하도급거래 공정성 평가틀 구축을 위한 시론적 연구

김관보(Kwanbo Kim),김명수(Myeong-Soo Kim),채경진(Kyungjin Chae) 한국경제연구원 2009 규제연구 Vol.18 No.2

본 연구는 수직적․종속적 거래의 특성을 지닌 하도급거래 공정성 추세를 평가하기위한 지속가능한 ‘하도급거래 공정성 평가틀’을 구축하고 공정정지수를 산정하는 시론적 고찰을 시도하였다. 첫째, 하도급거래 공정성 평가틀 구축을 위한 하도급거래 공정성개념을 크게 3가지, 즉 절차적 공정성, 분배적 공정성, 상호작용 공정성으로 분류하였다.둘째, 하도급거래 공정성 평가틀을 구성할 평가부문(항목) 및 세부 평가지표의 추출 근거인 하도급 관련 법령 및 상생협약 내용 등을 분석하여 분류된 하도급거래 공정성 개념과 연계하였다. 셋째, 이를 바탕으로 하도급거래 공정성 평가틀(안)을 도출한 후 평가틀에 포함된 평가부문(항목) 및 평가지표들에 대한 상호간 중요도의 가중치 조사를 위해계층분석방법(AHP)을 실시하였다. 하도급거래 공정성 평가틀은 3개의 평가항목, 11개의평가지표 및 22개의 세부 측정지표로 구성된다. 하도급거래 공정성 평가틀의 3가지 평가항목과 11개 평가지표들에 대한 상호간 중요도의 가중치 조사결과 AHP 1차 수준인 평가항목 간의 비교에서 건설업과 제조․수리업의 경우 하도급계약 이행이, 용역․서비스업의 경우 하도급계약 체결이 가장 중요한 영역으로 나타났다. 평가지표 간의 비교분석 결과 하도급계약 체결 시 하도급대금 결정 및 조정은 모든 업종에서 가장 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 종합가중치 및 전체 우선순위 분석 결과, 1순위에서 3순위까지(하도급대금지급→부당감액→하도급대금 결정 및 조정)는 모든 업종이 동일한 순위를 보였다. 끝으로 하도급거래 공정성 평가틀을 적용하기 위한 부문별 공정성 지수(SFI) 및 종합 공정성 지수(CFI)를 산정하였다. The purpose of this article is to construct the sustainable 'Fairness Evaluation System of Subcontracting Transactions' and calculate its fairness indices for evaluating the fairness of subcontracting transaction. First, the fairness concepts are categorized into three types for constructing the fairness evaluation system of subcontracting transaction: 1) procedural fairness, 2) result (outcome) fairness, and 3) mutual interaction (win-win cooperation) fairness. Second, both evaluation sectors (items) and detailed evaluation indicators are drawn from the subcontracting-related laws and win-win (cooperation) agreement and are linked to the concepts of subcontracting transaction fairness. Third, based on these findings, AHP (analytic hierarchy process) analysis is conducted to explore the degree of mutual importance and weight of evaluation sectors and their indicators. Finally, the 'Fairness Evaluation System of Subcontracting Transactions is created. The system includes three evaluation sectors: subcontracting contract conclusion, subcontracting contract execution, and subcontracting win-win cooperation. Also the system has 11 evaluation indicators and 22 detailed measurement indicators. The primary level analysis result of AHP has shown that subcontracting contract execution is the most important sector in the construction, manufacturing, and repair industries, while subcontracting contract conclusion is the most important item in the service industries. The secondary level analysis result of AHP with 11 evaluation indicators has demonstrated that subcontracting price decision and adjustment in the subcontracting contract execution is the most important indicator across all industries. The comprehensive weight and overall ranking results of all evaluation indicators have represented that subcontracting price payment is first, unfair subcontracting price reduction is second, and subcontracting decision and adjustment is third in all industries. The sectoral fairness index (SFI) and the composite fairness index (CFI) are calculated to apply the ‘Fairness Evaluation System of Subcontracting Transactions.'

