연구논문1: 한국의 정교분리와 종교정책

윤승용 ( Seung Yong Yun ) 한국종교문화연구소 2014 종교문화비평 Vol.25 No.25

현대 국가의 목표가 개인의 기본 인권보장과 국가 공동체의 공공선 실현에 초점을 두고 있다고 한다면, 국가의 종교정책 방향도 그것에서 크게 벗어날 수 없을 것이다. 그러면서도 현대 국가의 종교정책은 대부분 정교분리 원칙을 기본으로 삼고 있다. 종교와 세속을 구분하고 양자의 관계를 정립함으로써 종교의 자유보장과 정교분리를 실현하고자 하는 것이다. 본 연구는 근대 국민국가의 중요한 제도적 장치인 정교분리 원칙을 집중적으로 조명하고, 이것을 통해 보다 적극적인 종교정책의 가능성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 종교와 국가 그리고 정치 관계를 구조적이고 기능적인 입장에서 검토해 본 후 정교분리 원칙이 어떻게 근대 정치원리로서 자리 잡게 되었는지 그리고 각국의 정교분리 정착과정과 그 실제가 어떤지 먼저 정리해 보았다. 그런 다음 그것을 토대로 하여 한국의 정교분리 실제와 구조적 한계 그리고 그에 따른 종교 정책의 방향을 점검해 본 것이다. 한국사회에서는 정교분리 원칙에 대한 적용 경험이 일천하고 또 그것에 대한 교조적(敎條的) 인식 때문에 종교문제라면, 무조건 회피하거나 아니면 회피하지는 않는다 하더라도 소극적으로 대처하는 경향이 있다. 그러나 종교문화는 한국사회에서 최대 문화자원이자 사회적 자산이며, 국가발전의 동력으로서도 많은 잠재력을 가지고 있기 때문에 종교를 그냥 내버려두기에는 아쉬운 점이 많다. 따라서 국가의 종교정책들을 제한하고 있는 정교분리 원칙의 원천적 한계들을 살펴보고, 그 한계들을 극복함으로써 종교문화의 자원을 국가발전의 동력으로 활용할 수 있는 이론적인 기반을 탐색해 보고자 하였다. 국가마다 정교분리 원칙이 얼마나 다르게 적용되고 있는가에 주목하여 한국적인 상황을 검토하였다. 한국에서의 종교정책의 근간이 되는 정교분리는 일본과 유사한 ‘유사분리형’에 속하고 있어서 교조적으로 해석되든가 아니면 자의적으로 해석되는 경향이 많다. 이 글은 이런 파행적인 형태를 극복하고, 한국사회에 맞는 정교분리를 사회문화적 관행으로 조속히 정착시킬 필요가 있으며, 나아가 정교분리의 폭넓은 해석을 통해 적극적인 종교정책이 시행될 필요가 있다는 것을 밝히고 있다. When the objective of a modern state focuses on securing basic human right of an individual and realizing public good in a state community, the direction of policy on religion of a state can not deviate far away from such objective. Meanwhile, the policy on religion of modern states today mostly takes the church and state separation principle as its basis. The states secure religious freedom and enforce the separation of church and state by differentiating religion and the mundane world and establishing the relation between the two. This study examined the church and state separation principle, which is an important system device of recent age nation-states, and explored the possibility of more active policy on religion. First, the relationship among religion, state and politics was examined from more structural and functional viewpoint. Next, how the separation of church and state principle has become recent age political principle and what was the settlement process of church and state separation in other countries are summarized. At last, the actual situation of church and state separation in Korea, the structural limitation of it and the direction of policy on religion are examined. The application experience of church and state separation principle is quite short in Korean society. In addition, when there is a religious issue, there is the trend of evading the issue unconditionally or responding to it passively. However, the religious culture in Korean society is one of the biggest cultural resources and social assets. Since it has big potential as driving force for the advance of state, it is regretful to leave religion alone as it is. Therefore, this study explored the original limitations of church and state separation principle which are limiting the religious policy of of state and searched for a theoretical basis for the utilization of resources in religious culture as driving force of state by overcoming the limitations. This study examined the situation in Korea by paying attention to how differently the church and state separation principle is being applied in other states, The separation of church and state, which is the basis of policy on religion in Korea, belongs to ‘similar separation type’ like in Japan; therefore, there is a trend of doctrinaire interpretation or arbitrary interpretation. This study suggests that it is required to overcome this limping state and settle down the church and state separation principle, which fits to Korean society, as a social and cultural practice. It is also suggested that more active policy on religion would be enforced by wider interpretation of church and state separation.

