일본 보육시설의 보육비용산정 방식이 한국의 보육제도 개선에 주는 시사

장경희 ( Chang Kyoung-hee ) 현대일본학회 2018 日本硏究論叢 Vol.47 No.-

보육의 질적 수준을 높이기 위해서는 영유아 1인당 투입 비용인 보육비용의 정확한 산정이 전제되어야 하나, 우리나라는 표준보육비용의 개념은 물론 구성항목, 단가에 대해서도 명확하게 정의하고 있지 않다. 이에 우리나라와 유사한 형태로 운영되는 일본 보육시설의 표준보육비용을 구성하는 항목과 수준을 분석하고, 시사점을 다음과 같이 도출하였다. 첫째, 인건비가 보육시설 운영비의 가장 큰 부분을 차지하며, “보육의 질은 교사의 질을 능가할 수 없다”는 연구결과를 참고하여, 최소한 “보육교직원의 배치기준”에 따라 표준보육비용을 산정하는 노력이 병행되어야 한다. 둘째, 보육의 질적 수준의 향상을 도모하고자 한다면 “어린이집 설치기준” 및“보육교직원의 배치기준”을 상회하는 내용으로 시설과 설비를 정비하는 시설에 대해서는 추가가산을 설정하는 방안이 검토되어야 한다. 셋째 50명 이하 정원규모의 소규모 시설과 월세와 임차를 통해 운영되는 시설이 다수라는 현실적인 측면도 고려하여 표준보육비용을 산정할 필요성이 있다. 마지막으로 지방자치단체도 중앙정부의 보육정책을 답습하는 수준에서 벗어나 보육의 질적 수준의 향상을 위해 적극적 지원책을 실시하여야 한다. The study of accurate calculation for child care cost should be preceded to improve the quality of child care and education. But the korean government did not defined exactly standard child care cost’s conception and item, unit cost. Therefore analyze standard child care cost’s item and level of the child care center in japan which is operated similar methods to korea and drew the following suggestions. First, standard child care cost should be determined based on“Child care personnel placement standards” in acceptance of the research results that labor costs are the largest part of child care center’s management cost and the quality of child care can not exceed that of teachers. Second it is necessary to additional addition to child care centers that are maintained above the “Child care center installation standards” and “Child care personnel placement standards” for the advancement of the quality of care. Third, it is necessary to calculate standard child care cost by considering the practical aspects of the small scale child centers with less than 50 people and the large number of child centers operated through rent and lease. Finally, local governments should implement active child care policy beyond the central government to improve the quality of child care.

회사법상 행위기준과 재고기준

김정호 한국상사법학회 2011 商事法硏究 Vol.30 No.3

Melvin A. Eisenberg says, “a standard of conduct states how an actor should c onduct a given activity o r play a g iven r ole. A s tandard of review states the test a court should apply when it reviews an actor’s conduct to determine whether to impose liability or grant injuctive relief.” The former is refered to as ‘conduct rule’ that is addressed to corporate directors and officers, where as the latter is ‘decision rule’ that is addressed to judges. It is meaningful to distinguish the both in corporate law, because the business risk can in every moment be realized and result in a corporate loss. Consequently it is justified that the both standards cannot be the same and should be distinguished. In t he f ield o f duty of care, t he b oth standards normally d iverge. The standard of review varies here from the business judgement standard over ‘Caremark’ duty to ‘Red-flag’ test. In the field of duty of loyalty, the both standards may normally d iverge, o nly af ter the needed a pproval o f the incumbent organs - board of directors or shareholder meeting. In the field of take-over-law, the Delaware courts have developed the famous “intermediate standard” in 1980s. It is also in Korea widely recognized in practice and scholarship to see the phenomenon, “the divergence of standard of conduct and standard of review in corporate law”. The main cause for that is probably the international convergence in corporate governance. The courts in Korea should sophisticately develop the case law on the director’s fiduciary duty.'u