건설업 하도급관계의 법적 쟁점과 개선방안 : Legal Issues and Implications for Improvement

김소영 한국노동법학회 2004 노동법학 Vol.0 No.19

This article describes the legal issues which arise in the subcontracting system of the construction industry: it identifies the legal characteristics of each contract between 1) head contractor (builder) and principal subcontractors, 2) principal subcontractors and foreman, and 3) foreman and dally workers. Especially, since the contract between head contractor (builder) and principal subcontractors is ruled by business law, i e, Basic Law on Construction Industry, Fair Trade Law on subcontracting. etc the paper considers the implication for the amendment of these laws as well Problems with Camouflaged subcontracting system are related to the poor working conditions and job instability of the daily workers employed by the subcontractors or foreman of subcontractors. It is based on the low bidding price in the multistage subcontracting system and the shirking responsibilities as an employer of subcontractor It should be possible to decide the subcontract as a camouflaged subcontract if the subcontractor is not independent in controlling its employees in labour management or personnel management, or do not have management prerogatives The foreman is regarded as guideline of the Ministry of an employer of daily workers by the Labor, but the status of foreman is different according to the various actual conditions of company. If the foreman is simply the employee of the subcontractor, the subcontractor should be regarded as an employer of the dally workers who are employed by the foreman regardless of the surface of the contract. Therefore, it is important to clarify the legal status of foreman in the construction field to protect the dally workers In respect to collective bargaining, It can be considered to permit bargaining between the construction union and head contractor(builder), because head contractors ordinarily influence the level of wage of workers in the subcontracting system Subcontractors can decide and pay the wage of workers in the range of Its construction fee which is decided by the bidding price of construction. In fact, the subcontractor has no power to enhance the workers' wage and working conditions

하도급경쟁력 강화를 위한 하도급공사정보시스템 개발에 관한 연구

문혁(Moon Hyuk),홍성세(Hong Seong-Sei) 대한건축학회 2009 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.25 No.3

In Korea, the production system in construction industry is based on the prime contract and subcontract system. In this order basis construction industry, the subcontract system is widely adopted to achieve the cost effective production in its project. However, the side-effect through the subcontract system, such as unfair and illegal contracts are one of major causes of the unreliable construction. There is no monitoring system to inspect whether the subcontract system is correctly working or not. Based on the analysis of the actual conditions of the subcontracting activities, this research has found the needs of the 'subcontract construction work information system' as improving tool to the subcontract system. To derive the new draft of related law, the current status, regulation, law, practice of subcontract have been investigated and analyzed. Based on those research and analysis, the system architecture has been drawn then, the business process reengineering and the information strategy planning has performed as well. Through these process the prototype of 'subcontract construction work information system' has developed and verified by the future user.

하도급생산시스템 성과의 영향요인 : 인사관리특성

이동진 한국노동연구원 2020 노동정책연구 Vol.20 No.3

As global competition has increased over recent years, managers might be motivated to diversify away risk by means of vertical linkage or the like. Neoclassical explanation of these sizable firms are shown to be deficient. This paper analyze and interpret a relations between HRM characteristics in joint production system and overall performance using KLI’s 2017 workplace panel data in order to theorize HRM of subcontracting production system. The results of the current study are as follows: Firstly, there are significant differences of operation profit rate and innovation between contracting firms and subcontracting ones, the former is higher than the latter. Secondly, it is statistically significance that analyze the inverted U-shaped relations between contract workers’ ratio and organization performance. Lastly, it shows that workforce deployment including performance management system and education & training practice are positively influenced to innovation. Findings suggest that internal system(Delery & Doty, 1996) based on combination of bureaucracy and community might be constructed rather than evolution to market type organization to cope with uncertainty in an era of globalization. The present study shows that it will be necessary to develop multi-level relations between HRM characteristics and workers’ psychological process to theorize HRM in subcontracting production network(quasi-firms). 본 연구는 하도급생산시스템의 문제 예방과 성과 개선 방안으로 자체적인 전략에 기초하는 인사관리에 주목하고, 위․수탁 거래유형(상황)과 고용형태 (비정규직 활용규모) 및 인사제도 묶음의 조합으로 이루어진 인사관리특성과 전반적 조직성과의 관계를 가설화 및 검정하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째 하도급생 산시스템의 조직성과 중 혁신성과(공정혁신)는 위탁기업에 비해 수탁기업이더 낮은 것으로 검정되었다. 둘째, 하도급기업의 고용형태로 간접고용 비정 규직 활용규모는 영업이익률과, 그리고 직접고용 비정규직 활용규모는 혁신 성과와 역U자형 회귀관계를 갖는 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 견고한 내부노 동시장을 대표하는 내부형 인사제도로 인력전개(deployment) 범주에 속하는 성과평가시스템과 교육훈련제도는 혁신성과에 정(+)의 효과가 있는 것으로 검정되었다. 이러한 실증은, 글로벌화된 자유시장경제에서 진화된 조직은 시장형이라는 시장근본주의자들의 논증․실증과는 별도로, 현실에서 기업들이 준조직(quasi-firms) 형태의 하도급생산시스템을 구축하여 관료제와 협력적 공동체의 양극단이 결합된 내부형 조직(견고한 내부노동시장)을 설계․운영 하며 시장에 대응하기도 한다는 점을 시사한다.