대남광산 농경지 토양 내 중금속 특성에 따른 물리적 선별 처리효율에 관한 연구

박찬오,홍동호,이재영,이영재,이진수,ParK, Chan Oh,Hong, Dong-Ho,Lee, Jai-Young,Lee, Young Jae,Lee, Jin-Soo 한국지하수토양환경학회 2013 지하수토양환경 Vol.18 No.5

The main objective was to evaluate the efficiencies of different separation techniques, such as gravity separation, magnetic separation, and aerial separation. Zinc and cadmium removal efficiencies by gravity separation and magnetic separation were 28.3~29.3% and 19.1%, respectively, and were higher than the efficiency obtained by aerial separation. Results showed that the combination of gravity separation and magnetic separation in series which was to maximize the removal efficiencies gave removal efficiency of 21.5~38.7% for zinc and 22.1~23.4% for cadmium. The mass of soil meeting the regulation standards for zinc and cadmium after retrieval from the combined separation process accounted for approximately 80% of the treated soil that would be reusable without the pre-treatment procedure as the neutralization process using in the soil washing method. Physical separation techniques utilizing heavy metal properties are the alternative method to remediate heavy-metal contaminated soils in environmental and economic aspects.

프랑스에서의 권력분립

정성범(Chung, Sung-Bum),백윤철(Baek, Yun-Chul) 한양법학회 2020 漢陽法學 Vol.31 No.4

In Korea, separation of power is called separation of the three powers of legislation, justice and administration. This guarantees the basic rights of the people. And it is a basic constitutional principle that divides state power into legislation, administration and justice to prevent abuse of power and to balance it with each other. Generally, when discussing the separation of power in Korea, Locke’s theory of separation of power and Monteski’s theory of separation of power are basically introduced. In terms of institutions, the United States is the country that best institutionalized the principle of separation of power. In general, the relaxed form of separation of powers can be called the U.S. presidential system, the British parliamentary cabinet system, and the French dual-governance system. Under the Korean Constitution, the National Assembly is the only legislative body, and the executive powers are the administration, the president, and the judicial powers are the Supreme Court and the lower courts and the Constitutional Court. Article 40 of the Korean Constitution stipulates that legislative power belongs to the National Assembly. This is that the National Assembly is an institution that directly represents the people who are sovereigns, and that exercises legislative power, which is the most basic of the national action. And on the political front, the separation of power is the central value of state affairs. The court is curbing the power of two other powerful agencies by allowing the Constitutional Court to exercise its right to review unconstitutional law orders and all other state actions. In other words, our country is led by the presidential system. And it has a unique form of content that adopts the form of American judicial power. Formally, checks and balances work fairly among the three powers. How does France grasp and realize the separation of powers? And what is it if there is a constitutional basic ideology that can sum up or supplement the separation of powers? The purpose of this paper is to review the answers. Korea seems to be embodying an ideal separation of powers in terms of formality. In reality, however, voices of public opinion and minority claims are difficult to convey to the center of politics. If this is not improved even though we are well aware of it, there will be no politics based on the ideology of a constitution. At this point, I would like to review the form of power separation centered around France. When the French Constitution states that the final purpose of the Constitutional Court is to prevent absolute power from being overthrown against tyranny, can the guarantee of rights and separation of powers be practically separate? After all, in order to assess the principle of separation of powers, one must think in relation to the idea of a law-governed state. France"s separation of power suggests two grounds. The former is linked to the idea that separation of power is the autonomy of power. And the latter derives the importance of guaranteeing rights in the Constitutional Court in the separation of powers. Therefore, the proper form of the Constitutional Court could be a problem. As such, France also points out that the June 3, 1958 law, which recognized the basis of the Fifth Republic Constitution, refers to the separation of powers, and that the Constitutional Court clearly favors the constitutional principle of separation of powers in its ruling.

