‘NP에’, ‘NP에서’, ‘NP로’, ‘NP를’ 이동 구문의 연구

진신 한국문법교육학회 2022 문법 교육 Vol.45 No.-

The purpose of this study is to reveal the difference in the signification of ‘e’, ‘eseo’, ‘ro’, and ‘reul’ by comparing the signification of the ‘e V movement’, ‘eseo V movement’, ‘ro V movement’, and ‘NP reul to V movement’ sentence structures from the perspective of ‘windowing of attention’ cognition semantics. In addition, this study examines the properties of verbs (including extended signatures) that have movement signification in which the ‘NPe’, ‘NPeseo’, ‘NPro’, ‘NPreul’ construction structure combines them in movement paths, depending on the difference between 'distribution of attention. In the movement frame of event, movement path events are activated by ‘e V movement’, ‘eseo V movement’, ‘ro V movement’, ‘reul V movement’. The ‘e V movement’ opens an attention window to the final stage of open movement paths and blocks attention from the initial and medial stages. Therefore, the combination pattern of the windowing of attention of the ‘e V movement’ can be expressed as ‘initial gapping + final windowin’. The combination pattern of windowing of attention of the ‘eseo V movement’ can be summarized as ‘initial windowing + final gapping’. The ‘ro V movement’ can evoke both the medial stage- and final stage-related scenes of movement paths. However, the final stage windowing of the movement is more prominent than the medial stage windowing of the movement. The windowing combination pattern of the ‘ro V movement’ can be seen as ‘initial gapping + medial windowing + final secondary windowing’. The ‘reul V movement’ can activate ‘closed path’ frames of events. ‘eul(을)/reul(를)’, a component of the construction structure, can be explained by a postposition attached to an object, result, or object in which movement is involved. If one kind of component changes in the ‘NP postposition V movement’ construction structure, other components often change accordingly. Also, the contextual signification of the entire sentence and an imaginary marker, the way in which a person perceives and expresses the internal temporal structure of an event or state of affairs, can also affect the combination of each component. It is difficult to list all possible situations, but in this study, only the aspect of the verb and aspect that has the closest relationship was considered. Humans create significant language forms through the correspondence between basic image schema and language signs extracted from them with numerous world experiences. When the movement signification represented by the movement verb reflects cognition experiences such as initial, medial, and final stage windowing of attention of movement paths evoked by ‘e’, ‘eseo’, ‘ro’, ‘reul’ construction, it can form a sentence structure of the same series.

A Semantic and Pragmatic Approach to English Gapping Constructions

임상봉 현대영미어문학회 2013 현대영미어문학 Vol.31 No.1

As one of the problematic linguistic phenomena in English, gapping has been studied extensively in the past forty years. While most linguists agree that gapping is a form of ellipsis and therefore, strictly obeys the rules of syntax, it cannot be ignored that semantic and pragmatic factors(influences) also affect the production, interpretation and acceptability of gapping constructions. These independent linguistic processes seem to function together in the case of gapping, so as to render gapped structures meaningful and accessible. However, ambiguous structures resulted from these factors and interpreting them in one way or another has been one of the challenges faced by linguists. The present paper tries to provide a new analysis of gapping which takes into account semantic and pragmatic factors in the production and interpretation of gapping constructions. It proposes that these influences do not take place randomly, but rather, they are structured hierarchically and obey certain rules of production and interpretation.