사정변경과 하도급대금의 조정 - 하도급대금 조정을 위한 ‘협의제’와 ‘연동제’에 관한 논의를 중심으로 -

강우경 한국경제법학회 2022 경제법연구 Vol.21 No.2

This article begins with the premise that when the supply cost, such as raw material price, increases beyond the expected range after signing the contract, the contract needs to be revised, such as raising the original subcontract price from the perspective of the change of circumstances. However, the subcontracting relationship to which the subcontracting law is applied has an aspect that it is difficult to reach a valid consultation for contract modification due to the gap in ‘the bargaining position’ between them. In this regard, Article 16-2 of the Korean Subcontracting Act guarantees opportunities for mediation to the contractor by giving the contractor the obligation to faithfully engage in mediation consultations. However, according to the results of a recent survey by Korean FTC, there are very few cases in which the increase in supply costs is reflected in the subcontract price by using the above system in the face of the recent surge in raw material prices. Accordingly, the SMEs strongly insist on the introduction of the so-called ‘interlinked price system’, which obliges the increase in supply costs to be reflected in the subcontract price. However, the ‘interlinked price system’ is a regulation method that goes beyond the limit of price regulation under the Competition Act, with the aim of fundamentally excluding the possibility of autonomous consultation by the parties and ensuring the lowest price to be adjusted. The situation that suppliers bear the increase in supply costs alone should be improved, but the means should be reinforced under the subcontracting law, not the introduction of the ‘interlinked price system’, and there is enough room for the ‘price adjustment consultation system’ to be supplemented. 본고는 하도급거래관계에서 계약 체결 이후 원자재 가격 등 공급원가가 예상할 수 있는 범위 바깥으로 증가하였을 때에는 사정변경 원칙의 관점에서 당초에 정했던 하도급대금을 상향 조정하는 등의 계약 수정이 필요하다는 전제에서 시작한다. 그런데 하도급법이 적용되는 하도급거래관계는 상호간의 거래상 지위의 격차로 인해, 계약 수정을 위한 유효한 협의가 이루어지기 어려운 측면이 있다. 이에 우리 하도급법은 제16조의2에서 수급사업자가 원사업자에게 납품단가 조정을 신청할 수 있고, 원사업자는 조정 협의에 성실히 임할 의무를 부여함으로써 수급사업자에게 조정의 기회를 보장하고 있다. 그러나 최근의 공정거래위원회 조사 결과에 따르면, 근래의 원자재 가격 폭등 상황에서 위 제도를 활용하여 공급원가 상승분을 하도급대금에 반영하는 사례는 매우 적다고 한다. 중소기업계에서는 공급원가 상승분을 하도급대금에 의무적으로 반영하는 이른바, ‘납품단가연동제’의 도입을 강력히 주장한다. 그러나 납품단가연동제는 당사자들의 자율적 협의 가능성을 원천적으로 배제하고 조정될 납품단가의 최저가격을 정책적으로 보장해주자는 취지로서 경쟁법상 가격규제의 한계를 넘어선 규제방법이고 기타 상당한 부작용도 예상된다. 공급원가 상승분을 수급사업자가 고스란히 부담하는 현실은 개선되어야 마땅하지만, 그 수단은 ‘납품단가연동제’의 도입이 아니라 ‘하도급대금조정협의제’의 보강이어야 할 것이며, ‘하도급대금조정협의제’가 개선될 여지는 충분이 있다.