공동정범에서의 이탈에 관한 연구

백정민(Baek, Jeong-Min) 韓國刑事法學會 2012 刑事法硏究 Vol.24 No.1

Regulation on joint principal offenders in criminal law punishes each of criminals when more than 2 persons jointly commit crimes as principal offenders of the concerned crime. So it is possible that a defendant who commits crimes partially is responsible for the crime entirely. Furthermore, when a defendant separated from the relationship of joint principal offenders halfway the crime, but thereafter the crime is continued by an accomplice, the defendant should be responsible for the concerned crime. The reason why the seceder is responsible for the crime entirely is because the regulation on a criminal of abeyance in criminal law does neither explicitly specify that the regulation applies to complicity nor require the crime to be inconclusive and terminated. In the case of separation from the relationship of joint principal offenders, the scope of responsibility must be limited to the acts before the stage of separation. In the judicial precedents or theories of separation, the separation from the relationship of joint principal offenders is recognized boardly before the stage of the commencing execution. On the other hand the separation after the stage of commencing execution is recognized very limited. However a separation from joint principal offenders should be recognized independent of the timing and the standard for recognition is as follows: (1) a seceder has the intention of separation; (2) before as well as after the stage of the commencing execution, a seceder must cut off the causal relationship between conspiracy and the crime of others. In order to recognize the separation, the seceder must strive for the deterring the crime; (3) the seceder does not have to declare his/her intention for separation explicitly. Provided that the separation is recognized, the seceder is responsible for the act taken place before the separation. Lastly, in order to apply the regulation of the criminal of abeyance to the relationship of joint principal offenders, it is desirable that the standard for recognition of separation be enacted in the Article 26 of The Criminal Act.

장애근로자 이직의 유형과 요인에 관한 이론적 고찰

박석돈(Suk-don Park),조주현(Joo-hyun Cho),한미현(Mi-hyun Han) 한국직업재활학회 2004 職業再活硏究 Vol.14 No.1

성공적인 직업재활을 위해서 현재 장애근로자들의 이직에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해 살펴보는 것은 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 장애근로자들의 이직이 긍정적인 영향 보다는 부정적인 영향을 많이 받기 때문에 사후지도 서비스를 제공함에 있어서 이직에 영향을 미치는 요인은 중요한 단서를 제공할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 이직에 대한 전반적인 개괄과 국ㆍ내외 선행연구를 이론적 고찰을 통해 살펴보았고 장애근로자의 이직에 영향을 미치는 요인을 연령, 근속기간, 직업적성, 성격특성 등과 관련된 개인적인 요인과 직무내용에 대한 반응, 과업 반복성, 직무 자율성 및 책임 등의 직무관련 요인, 취업기호, 지역사회지원, 계속적인 지원 등과 관련된 환경적인 요인의 세 요인으로 나누어 살펴보았다. This study was examined the concepts and functions of separation to workers with disability. Also the study examined the types and model of the separation, and factors influencing separation. The concept of separation can be defined broadly as the movement of labor among localities, among industries and among classes in the same workplace. Concept of narrowly is separation of workers. The function of separation can be explained in the functional aspect and distinctional aspect. But it has been many researched based on the negative effects of separation. Separations can be classified largely into voluntary. Voluntary separation was workers make decisions, and involuntary separations are to led by organizations. There are three separation-related models, which are economic model based on cost-benefit analysis, psychological model focused on workers cognitive evaluation of the environment of the labor market, and sociological model that combines the psychological model with structural dimensions related to work environment. Factors that affect separation of workers with disability are personal characteristics such as age, length of service, occupational aptitude and personality, job-related factors such as response to job contents, task repetition, job autonomy and responsibility, and environmental factors such as employment practice, support from local community and continuous support. Therefore, it is meaningful to identify factors of separation for workers with disability.