채팅의 '의미 함정' 현상에 대한 국어교육적 접근

신명선 국어교육학회 2004 國語敎育學硏究 Vol.18 No.-

채팅은 문자적 기호에 의한 동시적, 즉각적, 비면대면 커뮤니케이션이라는 점에서 새로운 종류의 의사소통이다. 채팅이 갖고 있는 이와 같은 특징으로 인해 채팅에서는 종종 의미 함정 현상이 일어난다. 본고에 서는 이와 같은 점에 주목하여 채팅에서 발생하는 의미 함정 현상을 분석하고 그 국어교육적 대안을 제시해 보고자 하였다. 언어가 현실을 보여주는 대표적인 장치 중의 하나는 범주화및 분류화이다. 일반적으로 범주화와 분류화는 현실을 이해하는 용이한 수단이 되기도 한다. 그러나 언어는 현실 그 자체가 아니기 때문에 언어로 명명화된 대상을 언어의 범주 내에서만 이해하고자 한다면 실체와 당연히 거리가 생기게 된다. 이처럼 어떤 대상을 그 실체와 상관없이 우리 사회가 부여하고 있는 언어적 코드(code) 속에서만 이해하고자 하는 현상을 의미 함정(semantic trap)이라고 부른다. 의미 함정은 일반적으로 대상의 실체를 흐릿하게 하는 효과, 즉 표백 효과(blurring effect)를 유발한다. 채팅에서 발생하는 의미 함정 현상을 분석하기 위해서는 어떤 경우에 의미 함정 현상이 일어난 것으로 볼 것인지를 명확히 할 필요가 있었다. 본고에서는 다음과 같은 세 가지 조건을 모두 만족시키는 경우에 한해서만 의미 함정현상으로 보았다. 첫째, 어떤 사람을 그 사람의 나이, 성별, 사는 곳, '하는 일(선생님, 의사, 고등학생, 검사, 깡패, 날라리 등)에 근거해 일정한 범주 안에서 파악했음이 명확한 경우로 한정하였다. 둘째, 그러한 파악의 결과(범주화)로 그 사람의 행위나 말에 대한 일정한 판단 및 단정이 수행되어야 한다. 셋째, 그러한 판단 및 단정의 결과가 의사소통 장벽(communication gap)의 원인이 되어야 한다. 의사소통 장벽은 의사소통의 원활한 진행을 방해하는 요소로 정의하도로 한다. 실제 채팅 자료에 대한 분석 결과 채팅에서는 의미 함정 현상이 매우 빈번하게 발생하고 있었다. 채팅이 진정한 의사소통의 도구로 거듭 나기 위해서는 의사소통의 장벽으로 작용하는 의미 함정 현상에 대한 교육적 처치가 필요하다. 본고에서는 국어교육적 대안으로 다음과 같은 두 가지를 제안하였다. 첫째는 일반적이고 거시적인 차원으로, 언어 의식(language awareness)고양 교육의 강화이다. 둘째는 구체적이고 미시적인 차원으로, 기자적인 접근, 목록화하기, 애매한 용어를 사용하지 않고 가능한 한 양적으로 나타내기, 의사소통의 본질인 내게는(to me)을 기억해서 자신을 표현하기, 의미를 명료하게 하기등이다. Chatting is the new style communication in the point of simultaneous, immediate, non-face-to-face communication using character symbol, which cause often semantic trap. This paper analyze semantic trap which happened in chatting and try to present the alternative proposal of Korean education aspect. 'Category' and 'classification' is the typical way of showing reality in language. Generally 'category' and 'classification' is the easy means to understand reality but language don't show reality itself. So understanding the objects and worlds in the language category cause gap between the language and the reality. Semantic trap is the comprehension of object and worlds in the language code made by our society and cause blurring effect that obscure the reality. To analyze the semantic trap in chatting, it is necessary to define which case is the semantic trap, this article said three condition to consider semantic trap. First, the case of comprehending someone limited in the language category based on age, sex, place to live and job. Second, the case of expressing fixed judgment and decision based on that prescribed category. Third, that regular judgment and decision cause the communication gap which obstruct the smooth communication process. The analysis result of the chatting material shows the semantic trap happened frequently. So, the education treat is needed to revise a chatting as a authentic communication tool. This paper proposed two things. First, general and macro aspect which means the reinforcement of language awareness. Second, detail and micro aspect which includes 'approach like reporter', 'making category', 'not using ambiguous word', 'expressing for <to me>' etc.

Tense and Honorifics in Korean Gapping Construction

Yae-Jee Kim,Sae-Youn Cho 현대문법학회 2012 현대문법연구 Vol.67 No.-

Chung (2001) claims that non-final conjuncts without overt tense morphemes which produce asymmetric tense interpretations are to be analyzed as TP; and Lee (2005) argues that the verbal honorific affix -si- never occurs in non-final conjuncts so honorific agreement between the subject and the verb takes place in the final conjunct only and thus the Korean gapping constructions should be analyzed as vP coordination. However, these two previous analyses seem to fail to make the generalizations on the distributional behaviors of gapping constructions, facing theoretical and empirical difficulties. To solve the problems they face, we claim that verbal gapping in Korean is allowed to occur in all non-final conjuncts when the covert predicates of the non-final conjuncts have an identical semantic relation value with that of the overt verb in the final conjunct, regardless of the consistency of the honorific and tense values between conjuncts.