노동 외주화에 대한 법정책적 대응방안

유성재(Yu, Seoung-Jae) 한국노동법학회 2017 노동법학 Vol.0 No.62

This article shall discuss the standards for distinguishing temporary agency work and true subcontracting, followed by a review of legal and policy considerations for true subcontracting, temporary agency work and self-employed workers. In relation to distinguishing Subcontracting and Temporary Agency Work it should be clarified for what purpose sub-indicator are used as tools, and accordingly, separate sub-indicators into core indicator and additional indicators. In addition to this the decision on whether in case for temporary agency work can be established should be based on the existence of person-related direction based on temporary agency work rather than object-related direction based on subcontracting. Concerning True Subcontract Relations contractor and subcontractor should be jointly accountable for a worker employed by the subcontractor. Furthermore it is necessary to establishment of a System for Industrial Collective Bargaining, because it is realistically impossible to improve the Working conditions of a worker employed by a subcontractor without the cooperation of the contractor. Within a system of industrial collective bargaining, workers employed by contractor and workers employed by subcontractors would establish a single union(industrial union) and in response, the proprietors of contractors and subcontractors would organize an employer’ group for jointly engaging in collective bargaining and the resulting collective agreement would binding for all interested parties which participated in the bargaining including the contractor. Measures for the participation of temporary agency workers in Labor-Management Councils established at the workplace of the user company should also be considered. Futhermore if the system of a single window for collective bargaining were to be maintained, a system to allocate seats to minority groups such as atypical workers including temporary agency workers should be introduced, as there is a need to improve the system of a single window for bargaining based on winner-takes all. In order to raise the effectiveness of discrimination remedy systems, the right to apply for remedies should also be given to unions and the selection of the subject for comparison should be more flexible. For example, there is a need to supplement the system to enable the application of hypothetical subjects for comparison. Regarding to Self-Employed Workers the author believes that it would be ideal to solve labor law issues for group along the boundary through laws on collective labor relations. To find solutions for labor law issues, I believe that distorted institutions contradicting the general principles of labor laws and the Constitution should be returnde to their original intent rather that applying a Copernican mindset shift.

거래의 전속성이 중소기업의 기술혁신에 미치는 영향

이래형(Raehyung Lee),홍진기(Jinki Hong),이덕희(Duk Hee Lee),엄재용(Jay Y. Ohm) 한국경영학회 2022 한국경영학회 통합학술발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.8

대기업과의 전속거래는 중소기업의 기술혁신에 유리한 것일까? 거래의 전속성과 기업의 기술혁신에 대해서는 서로 상반된 경쟁적인 견해가 존재하지만 이를 실증적으로 검증한 연구는 드물다. 본 연구는 한국 중소기업을 대상으로 전 산업에 걸친 5개년간의(2015-2019) 28,207 기업 패널데이터를 구성하여 이 물음을 해결한다. 또한 Pavitt(1984)의 기술 궤적 분류에 따라 5가지 세부 산업에 대해 개별적으로 가설을 검증하여 연구의 활용도를 높인다. 결과적으로 거래의 전속성은 기업의 기술혁신에 부(-)의 영향을 미치며, 세부적으로는 공급자주도형, 과학기반형 산업에서 이 관계가 검증되었다. 이 관계는 한국과 같이 추격형 혁신체제에서 탈 추격형 혁신체제로 전환중인 산업이나 기업, 국가의 혁신 전략에 시사점을 제공한다. 또한 본 연구결과는 산업별로 다른 혁신전략이 적용되어야 함을 강조하는 산업별 혁신체제론(Sectoral Innovation System)에 대한 새로운 정량적 증거이기도 한다. Does subcontracting with large enterprises promote the technological innovation of small and medium enterprises (SMEs)? There are conflicting and competing views on exclusive subcontracting and technological innovation of SMEs. Moreover, very few studies have empirically validated these views. This study answers this question using the panel data of 28,207 observations of Korean SMEs across all industries from 2015 to 2019. We tested the hypotheses individually for five sub-industries according to Pavitt’s (1984) technological trajectory classification to increase research utility. Therefore, exclusive subcontracting negatively affects the technological innovation of SMEs. This relationship was verified specifically in the supplier-dominated and science-based sectors, which has implications for innovation strategies of firms, industries, and countries (e.g. Korea) transitioning from a catch-up innovation system to a post-catch-up innovation system. These findings contribute new quantitative evidence for sectoral innovation systems that emphasises the need to apply different innovation strategies to each industry.