Behavioral responses to cow and calf separation: separation at 1 and 100 days after birth

Mac Sarah E.,Lomax Sabrina,Clark Cameron E. F. 아세아·태평양축산학회 2023 Animal Bioscience Vol.36 No.5

Objective: The aim was to compare the behavioral response to full separation of cows and calves maintained together for 100 days or 24 h. Methods: Twelve Holstein-Friesian cow-calf pairs were enrolled into either treatment or industry groups (n = 6 cow-calf pairs/group). The treatment cows and calves were maintained on pasture together for 106±8.6 d and temporarily separated twice a day for milking. The Industry cows and their calves, were separated within 24 h postpartum. Triaxial accelerometer neck-mounted sensors were fitted to cows 3 weeks before separation to measure hourly rumination and activity. Before separation, cow and calf behavior was observed by scan sampling for 15 min. During the separation process, frequency of vocalizations and turn arounds were recorded. At separation, cows were moved to an observation pen where behavior was recorded for 3 d. A CCTV camera was used to record video footage of cows within the observation pens and behavior was documented from the videos in 15 min intervals across the 3 d. Results: Before separation, industry calves were more likely to be near their mother than Treatment calves. During the separation process, vocalization and turn around behavior was similar between groups. After full separation, treatment cows vocalized three times more than industry cows. However, the frequency of time spent close to barrier, standing, lying, walking, and eating were similar between industry and treatment cows. Treatment cows had greater rumination duration, and were more active, than industry cows. Conclusion: These findings suggest a similar behavioral response to full calf separation and greater occurrence of vocalizations, from cows maintained in a long-term, pasturebased, cow-calf rearing system when compared to cows separated within 24 h. However, further work is required to assess the impact of full separation on calf behavior.

정교분리 원칙의 모델에 관한 비교헌법학적 연구

정상우(Chong, Sangwoo) 한국헌법학회 2014 憲法學硏究 Vol.20 No.1

이 글에서는 서구의 다양한 정교분리 모델이 되는 영국, 독일, 미국, 프랑스의 정교분리 내용을 비교 검토함으로써 우리나라의 다종교 상황에서 정교분리 원칙의 의미와 적용에 대한 시사점을 얻고자 하였다. 영국에서는 국교 인정에도 불구하고 영국 국교회에서 발전된 다른 종교에 대한 관용성으로, 독일에서는 국가와 종교 간의 파트너십과 종교의 자율성 및 정부의 중립성의 보장으로 각각 완화된 정교분립의 모습을 띠고 있다. 미국은 헌법 제정 당시부터 정부와 종교의 '분리의 벽' 이론을 토대로 엄격한 분리 이론이 발전하였으나 국민 일반의 자율적인 선택을 전제로 한 종교에 대한 배려의 강화라는 특징을 갖게 되었다. 프랑스는 '라이시테 원칙'에서 발전한 엄격한 정교분리로 세속주의의 지나친 강조가 특징으로 나타나고 있다. 어느 국가이든지 정교분리 원칙의 생성과 발전에는 각 국가의 헌정사의 특징이 내포되어 있었고, 정교분리에도 불구하고 종교의 자유를 보장하고 종교의 사회적 기능을 촉진하는 정부의 배려가 긍정되고 있었다. 우리나라의 경우 헌법 제정 당시 정교분리 조항의 규정에도 불구하고 이에 대한 논의가 깊지는 못했던 것으로 보이고, 실제 정부의 종교 정책에 있어서 2-3개의 공인종교에 대해 교육, 문화, 복지 분야의 지원 정책이 있어왔다. 우리나라의 정교분리 조항의 도입과 실천과정을 보았을 때 엄격한 분리로 나아가기에는 어려운 점이 있으나 정부의 종교 지원에 대한 종교 간 형평, 종교 단체에 대한 정부의 세속적 지원의 종교 목적 전용 제한, 정부의 종교 지원에 대한 중립성 강화 등은 앞으로 정교분리 원칙의 적용시 해결되어야 할 과제로 보았다. This study was intended to deduct the implications of the meaning and application of the principle of separation of religion and state in the multiple religions situation of Korea by comparing and reviewing the separation of religion and state of the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States and France, which becomes various separation of religion and state models of the West. In the United Kingdom, even though a state religion has been recognized, there is a moderate separation of religion and state by generosity toward other religions developed from the Church of England. Also, Germany has a moderate separation of religion and state by partnership between the religion and state, the religion's autonomy and the government's neutrality. In the United States, the government and religion were strictly separated based on a theory of "wall of separation" at the time of establishing the Constitution, but it was characterized by reinforcement of consideration for religion premised on people's autonomous choice. In France, there was a strict separation of religion and state developed by the 'Laïcité' principle, and it is characterized by excessive stressing of secularism. In the process of generation and development of the principle of separation of religion and state characteristics of each state's constitutional history were contained. Notwithstanding the separation of religion and state, there is the government's positive consideration to guarantee freedom of religion and to affirm religion's social function. In Korea, on the establishment of the Constitution, the separation of religion and state didn't seem to be properly recognized, notwithstanding the provision of the separation of religion and state. Actually, the government's religion policies include the religion support policy of two or three religion-centric education, culture and welfare sectors. Seen from the process of introducing and practicing the provisions related to the separation of religion and state in Korea, it seems difficult to make a strict separation of religion and state. Problems about the fairness of religion in the government's religion support, diversion limit of purpose of government's religion support, and reinforcement of the government's religious support neutrality must be solved when the principle of separation of religion and state applies.

