]과 밝은 [l]이 있다고 알려져 왔으나 최근 설측음의 변이음의 종류가 언어마다 다르다는 주장이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 영어 설측음 /l/이 음절 내 출현 위치에 따라 연구개음화의 실현 정도가 유의미하게 다른 변이음이 있는지 확인하기 위해 자연발화 음성 데이터베이스인 벅아이 코퍼스를 이용하였다. 먼저, 설측음의 음절 내 출현 위치에 따라 측정한 포만트 주파수를 비교한 결과 음절 내 모든 위치에서 유의미한 차이를 보이는 F2 주파수를 근거로 연구개음화 정도가 유의미하게 다른 변이음이 어두운 [l]과 밝은 [l] 이외에도 존재한다고 판단할 수 있었다. 또한 인접 모음의 후설성이 설측음의 연구개음화에 미치는 영향으로 인해 표준적인 어두운 [l]과 표준적인 밝은 [l] 이외의 변이음이 존재하는지 확인하기 위해 포만트 주파수를 측정하고 이에 대해 분산분석을 한 결과 음절 말 위치에서 연구개음화될 때에도 인접 모음이 후설모음인 경우 인접 모음이 전설모음인 경우와 비교했을 때 유의미하게 차이나는 F2 주파수를 보여 연구개음화되는 정도에 차이가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 음절 초 위치에서 설측음이 실현될 경우에도 마찬가지로 인접 모음의 종류에 무관하게 모든 설측음이 음절 초 위치에서는 표준적인 밝은 [l]로 발음될 것이라고 예측했지만 실제 F2 주파수는 음절 말 위치에서 선행모음이 전설모음일 경우의 설측음과 유사한 결과를 나타냈다. 이를 통해 음절 내의 위치뿐만 아니라 인접 모음의 후설성이 설측음의 연구개음화 정도에 미치는 영향이 매우 크다는 점을 확인할 수 있고, 이러한 논문의 결과는 설측음의 변이음의 종류가 언어마다 다르고 미국 영어의 경우 다양하게 나타난다는 주장에 대한 하나의 음성학적 근거로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. It has been widely recognized that there are two varieties of lateral liquid /l/, which are light /l/ (a non-velarized allophone) and dark /l/ (a velarized allophone). However, this categorical view has been challenged in recent studies, both on articulatory and acoustic aspects. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether to consider /l/ velarization as a continuum in American English and provide supporting data. A spontaneous American English speech database called the Buckeye Speech Corpus was used for the material. The formant frequencies of /l/ in each syllable position were measured and analyzed statistically. The formant frequencies of /l/ in each syllable position, especially F2 values, were significantly different from each other. The results showed that there were other significantly different varieties of /l/ in American English, which support the continuum view on /l/ velarization. Regarding the effect of the adjacent vowel, the backness of the adjacent vowels was shown to affect the degree of /l/ velarization, regardless of the syllable position of the lateral liquid. This result will help provide a solid ground for the continuum view.

한국어의 위치동화에 대한 지각적 분석

박선우(Park, Sunwoo) 한국음운론학회 2011 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.17 No.1

This paper aims to investigate the detailed aspects of Korean place assimilation. For this research, a perception test of Korean place assimilation was conducted. Based on the results of the perception test, I postulated the P-map hyphothesis (Steriade 2001) about nasal sounds /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ and analyzed the place assimilation in Korean consonant clusters within the OT framework. Nine pairs of nonce word and spelling were chosen as stimuli and 10 Seoul Korean speakers participated in the perception test. The results show coronal sound /n/ is disposed to undergo velarization and labialization, but labial sound /m/ is not disposed to undergo velarization. According to the test, tensed stop triggers (/ank?a/ [aŋk?a]) are preferred to aspirated stop and plain stop triggers (/ank?a/ [aŋk?a], /anka/ [aŋ?a]). This preference is likely to reflect the features of tensed stops, which have a long and strong place gesture.