건설공사 하도급 계약금액 조정제도 개선방안 연구 - 납품대금 연동제를 중심으로-

홍성진 ( Sungjin Hong ) 한국건설경제산업학회 2023 건설경제산업연구 Vol.9 No.1

최근 원자재 가격 급등에 따라 건설 하도급업체의 경영 부담이 가중되고 있다. 이에 따라 오랜 기간 국회에서 논의를 거쳐 납품단가 연동제가 도입되었다. 그러나 현행 “상생협력법”과 “하도급법 개정안”의 납품단가 연동제는 원재료의 비중이 10% 이상인 경우를 증명하기가 매우 어렵고, 광범위한 예외조항으로 실효성이 매우 낮다고 할 수 있다. “국가계약법”은 물가변동 등에 따른 계약금액 조정 규정을 두고 있다. “국가계약법”은 공공조달계약을 규율하는 법률로써, 계약 자유의 원칙과 함께 조달계약의 특수성에 따라 공정성을 담보하고 있다. “하도급법”에서 “국가계약법”에 따른 계약금액 조정 규정을 준용할 경우 원자재 가격 상승 시 공신력 있는 기관에서 공표하는 기준을 적용할 수 있다. 또한, 납품단가 연동제를 형해화시키는 광범위한 예외조항도 배척하여 공정성을 제고할 수 있다. 따라서 “하도급법”상 납품단가 연동제는 “국가계약법”에 따른 계약금액 조정 규정을 준용하도록 입법 개정이 이루어져야 한다. The recent surge in raw material prices has added to the management burden of construction subcontractors. Accordingly, after a long period of discussion at the National Assembly, the Unit price adjustment system was introduced. However, the current Act on the promotion of mutually beneficial cooperation between large enterprises and small and medium enterprises and Fair transactions in subcontracting act are very difficult to prove that the proportion of raw materials is more than 10%, and the effectiveness is very low due to a wide range of exceptions. The Act on contracts to which the state is a partyt has provisions for Adjustment of contract amount according to price fluctuation. The The Act on contracts to which the state is a partyt is a law that regulates government procurement, and guarantees fairness according to the specificity of procurement contracts along with the principle of freedom of contract. If the provisions for adjustment of contract amount according to price fluctuation under the Act on contracts to which the state is a party“ are applied mutatis mutandis the Fair transactions in subcontracting act are applied mutatis mutandis, the standards of a credible institution may be applied when the price of raw materials increases. In addition, fairness can be improved by rejecting a wide range of exceptions that undermine the Unit price adjustment system. Therefore, the Unit price adjustment system under the Fair transactions in subcontracting act should be legislatively revised to apply the Adjustment of contract amount according to price fluctuation under the Act on contracts to which the state is a party.

비디오저널리스트(VJ)의 방송프로그램 제작 실태조사

이종탁(Jong-Tak Lee),정종건(Jong-Geon Jeong) 한국콘텐츠학회 2009 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.9 No.9

현재 방송프로그램 제작시스템의 한 축으로 자리매김하고 있는 VJ의 프로그램 제작 실태를 대전지역을 중심으로 조사·연구하였다. 연구 결과, 양질의 VJ프로그램을 제작 할 수 있도록 프로그램 제작료를 현실화 할 필요가 있으며, 지역방송도 VJ 제작프로그램을 저렴한 비용의 프로그램 제작 하청이라는 인식을 전환하여, 프로그램 질에 상응하는 경제적 지원과 함께 제도적 시스템을 구축할 시점이다. 또한, 방송사측도 제작의 많은 부분을 담당하고 있는 VJ로서의 역할을 볼 때 방송국도 VJ를 공동 연출자로의 인식전환이 필요하다. 현재 VJ프로그램의 단점으로 지적받고 있는 고화질 영상 제작의 한계, 영상 화질의 저하, 촬영 영상의 불안정성 등 보다 좋은 화질의 방송 프로그램을 제작하기 위한 VJ 스스로의 노력들 또한 요구된다. 지역의 외주제작사들 또한 소규모 인력과 열악한 제작 환경을 극복하기 위한 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. 규모의 경제화와 장비의 첨단화를 통해 지역 밀착형 콘텐츠의 발굴을 꾸준히 경주해야 외주제작사로서 경쟁력을 확보할 수 있기 때문이다. This paper explores the current situation of the broadcasting program production by video journalists (VJs), one of the recent trends of broadcasting production, centering around the programs made in Daejeon. The result of the survey shows that VJ programs are considered to be one of the generalized broadcasting program production systems. Thus, production costs should be readjusted to a realistic level in order to secure the good quality VJ programs in the current situation. Local broadcasting stations should depart from the idea that they make a VJ program subcontract to produce programs at low cost. It is time to support good quality VJ programs financially and systematically. The survey also reveals that most video journalists cannot participate in the decision-making process regarding program production. Local broadcastings should cooperate with video journalists, as co-producers, in producing the programs. Besides, VJ programs have some disadvantages such as limitation of high definition image production, poor image quality, instability of images taken, etc. Hence, video journalists should also try to make better image quality of their broadcasting programs. Local subcontractors should make efforts to overcome their poor manpower and production environments as well. By economizing their scale of production and updating their production equipment, subcontractors need to constantly develop the contents related to local community which make them more competitive.

다층적 하청 구조가 파견 노동자의 임금,고용에 미치는 영향 : 전자 업종내 중소 사업장 파견노동을 중심으로

손정순 ( Jeong Soon Sohn ) 한국산업노동학회 2010 산업노동연구 Vol.16 No.1