파라의 역설과 의미론적 간극

이진희 동국대학교 동서사상연구소 2012 철학·사상·문화 Vol.0 No.14

이글에서 필자는 의미론적 간극(gap)을 받아들일 경우 고차모호성(higher-order vagueness)과 관련된 역설이 발생한다는 파라(Fara)의 주장이 성립하지 않음을 보일 것이다. ‘파라의 역설’이라고 알려진 이 역설은 의미론적 간극을 받아들일 경우, P가 참이라는 것으로부터 DP(definitely P)가 참이라는 것이 정당화된다는 D-도입을 받아들여하는데, 이 경우 명백히 P인 a가 m-1번 명백하게 P이면서, m-1번 명백하게 P가 아니라는 역설적 상황이 발생한다는 것이다. 이러한 파라의 주장에 대한 필자의 반박은 그것이 의존하는 전제인 D-도입이 성립하지 않음을 보이는 것으로 구성된다. 특히 필자는 D-도입을 정당화하기 위해 파라가 도입한 “P(a)가 참이라면 a는 P의 경계영역(borderline region)에 있지 않다.”는 Neg-B-도입이 성립하지 않음을 보일 것이다. 파라의 역설에 대한 필자의 비판은, 모호한 용어 P와 -DP가 양립가능하다는 것에 대한 입증에 기초한다. P와 -DP가 양립가능하다면, Neg-B-도입과 D-도입이 성립하지 않음은 어렵지 않게 보일 수 있기 때문이다. 이러한 필자의 논의는 파라의 역설로부터, 모호성에 대한 설득력 있는 이론 중 하나인 간극이론을 보호한다는 것뿐 아니라, 모호성을 이해하는데 반드시 필요한 ‘분명함’과 경계영역에 대한 정확한 이해의 가능성을 모색한다는 데에 그 목적이 있다. The goal of this paper is to provide a way out of Fara’s paradox for defending truth value gap theories of vagueness. Fara argued that if we accept truth value gap theories, we should accept 'D-intro' which is inference from P to definitely P. (P⊧DP). Fara said that we have contradictory result such as Dm-1P(an) and -Dm-1P(an) from gap theory and D-intro. In this paper, I show that D-intro isn’t a generally acceptable rule for D-operator. Actually, there were many critics against Fara’s paradox, especially D-intro. Against those critics, Fara justified D-intro on the basis of 'Neg-B-intro' which is inference from P to not borderline P (P ⊧-BP). I argue that Fara’s justification isn’t sound by showing that P and -DP are compatible. It is easy to discharge D-intro and Neg-B-intro when P and -DP are compatible. Futhermore, it appears that Neg-B-intro and D-intro don’t accord with basic intuitions of vagueness in the process of my argument.

시맨틱 갭을 줄이기 위한 딥러닝과 행위 온톨로지의 결합 기반 이미지 검색

이승,정혜욱 사단법인 인문사회과학기술융합학회 2019 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지 Vol.9 No.11

Recently, the amount of image on the Internet has rapidly increased, due to the advancement of smart devices and various approaches to effective image retrieval have been researched under these situation. Existing image retrieval methods simply detect the objects in a image and carry out image retrieval based on the label of each object. Therefore, the semantic gap occurs between the image desired by a user and the image obtained from the retrieval result. To reduce the semantic gap in image retrievals, we connect the module for multiple objects classification based on deep learning with the module for human behavior classification. And we combine the connected modules with a behavior ontology. That is to say, we propose an image retrieval system considering the relationship between objects by using the combination of deep learning and behavior ontology. We analyzed the experiment results using walking and running data to take into account dynamic behaviors in images. The proposed method can be extended to the study of automatic annotation generation of images that can improve the accuracy of image retrieval results. 최근 스마트 기기의 발전으로 인터넷상에 존재하는 이미지 데이터의 양이 급속하게 증가하는 상황에서 효과적인 이미지 검색을 위한 다양한 방법들이 연구되고 있다. 기존의 이미지 검색 방법들은 이미지에 존재하는 물체들을 단순하게 검출하여 각 물체들의 라벨 정보에 근거한 검색을 수행하기 때문에 사용자가 원하는 이미지와 검색 결과로 얻은 이미지 간에 의미적 차이인 시맨틱 갭(Semantic Gap)이 발생된다. 이미지 검색에서 발생하는 시맨틱 갭을 줄이기 위해, 본 논문에서는 딥러닝 기반의 다중 객체 분류 모듈과 사람의 행위를 분류하는 모듈을 연결하고, 이 모듈들에 행위 온톨로지를 결합하였다. 즉, 딥러닝과 행위 온톨로지의 결합을 기반으로 객체들 간의 연관성을 고려한 이미지 검색 시스템을 제안한다. 이미지에 포함된 동적인 행위를 고려하기 위해 Walking과 Running 데이터를 이용하여 실험한 결과를 분석하였다. 제안한 방법은 향후 이미지 검색 결과의 정확도를 높일 수 있는 영상의 자동 주석 생성 연구에 확장하여 적용할 수 있다.