「영아 보육시설 평가기준」의 개발 및 타당화

최경애,양옥승 한국유아교육학회 2004 유아교육연구 Vol.24 No.5

본 연구는 우리나라 영아 보육시설을 종합적으로 평가하기 위한 평가기준을 개발하고 타당화한 연구이다. 이를 위하여 영아전담 및 보육시설의 영아반 참여관찰, 종사자와 학부모 면접, 전문가 협의를 거쳐 평가기준(5개 영역 50문항: 물리적 환경, 보육과정, 건강관리, 운영관리, 지원체계)을 개발한 후 이를 이용하여 전국 영아전담 및 영아 보육시설 자체평가를 실시하였다. 평가기준을 타당화하기 위하여 평가기준의 신뢰도, 요인타당도, 공인타당도, 문항변별도를 검사한 결과 「영아 보육시설 평가기준」은 우리나라의 영아 보육시설을 평가하기에 타당한 것으로 검증되었다. 요인분석결과 5개 요인이 추출되었으며 대부분의 평가기준이 이에 포함되었다. 이를 토대로 영아 보육시설 평가기준은 4개 영역(물리적 환경, 교육과정, 건강관리, 운영관리) 60문항으로 재구성하였다. The aim of this research project was the development of accreditation standards for infant/toddler care centers in Korea. Preparatory research included 1) developing a survey to determine the necessity of accreditation standards; observations in infant and toddler care centers, 2) qualitative research conducted in 9 infant care centers, and 3) a survey covering the necessity for revised standards, Based on this preparatory research, accreditation standards for infant and toddler programs are divided into accreditation standards for 5 area(physical environment, curriculum, health care, management system support system) and 19 sub-areas were developed for 60 standards. Standards can be divided into basic criteria and general criteria. To test the validity of accreditation standards, I have checked credibility, factor validity, concurrent validity and item independence were used to test the validity of the accreditation standards. The results are: 1) credibility was proven by an inner congruence level (.96). To verify the factor validity, 60 standards were analyzed. A key-factor analysis shows that 5 factors emerge from the 60 standards. Concurrent validity was evidenced by correlations between the two reference measures(APECP and Early childhood education ? Child care evaluation system). All 60 items have test values of less than .05, indicating each item has distinction power. The findings on credibility and the validity indicate that most of the standards are acceptable. As a result of this study, the authors propose that 'Accreditation Standards for Infant/Toddler Care Centers' should be constructed for 4 areas: the physical environment, curriculum, health care and management system.

의료과오에서 의사의 주의의무

박종권(Park Jong-Kwun) 한국비교법학회 2007 비교법학연구 Vol.7 No.-

The standard of conduct that is required to meet the obligation of “due care” is based upon what the “reasonable practioner” would do in like circumstances. The standard is not one of excellence or superior practice; it only requires that the physician exercise that degree of skill and care that would be expected of the average qualified practioner practicing under like circumstances. Such circumstances might include the location where the practioner conducts his practice and even the school of medicine to which he adheres. Thus, in a particular case, if two or more alternative procedures might have been used and the defendant selected one, the issue is whether a competent physicians would have done so, even if another would not. The standard is also not one of good faith; the fact that a physician meant well or practiced to the best of his ability is not relevant. Conduct is always measured by objective criteria in terms of how the reasonable practioner would perform under like circumstances. Respectable minority theory is that certain procedures which might not be adopted by a majority of practicing physicians might still be acceptable to a “respectable minority” of such practitioners. Thus, if a choice can be made among various alternative approaches to treating a particular condition and a respectable minority of physicians would have selected one such procedure, a physician will not be held liable for malpractice, assuming, of course, reasonable skill and care were exercised in providing such care. The standard of care that is applicable to a particular physician has historically depended, at least in part, on where he practices and what “school” of treatment he follows. The geographical location where a physician practices has historically had a bearing on the standard of care to which he is held. The locality rule served primarily as a rule that would limit who could testify as an expert in a medical malpractice case. In a medical malpractice action, different conclusions in the different level or chamber of the courts can results in the distrust against the judicial system. Thus, the criteria on the medical negligence needs to be formed. To this end the standard of medical practice as a medical common sense, or the empirical rule by which the medical negligence or strongly probable causality can be assumed need to be set. The criteria should be flexible in order to comprise the diverse criteria or principles, keeping pacing with the continuous development of the medical treatment and the specialty and individuality of it. The Courts should also crystallize a general principle on the legal issues in medical disputes so that the medical malpractice action can be more detailed and exquisite.