회사분할과 근로관계의 승계

이세리 노동법이론실무학회 2011 노동법포럼 Vol.- No.6

There are no express provisions in the Commercial Act or the Civil Act of Korea regarding the transfer of employment relations upon corporate separation. Additionally,unlike the cases involving the transfer of employment relations upon corporate merger or business assignment, there are no clear precedents set by the Supreme Court regarding the above. On the one hand, if Article 530.10 of the Commercial Act applied without exception to the transfer of employment relations at the time of corporate separation,i.e., "comprehensive transfer" of existing employment relations as may be "legally obvious" according to the separation plan, then it may make the position of employees insecure; moreover, it would also fail to prevent abuse of employment termination purely for managerial reasons and prevent voluntary relocation of employment. On the other hand, if Article 657.1 of the Civil Act which stipulates that "an employer may not transfer its employee's rights to a third party without the employee's consent"applied strictly, then it may impair efficiency of corporate separation and contradict the principle of comprehensive corporate separation. However, until now, the court precedents in Korea regarding the transfer of employment relations at the time of corporate separation have relied too heavily on the principle of the Civil Act and fully recognized the right of consent or refusal of employees. As such, the inevitable criticism is that such precedents have stayed away from the principle of corporate separation under the Commercial Act. Ultimately, in order to resolve such inconsistency, new formation of legislation or court precedent to the following effect is necessary. The components thereof are similar to the respective employment contract transfer law of Japan. should be distinguished and categorized with specific standards. Second, in the event the employment relations are those of the employees working in the business sector that is being separated upon corporate separation, an exception to Article 657.1 of the Civil Act should be allowed and the right of consent or refusal of such employees should not be recognized in order to preserve the principle of comprehensive transfer under the Commercial Act. Third, if the subject employees mainly work in the business sector that is being separated upon corporate separation but are not indicated as subject of transfer in the separation plan, then the right of objection should be recognized so as to allow the transfer of their employment relations and the period for exercising such right of objection should be stipulated. Fourth, if the subject employees do not work in the business sector that is being separated upon corporate separation but are indicated as subject of transfer in the separation plan, then the right of objection in such case should also be recognized so that the right to refuse such transfer may be secured. In sum, it would be necessary to prepare a legislative mechanism where by the principle of the Civil Act which stipulates that employment relations should be transformed to a 3rd party upon the subject employees' consent will be recognized,provided, the comprehensive transfer of employment relations of those who are specified in the separation plan should be upheld in order to preserve the effect of corporate separation under the Commercial Act, while the intent of the subject employees is reflected to an extent. 회사분할시 근로관계의 승계에 관해서는 현행 상법이나 민법에 명시적인규정이 없고, 회사분할시의 효력에 관한 상법 제530조의 10이나 고용계약의승계에 관한 민법 제657조 제1항 규정을 회사분할시 근로관계의 승계에 적용하는 것도 한계가 있다. 한편, 현재까지 회사분할시 근로관계의 승계에 관한우리나라의 판례를 보면, 지나치게 민법의 원리에 충실하여 근로자의 동의또는 거부권을 전면적으로 인정함으로 인해 상법상 회사분할의 법리를 도외시하였다는 비판을 면하기 어렵다. 이러한 점을 고려해볼 때 근로관계는 근로자의 동의가 있어야 제3자에게승계할 수 있다는 민법의 원리를 중시하면서도, 상법상 회사분할의 효과를저해하지 않기 위해 분할계획서 등에 기재된 근로자들에 근로관계에 대해서는 원칙적으로 당연히 포괄승계 됨을 인정하되 근로자의 희망이나 의사를 일정하게 반영하는 장치를 입법적으로 마련할 필요가 있다고 본다.