처리심도와 『구덩이』 어휘 학습

손향숙 한국영미문학교육학회 2018 영미문학교육 Vol.22 No.1

The concept of mental lexicon lays a foundation for planning a vocabulary lesson in English literature class. Words do not exist separately in the mental lexicon. When a new word is recognized, it is categorized and organized in semantic fields. Mackey defines the semantic field as a network of associations, in which each word can be a centre of web of associations radiating in all directions. Categorization and organization in semantic fields facilitate storage and retrieval of words. The concepts of mental lexicon and semantic fields emphasize the importance of meaning in vocabulary lesson. Craik and Lockhart’s ‘depth of processing’ argues that retention and retrieval of words depend on the depth to which a new word is processed, and that only deeper processing leads to an improvement in memory. Depth of processing is interpreted as semantic processing, which emphasizes pre-existing knowledge and relationship of words. The depth of processing can be applied to a vocabulary lesson of an English literature class which reads Holes by Louis Sachar. This paper suggests selecting key words that can be centers of related themes through brainstorming, and building networks of words and developing those networks into semantic fields. Words like hole, gap, water, femininity, zero are presented as key words. Students are asked to suggest words associated with the key words, and to provide text details that explain their association logically. Sessions following the vocabulary lesson should be organized to ensure cumulative repetition of words tackled in the vocabulary lesson and to strengthen students’ knowledge and analysis of Holes.

A Note on the Licensing Conditions of Ellipsis

Byung-No Yoon 한국언어과학회 2014 언어과학 Vol.21 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to examine two restrictions on ellipsis in English: semantic recoverability and licensing. For the necessity of the former, I show that the ellipsis is not possible if the elided part does not include the identical elements with its antecedent. I point out that the copying theory has one problem in dealing with ambiguities within the elided material, and that semantic recoverability of the elided site is not a sufficient condition to get ellipsis constructions. In addition to the conditions for the ellipsis constructions which are necessary to derive them legitimately, I examine that the licensing ellipsis constructions by the functional categories do not give us full accounts for the ellipsis in general. Finally, I will show that Case-markers like Japanese -mo as well as English adverb too or negation marker not can license the ellipsis under the feature agreement framework. (Daejeon University)

Monocular Depth Estimation Using a Modified Encoder-Decoder Network

Abbas Khan,Jeong Yong-chae(정용채),Hyongsuk Kim 제어로봇시스템학회 2021 제어로봇시스템학회 국내학술대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.6

Depth estimation from images has become an active research field of study for various scene understanding applications such as autonomous driving, localization, and augmented reality systems. LIDAR and stereo matching algorithms are popular solutions; however, LIDAR is expensive and generates sparse depth maps, and later are less accurate. In this paper, we present a simple and effective encoder-decoder-based architecture for accurate depth prediction. We introduce the following modifications to develop a novel architecture for depth estimation; (1) Instead of a direct concatenation of low and high-level feature in an encoder-decoder network, we incorporate a residual path to fill the semantic gap (2) Along with concatenation, we employed non-identity mapping in skip connections for better gradient propagation and faster convergence. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by using RGB+D Scene Dataset.

Lightweight Intrusion Detection of Rootkit with VMI-Based Driver Separation Mechanism

( Chaoyuan Cui ),( Yun Wu ),( Yonggang Li ),( Bingyu Sun ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2017 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.11 No.3

Intrusion detection techniques based on virtual machine introspection (VMI) provide high temper-resistance in comparison with traditional in-host anti-virus tools. However, the presence of semantic gap also leads to the performance and compatibility problems. In order to map raw bits of hardware to meaningful information of virtual machine, detailed knowledge of different guest OS is required. In this work, we present VDSM, a lightweight and general approach based on driver separation mechanism: divide semantic view reconstruction into online driver of view generation and offline driver of semantics extraction. We have developed a prototype of VDSM and used it to do intrusion detection on 13 operation systems. The evaluation results show VDSM is effective and practical with a small performance overhead.