The Effect of a Scenario-Based Spiritual Care Course on Spiritual Care Competence among Clinical Nurses

Suh-Ing Hsieh,Li-Ling Hsu,Hui-Ling Lin,Chen-Yi Kao,Yi-Ping Tseng,Li-Yun Szu,Ching-Yun Lee,Lun-Hui Ho,Shu-Ling Yeh,Shu-Hua Kao,Yen-Fang Chou,Tzu-Hsin Huang 한국성인간호학회 2021 성인간호학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.8

Aim(s): Clinical nurses are facing patients’ biopsychosocial and spiritual problems at diverse clinical settings, but they are lack of knowledge, skills, and confidence on providing spiritual care. However, no studies adopted simulated educational program and objective structure clinical examination (OSCE) to educate nurses and to assess the outcomes. Therefore, this study was to validate the effect of a scenario-based spiritual care course on spiritual care competence in clinical nurses. Methods: This non-equivalent quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and two post-tests (end of the intervention and three months later) was conducted between August 2019 and February 2021 (11 sessions). The recruitment posters with a QR code were distributed to different units at three branches of a large medical institute for recruiting clinical nurses, who provided direct patient care. The attendees of one-day scenario-based spiritual care course are the experimental group (n=53) and the control group (n=85) was matched with the experimental group (1:1-3 ratio) by similar units, ages, working experience, and clinical ladder. Instruments include basic information, self-evaluated and head nurses evaluated spiritual care competence scale (SCCS), spiritual perspective scale (SPS), and spiritual care perspective scale-revised (SCPSR) for both groups and reflective log, course satisfaction scale, OSCE checklist, and standardized patient feedback scale for the experimental group. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, repeated measures ANOVA, linear regression, and paired t test. Results: After controlling for pre-test scores and interest in attending spirituality/spiritual care, the experimental group showed significant higher SPS (p=0.012) and self-evaluated SCCS (p=0.002) and lower SCPSR (p=0.015) than the control group at the 2nd post-test. Repeated measure ANOVA also showed significant within-subject effects across three time points of the experimental group on SPS (p<0.001), SCPSR (p<0.001), and self-evaluated SCCS (p<0.001), but paired t test showed non-significant differences on SPS, SCPSR, and self-evaluated SCCS between pre-test and post-test with an exception of head nurse evaluated SCCS (p=0.035). The mean overall course satisfaction of the experimental group was 4.34±0.62. The mean global performance of OSCE was 3.40±0.91 and the majority of experimental group was pass (43.4%) and good (35.8%). 64.5% and 26.1% of standardized patients were partial and strongly agreed with examinees’ performance in spiritual care assessment respectively. Conclusions: The scenario-based spiritual care course is effectively to enhance clinical nurses’ spiritual care competence. It may cultivate clinical preceptors with better spiritual care pedagogy through simulation and OSCE for bedside teaching of nurse post-graduate year.