양안융합의 분리 시간에 따른 사위량 비교에 관한 연구

강석현(Seok Hyon Kang),홍형기(Hyung Ki Hong) 한국안광학회 2014 한국안광학회지 Vol.19 No.3

This is a comparative experimental study on the amount of phoria by the removal time of binocular fusion. In this study, three tests were used for phoria test like Howell test, Thorington test and developed 3D polarizing test. Methods: In this study, it was considered the removal time of binocular fusion for measuring phoria. The three methods were used for measuring quantity of phoria: Howell test, Thorington test and developed 3D Polarizing test. The measurements progressed quickly to avoid eye-strain. So we designed the test charts for marking 3D display modules and the apparatus inserted lenses, like Maddox lens and prism, which are compatible with three phoria tests. The phoria at the moment separation was measured when the binocular fusion was broken through the apparatus and the that at the stable separation was measured when activity of the separated two images like indicated box and figure on horizontal axis stopped. Results: There were statistically significant difference between quantity of phoria at moment separation and that at stable separation. Amount of phoria at moment separation was relatively larger than amount of that at stable separation. In result in exophoria, the quantity of phoria at moment separation was higher than that at stable separation, and in phoria measured by developed 3D polarizing test, it shows the similar results at two condition. Conclusions: For exophoria, the amount of phoria at moment separation of binocular fusion was relatively larger than that at stable separation. The amount of difference between phoria values at moment separation and that at stable separation was alike among three phoria tests. Usually in working, there is no distinction between moment separation and stable separation. But there were definitely the difference between two ways to separate binocular fusion. Therefore, it is need for writing on prescription test name for measuring phoria and condition of separation of binocular fusion.

금산분리 법제의 역사적 및 철학적 기초에 대한 검토

김자봉(Jabonn Kim) 은행법학회 2021 은행법연구 Vol.14 No.2

이글의 목적은 금산분리 법제의 역사적 및 철학적 기초에 대하여 살펴보고 그 정책적 함의를 논의하는 것이다. 이를 위해 해외와 국내에서의 금산분리 등장의 역사, 금산분리의 법제적 특성 등과 관련한 기본적인 사항을 검토한다. 금산분리는 중세기 베니스에서 은행의 탄생과 함께 시작하였다. 금산분리는 소유와 지배를 매개로 산업에 의한 금융지배를 억제하는 것이며, 그 정책목적은 역사적으로 볼 때 은행의 건전성, 금융자원의 공정한 배분에서 시작되었다. 이후 금융위기를 거치면서 정책목적은 금융시스템의 안정성, 금융소비자보호 등으로 확대되기에 이르렀다. 금산분리의 적용범위는 은행 뿐 아니라 전 금융부문을 대상으로 하며 이는 금융겸업 및 겸영의 확대, 금융의 공적 안정망 확대 등에 따른 필연적 귀결이다. 금산분리의 역사적 기초는 중세기 베니스와 영란은행의 경험을 거치면서 확립되었으며, 그 합리성의 기초는 희소한 금융자원의 공정하고 효율적인 배분에 의한 기업 경쟁력 제고와 금융소비자에 대한 신인의무로부터 찾을 수 있다. This paper inquires into the historical and Philosophical Underpinnings of the separation of banking and commerce, and discusses the meaning and scope of the separation. The separation principle began in Venice where bank was born, which means that the separation principle is one of the oldest principles that has lasted the most in banking regulation. In the early history of banks in the U.K. and U.S., the separation was adopted as a foundational principle. In Korea also, the separation has stood long since it was adopted in the Interim Measure Act for Financial Institutions of 1961 and Banking Act of 1982. Why the separation of banking and commerce? First, it concerns the bank soundness, systemic safety and depositor protection. Second, the regulatory scope in which the separation rule applies has been expanded from ‘banking in nature’ to ‘financial in nature’under the GLB Act in the U.S. Fourth, financial safety net such as deposit insurance includes securities firms, insurance, saving institution as well as banks. According to Mark Roe(1994), the separation principle has contributed to the competitiveness of firms and development of nation economy.