고대영어의 이중모음화와 단모음화에 관한 연구: 음운변화의 발생환경에 대한 전통적 견해의 재검토를 중심으로

이세창 한국언어학회 2008 언어 Vol.33 No.4

Traditional accounts of the Old English breaking suggest that breaking is epenthesis of a protective back vowel and that the segments before which this epenthesis takes place are specified as [+back]. This paper aims to inquire into the nature of the epenthesis and explain the causes of breaking and subsequent sound changes within the framework of the Site-Articulator model and the Optimality Theory. I argue that the triggering element of the epenthesis is the velarization of the coda consonants, which requires the insertion of a floating labial constriction. It will be shown that the seemingly complicated and confusing sound changes are due to the interactions of several universal constraints. I also make a critical review of a couple of previous studies on the Old English breaking and try to show how my analysis overcomes some of the empirical and theoretical problems they potentially face.

연구개음화 현상에 대한 연구

이동석 ( Dong Suk Lee ) 민족어문학회 2004 어문논집 Vol.50 No.-

Lexical Status and the Degree of /l/-darkening

Ahn, Miyeon(안미연) 한국음성학회 2015 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.7 No.3

This study explores the degree of velarization of English word-final /l/ (i.e., /l/-darkness) according to the lexical status. Lexical status is defined as whether a speech stimulus is considered as a word or a non-word. We examined the temporal and spectral properties of word-final /l/ in terms of the duration and the frequency difference of F2-F1 values by varying the immediate pre-liquid vowels. The result showed that both temporal and spectral properties were contrastive across all vowel contexts in the way of real words having shorter [l] duration and low F2-F1 values, compared to non-words. That is, /l/ is more heavily velarized in words than in non-words, which suggests that lexical status whether language users encode the speech signal as a word or not is deeply involved in their speech production.

조음위치동화에 대한 주관적 평가

박희정 ( Hee Jung Park ),신혜정 ( Hye Jung Shin ) 한국특수교육문제연구소 2012 특수교육저널 : 이론과 실천 Vol.13 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 한국어에서 수의적으로 적용되는 조음위치동화의 특성을 언어치료사의 주관적 평가를 통해 구체적으로 살펴보는 것이다. 언어치료사를 대상으로 조음위치동화가 나타나는 발음에 대한 주관적 평가를 4점 척도로 실시하였다. 연구 결과를 통해 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 치조음의 위치동화가 양순음의 위치동화보다 더 긍정적인 평가를 받았다. 둘째, 동화주의 발성유형별 평가 결과는 평음이 경음 및 기음 모두와 유의미한 차이가 나타났고, 위치동화유형에 따른 동화주의 발성유형별 평가에서는 치조음의 연구개음화만이 유의한 차이를 나타났다. 마지막으로, 어휘의 출현빈도와 평가점수 간에는 유의한 양의 상관관계가 나타났다. 음운환경을 고려한 고빈도 어휘와 저빈도 어휘 단어짝에 대한 어휘빈도 효과 역시통계적으로 유의하였다. 본 연구는 말장애 진단 및 중재와 음성언어 발음교육의 기초자료로 유용하게 활용되리라 사료된다. The place assimilation of Korean is not a obligatory but optional phenomenon. However, the optionality of phonological phenomena occur frequently in Korean fast speech rate. The purpose of this paper was to investigate aspects of the Korean place assimilation for children with articulation and phonological problems. The Korean place assimilation was perceptually evaluated by a speech-language pathologist using questionnaire survey. The results of this study were as follows: First, coronal sound /n/ is disposed to undergo assimilation, but labial sound /m/ is not. Second, According to the place of articulation of a trigger, plain stop was preferred to aspirated stop and tensed stop. Also, the Velarization of coronal in the place of articulation of a trigger was only significant in this study. Finally The between high frequency words and low frequency words was statistically significant in this study.