불법행위에서 과실의 개념과 주의에 관한 사회평균인의 기준 - 미국법의 논의를 중심으로 -

신봉근 한국재산법학회 2019 재산법연구 Vol.35 No.4

The reasonable person, which is the standard for the reasonableness of an actor, is so-called ‘normal reasonable person.’ The key issue with the culpability of illegality is whether the standard of care of the reasonable person should be subjective or objective. In this regard, the U.S. court applies objective standard to determine whether an actor has violated a duty of care, depending on whether he or she has found that a reasonable person has failed to act, such as acting in the same or similar circumstances. There is a debate about how objective these standards should be. In determining the reasonableness of an actor, an entity should consider the emergency situation and determine whether the actor acted like an reasonable person. And an actor’s physical characteristics can also be considered in the determination of a breach of duty. That is, the standard of care will reflect the physical characteristics of the actor and should be determined whether the reasonable person of the same physical condition would act like an actor. Every court in the U.S. does not consider mental characteristics. This principle, which does not take into account mental characteristics, has been criticized a lot. It is also true that it is difficult to distinguish physical and mental states. Sooner or later, mental characteristics may be treated like physical characteristics. And the actor's special abilities do not change the standard of care. However, an actor’s special qualities affect his or her judgment on the breach of duty. For a child, the reasonable person’s standard of care is not applicable. Thus, a ‘change in standard’ is applied that compares to the behaviour of other children of the same age or intelligence in similar situations. The reason for treating child specifically is that requests for protection and consideration of a child are superior to requests for objectification of the standard of care sought for abstract negligence. It is also problematic when interpreting or applying the law, in which case the amount of appropriate care required for an actor will vary depending on the circumstances. 행위자의 합리성을 판단하는 기준인 사회평균인이란 이른바 ‘규범적 평균인’으로서 합리적인 사람이라고 할 수 있다. 불법행위의 과실책임에 관한 핵심 쟁점은 사회평균인의 주의의 기준이 주관적인 것이어야 하는지, 아니면 객관적인 것이어야 하는지의 여부이다. 이에 대해, 미국의 법원은 객관적 기준을 적용하여, 사회평균인이 동일하거나 유사한 상황에서 행동하는 것과 같이 행위자가 행동하지 못한 것을 발견했는지의 여부에 따라 주의의무 위반의 여부가 결정된다. 이러한 객관적인 기준이 얼마나 객관적이어야 하는지에 관한 논쟁이 있다. 행위자의 합리성을 판단하는데 있어서, 긴급 상황을 고려하여 행위자가 사회평균인과 같이 행동했는지의 여부를 판단해야 한다. 그리고 행위자의 신체적 특성도 주의의무의 위반에 관한 판단에 있어서 고려될 수 있다. 즉, 주의의 기준은 행위자의 신체적 특성을 반영할 것이며, 동일한 신체적 상태의 평균인이 행위자처럼 행동했을 것인가에 관하여 판단해야 한다. 미국의 모든 법원은 정신적 특성을 고려의 대상에서 제외하고 있다. 정신적 특성을 고려하지 않는 이 원칙은 많은 비판을 받아왔다. 신체적 상태와 정신적 상태의 구별이 어려운 것도 사실이다. 머지않아 정신적 특성은 신체적 특성과 같이 다루어질 수도 있을 것이다. 그리고 행위자의 특별한 능력이 주의의 기준을 변경시키지는 않는다. 그러나 행위자의 특별한 자질은 주의의무 위반에 관한 판단에 영향을 미친다. 미성년자에게는 주의에 관한 사회평균인의 기준을 그대로 적용할 수 없다. 그러므로 유사한 상황에서의 같은 연령이나 지능을 가진 다른 미성년자들의 행위와 비교하는 ‘기준의 변경’을 적용한다. 미성년자를 특별히 취급하는 이유는, 미성년자에 대한 보호와 배려의 요청이 추상적 과실론에서 추구하는 주의의 기준의 객관화 요청보다 우월하기 때문이다. 법을 해석하거나 적용할 때 과실의 정도에 관해서 문제가 되기도 하는데, 행위자에게 요구되는 적절한 주의의 양은 상황에 따라 달라진다고 보아야 한다.

요양보호사의 근로자성과 법적지위 검토

김정희,김태동 사회복지법제학회 2018 사회복지법제연구 Vol.9 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine the status of workers and their legal status and to propose a plan to improve the status and recognition of workers'.In order to conduct the research, we examined the care work of the caregiver, the social recognition of the worker's labor, the social recognition of the care work, the justification of the status of the caregiver and the recognition of the worker from the philosophical viewpoint of the Constitution, the Labor Standard Law. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that a care worker is protected by the laws (Constitution, Labor Standards Act, Long–term Care for the Elderly) and plays a pivotal role in the elderly care in the aging society. However, the recognition of the worker 's status and the low legal status of the nursing care worker were confirmed as the obstacles to the successful settlement of the elderly care socialization. First, the Constitution regulates the recognition of workers' status and the guarantee of legal status by naming workers who receive wages as compensation for providing labor as stated in an employment contract regardless of occupation. However, due to the nature of care work, it is difficult to ensure the recognition of workers' status and their legal status, thus there is need for strenthening the responsibilities of the state and the local government. Second, the Labor Standards Act recognizes the workers' ability to work after an 'employment contract' is realised completed concluded. Thus, the care workers must be protect by the Act, since the care worker carries out the care work after the labor contract is realised completed concluded, However, there is still controversy in the recognition of the worker's identity. Therefore, the revision of the law for the recognition of the worker' s status is necessary for securing the effectiveness regulated by the law. Third, the Long-term Care Insurance Act for the elderly names a person who performs the care service as a care worker to ensure the professionalism in the elderly care. Yet, guidelines, such as the one prestented above are not explicitly defined and they have an abstract meaning which make it difficult to apply them in practice. Therefore a clearer guideline is required. Fourth, the recognition of, family members and members in the society in the worker status and legal status of caregivers is needed. As previously reported in earlier studies, stigmatization of care workers as unskilled workers, and insignificant employees of nursing home care workers is a factor that impedes the formation of the identity of caregivers and threatens the recognition of workers'. Although there is a difficulty in legal regulation, it is necessary to supplement the perspective of recognition for the legal status of caregivers. 본 연구는 요양보호사의 근로자성과 법적지위 검토와 요양보호사의 근로자성 인정과 지위향상을 위한 방안을 제시하는데 연구목적을 두었다. 연구 수행을 위해 요양보호사의 돌봄노동, 근로자성, 돌봄노동의 사회적 인정, 요양보호사의 지위보장 당위성과 근로자성 인정을 헌법, 근로기준법, 노인장기요양보호법, 인정이론의 철학적 관점에서 검토하였다. 연구결과, 요양보호사는 고령화 사회의 노인돌봄의 역할을 수행하는 중추적 역할을 담당하는 자로서 법령(헌법, 근로기준법, 노인장기요양법)의 보호를 받는 돌봄노동자임을 확인하였다. 그러나 요양보호사의 근로자성 인정 여부와 낮은 법적지위는 노인돌봄사회화의 성공적인안착의 저해요인으로 확인되었다. 노인장기요양보험제도의 성공적인 안착을 위한 요양보호사의 근로자성 인정과 법적지위 보장을 위한 제도의 보완과 개선방안을 상술하여 다음과 같이 제시한다. 첫째, 헌법은 직업과 관계없이 근로계약 후 노동을 제공하여 대가로 임금을 받는 노동자를근로자로 명명하여 근로자성 인정과 법적지위 보장을 규율하고 있다. 그러나 요양보호사는 돌봄노동의 특성상 근로자성 인정과 법적지위 보장의 어려움이 산재되어 국가와 지방자치단체의 책임강화가 필요하다. 둘째, 근로기준법은 ‘근로계약’ 후 수행하는 근로자의 근로자성을 인정한다. 그러나 요양보호사는 근로계약 후 돌봄노동을 수행하지만, 여전히 근로자성 인정 논란이 제기되어 법령에서규율하는 실효성 확보를 위해 돌봄노동자의 근로자성 인정을 위한 법개정이 필요하다. 셋째, 노인장기요양보험법은 요양서비스 수행하는 자를 요양보호사로 명명하여 전문화된요양서비스를 제공하고자 하였으나, 앞서 제시한바와 같이 명확히 규정하지 않은 지침서는 추상적인 의미를 가지고 있어 실제 적용의 현실을 고려한 명확한 지침서 마련이 필요하다. 넷째, 요양보호사의 근로자성 인정과 법적지위 보장을 위한 돌봄수혜자와 가족, 사회구성원들의 요양보호사에 대한 인정이 필요하다. 선행연구에서 이미 보고된바와 같이 요양보호사에 대한 허드렛일 종사자, 비숙련노동자, 하찮은 일 종사자 등의 낙인은 요양보호사의 정체성 형성의 저해요인이 될 뿐만 아니라 근로자성 인정 여부도 위협하는 요인이 되고 있다. 법률적규정의 어려움이 있으나 요양보호사의 법적지위 보장을 위한 인정관점의 보완이 필요하다고 본다.

초등학교 교장의 배려성 평가준거 개발 연구

감성원(Kam, Sung-Won),이성은(Lee, Sung-Eun) 이화여자대학교 교육과학연구소 2014 교육과학연구 Vol.45 No.3

The purpose of this study was to develop standards in evaluating care practices of elementary school principals. To address the study issues, the following research process was performed: First, the basic materials for the philosophical meaning and educational meaning of caring were explored. Second, the questionnaire was developed based on the factors drawn from the Delphi surveys on the teacher-caring and student-caring of principals. This study conducted a preliminary survey and a main survey to develop measurement tools which were used to test validity and reliability for the elementary school principals" care evaluation standards. As a result, this study validated four caring standards: consciousness, performance, confirmation, and repetition. Secondly, the questionnaire required to develop the standards in evaluating care practices of elementary school principals was designed for students and teachers, respectively. Thirdly, it was found that all questions about the development of standards in evaluating care practices of elementary school principals for students and about their caring for teachers were reliable. Given the results, it was determined that the development of standards in evaluating care practices of elementary school principals can be applied, as useful reliable and valid evaluation standards, to educational fields.