환경에 따른 영어 음절어말 /l/의 동적 변화 양상 연구: 미국인 화자와 한국인 화자의 비교 *

임신영 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 인문과학연구소 2022 인문과학연구논총 Vol.43 No.2

This paper investigates the darkness of the word final /l/ according to the environment and reveals the effect of environmental factors on the dynamic change of dark /l/ between duration and formant produced by American and Korean speakers. The acoustic analysis was conducted through Praat. The post hoc test with two way ANOVA and repeated measure ANOVA was conducted for statistical evaluation among acoustic parameters such as vowel duration(Dur 1), /l/ duration(Dur 2), F1-onset, F1-offset, F2-onset, and F2-offset. This study mainly suggests three interesting findings. First, The rates of the F1 increase and those of the F2 decrease. For American speakers, values of (F2-F1) at offset indicate implementation of darker /l/ compared with the Korean speakers. Second, darker /l/ appeared at the word boundary than at the syllable boundary and at the tense vowel than at the lax vowel. Third, it suggests that the both speakers are more dependent on tongue dorsum retraction than on velarization by lowering the tongue body. 본 논문은 환경에 따른 영어 어두운 [ɫ]의 연구개음화 현상을 규명하며 이를통하여 환경적 요인이 어두운 [ɫ]의 동적인 변화에 미치는 영향을 밝힌다. 어두운 [ɫ]의 연구개음화 정도를 규명하기 위해 선행모음의 지속시간, /l/의 지속시간, F1-시작지점(onset), F1-끝지점(offset), F2-시작지점(onset), F2-끝지점(offset) 과 같은 6개의 음향적 매개변수를 측정한 후, 이 매개변수 간의 상관성을 알아본다. 그 결과, F1의 비율이 증가하고 F2의 비율이 감소한다. 미국인 화자는 선행모음이 긴장 모음일 때보다 이완 모음일 때 /l/의 지속시간이 짧다. /l/의 후행모음이 단어경계일 때보다 형태소 경계일 때 더 영향을 받아 연구개음화가 덜실현되었다. 한국인 화자는 /l/이 단어경계일때는 후행하는 모음의 영향을 받지않았다. 마지막으로 두 화자 모두 혀 몸을 낮추기(lowering)보다 혀 등 수축(retraction)에 더 의존하여 연구개음화를 실현하였다.

한국어의 비대칭적 위치동화에 대한 연구

박선우(Sun Woo Park) 한국어학회 2014 한국어학 Vol.62 No.-

This paper aims to investigate the detailed aspects of Korean place assimilation. For this research, a perception test of Korean place assimilation was conducted. Based on the results of the perception test, I postulated the P-map hyphothesis (Steriade 1997, 2001) about the perception between labial sounds /m/ and dorsal sound /ŋ/. Six pairs of nonce word and spelling were chosen as stimuli and forty Daegu and North GyeongBuk Korean speakers participated in the perception test. The results show labial sound /m/ is disposed to undergo velarization, but dorsal sound /ŋ/ is not disposed to undergo labialization. According to the test, Korean place assimilation between labial and dorsal consonants is not so much symmetrical as asymmetrical. This preference is likely to reflect the language universal markedness ranking, ‘dorsal>labial>coronal’

『제주방언성경』의 서지와 음운론적 특성

신우봉 ( Shin Woo-bong ),하영우 ( Ha Young-woo ) 한말연구학회 2021 한말연구 Vol.- No.61

The purpose of this study was to introduce the bibliographich in Jeju dialect Bible and to examine the phonological features presented in those books. For this purpose, We compiled the background, production process, and composition of the Jeju Dialect Bible. We divided the aspects and features of the gospel of Mark "Standard Korean → Jeju dialect" into phoneme and phonological phenomena and reviewed it. Not only did the Jeju Dialect Bible closely reflect the characteristics of the Jeju Dialect, /ㆍ/, /、、/, but also the characteristics of the dialect change and the lower dialect of Jeju were observed. In addition, the change of /ㆎ/, /ㅢ/ due to phonological constraints, j-diphthong were well reflected according to the characteristics of the Jeju dialect. We looked at the phenomenon of palatalization, consonant cluster simplification, velarization, umlaut, and vowel raising, and found that the Jeju dialect phonological phenomenon, which was suggested in previous studies, was mostly reflected in the translation process of Jeju Bible. The Jeju Dialect Bible was produced as part of Christian missionary work in Jeju, but it is of religious significance in that it is the result of a joint venture between Christian, Catholic and non-believers. In addition, it is believed to have linguistic and dialectical value in that various phonological, morphological, and syntactic features were reflected in the process of translating standard Korean into Jeju dialect.