영유아 보육시설의 조리실 시설 현황 조사 및 조리실 시설 설계 기준안 개발

박영주,곽동경,강영재,정홍관 대한영양사협회 2003 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.9 No.3

The purposes of this study were to assess the child care centers' foodservice facility, and to develop the kitchen facility model based on the general sanitation standards and guidelines in order to provide basic information for a plan review to build or renovate child care centers' foodservice facility. The scopes of the study include : 1) field assessment of the foodservice management practices and facilities in 8 public child care centers, and 2 private child care centers which they are subsidized from the government as public child care centers, 2) development of child care centers' kitchen facility model based on the General Sanitation Standards and Guidelines. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. Field Assessment of the Child Care Centers' Foodservice Facility Average number of children in child care centers was 78.0±24.20, the average space of kitchen was 15.13±4.25(㎡), Especially, the average space of kitchen was 18.49±4.35(㎡) with enrollment capacity of 90∼120 children in child care centers. The inventory level of most foods was relatively low except rice and kimchi. Kitchen facilities and equipments were similar to those of home kitchen and did not meet the standards of institutional practice. Therefore, the director in child care centers should recognize the importance of the sanitation management and pay more attention to the renovation of foodservice facilities as well as sanitation management practices. 2. Development of the Kitchen Facility Model based on the General Sanitation Standards and Guidelines The kitchen facility plan model with enrollment capacity of 100 children was developed based on the results of field assessment and literature review. Suggested kitchen space was 34.16㎡(6,100mm×5,600mm). This space was bigger than the results of field survey or precedent study, considered appropriate to implement the general sanitation standards. The main feature of the developed kitchen facility plan and model was product flow in one direction from the arrival of the raw material to the finished product in order to prevent cross contamination and to improve working efficiency.

국가직무능력표준(NCS)에 따른 보육분야 3·4수준 교사양성 방향성 모색

신혜원,김의향 한국보육학회 2014 한국보육학회지 Vol.14 No.4

This study examines whether the Standard Curriculum demands enough requirements to meet the standard of‘Child Care’suggested by National Competency Standard; also, this study furthermore suggests developmental strategies for the Standard Curriculum. First, in order to equip teachers with level 3 of NCS in field of child care, the curriculum needs to have following subjects: 6 subjects from‘Essentials for Childcare’, and‘Children Observation and Behavioral Studies’,‘Guidance for Young Children’, from field of‘Child Development and Instruction’. In field of‘Early Childhood Education,’a candidate should complete all the 8 subjects. Also, one should finish ‘Health Education in Early Childhood’, and‘Safety Management’. Second, a candidate should finish Standard Education provided at least community colleges to be qualified as level 3. Thirdly, to achieve level 4, one should complete‘Parenthood Education’,‘Primary School Management’and at least one subject from‘Social Work with Families’, and‘Family Relationships’‘in addition to level 3 subjects. Fourth, the Standard Curriculum for NCS level 4 should be connected to Early Childhood Basic Learning Abilities and provide enough preparation for teachers to develop core competency. 본 논문은 보육교사 2급 자격을 취득하기 위해 필요한 교과목 이수 기준이 국가에서 제시한‘보육’과 관련된 국가직무능력표준(NCS)을 갖추는데 적절한지 살펴보고 이를 토대로 보다 우수한 보육서비스를 제공할 수 있는 예비보육교사 양성과정 방향성을 모색하였다. 첫째, 국가직무능력표준(NCS)에서 제시하는‘보육’직무능력의 3수준을 갖추기 위해서 이수해야 하는 교과목은 다음과 같다.‘보육필수 영역’의 6개 교과목을 반드시 이수하고‘발달 및 지도 영역’에서 적어도‘아동관찰 및 행동연구’,‘아동생활지도’를 이수해야 한다. ‘영유아 교육영역’에서‘놀이지도’,‘영유아교수방법(론)’,‘아동미술’,‘아동음악’,‘아동동작’,‘아동수학지도’,‘아동과학지도’를 이수하고‘언어지도’와‘아동문학’중에서 1개 이상을 이수해야 한다.‘건강・영양 및 안전 영역’에서‘아동건강교육’과‘아동안전관리’를 이수해야 한다.‘놀이지도’나‘영유아교수방법(론)’을 이수한 후에‘보육실습’에 참여하는 것이 효과적이다. 둘째,‘보육’직무능력 3수준을 갖추기 위해서는 최소한 2·3년제 대학(교)이상의 양성과정을 통해 훈련되어야 한다. 셋째,‘보육’직무능력 4수준을 갖추기 위해서는 3수준에서 이수해야 하는 교과목 외에‘부모교육(론)’과‘어린이집 운영과 관리’를 이수하고‘가족복지(론)’과‘가족관계(론)’중에서 1과목 이상을 이수해야 한다. 넷째,‘보육’직무능력 4수준을 갖추기 위한 양성과정은 맥락과 상황에 따라 유용한 지식, 기술, 태도를 효과적인 방법으로 통합, 결합, 조직하는 직무능력이 길러지도록 해야 한다.